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Numbers 34:9 — Word Study

Depth

WLCוְיָצָ֤א הַגְּבֻל֙ זִפְרֹ֔נָה וְהָי֥וּ תוֹצְאֹתָ֖יו חֲצַ֣ר עֵינָ֑ן זֶֽה־ יִהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם גְּב֥וּל צָפֽוֹן׃

BSAcontinueyâtsâʼ to ZiphronZiphrôn [a place of fragrance] and endhâyâh at Hazar-enanChătsar ʻÊynân [village of fountains, a city on the northeast border] Thiszeh will behâyâh boundarygᵉbûwl [the northern limit, border] on the northtsâphôwn [Zaphon, the direction of the rising sun]

Word
Listen & take awayNumbers 34
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 9 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (tza.Fon) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Numbers 34:9quick helps
In a sentenceThis verse outlines the northern boundary of the Promised Land, specifying its starting and ending points.
Who is speakingGod, through Moses, is providing instructions for the Israelites.
Where we areNumbers 34 details the borders of the Promised Land as the Israelites prepare to enter.
The hard wordיָצָא
Take awayThe boundaries are clearly defined for the people.
3 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Whedon & more — read them › clause subjectזֶה verbיָצָא The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 12 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Numbers 34:9

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Boundaries of the Promised Landgenerated

8and from Mount Hor to Lebo-hamath, then extend to Zedad,
9continue to Ziphron, and end at Hazar-enan. This will be your boundary on the north.
10And your eastern border will run straight from Hazar-enan to Shepham,
11then go down from Shepham to Riblah on the east side of Ain and continue along the slopes east of the Sea of Chinnereth.

Numbers 34:9 describes the northern boundary of the Promised Land, which is a critical aspect of the Israelites' inheritance. This verse details the geographical markers that define their territory, emphasizing God's promise to give them a land flowing with milk and honey. The instructions given here are part of a larger section outlining the borders of the land they are to possess, which is significant for their identity as a nation.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Ezekiel 47:17So the border will run from the Sea to Hazar-enan, along the northern border of Damascus, with the territory of Hamath to the north. This will be the northern boundary.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 1 reference, hung on the phrase they belong to

Hazar-enanEzekiel 47:17

The Key Word יָצָא, ve.ya.Tza'generated

The verb יָצָא (yatsa') means to go out or come forth. It is a common verb in Hebrew, appearing in various contexts, including physical departure and metaphorical emergence. The parsing indicates it is in the Qal stem, which is the simple active voice, and in the perfect tense, suggesting a completed action.

In this verse, it describes the action of the border moving outwards, establishing a clear demarcation for the territory. This word is foundational in conveying the idea of boundaries being set and signifies the importance of the defined limits for the people of Israel.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

In this study, the verse is read in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses continue for יָצָא.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb יָצָא governs the verse, indicating the action of the border. The structure includes a noun phrase that specifies the subject (the border) and several phrases that describe the geographical limits.

The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the movement of the border, with the direction and endpoints clearly articulated, which is typical in legal and geographical texts.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates יָצָא as ἐχελεύσεται, which carries a similar meaning of going out or extending. This choice reflects a direct correspondence to the action of the boundary being set.

This translation shows a consistent understanding of the term's action in the context of defining territory.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Numbers 34:9 tells us that the northern boundary of the Promised Land extends to a place called Ziphron and ends at Hazar-enan. This verse clearly defines the limits of the territory that the Israelites are to possess.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What is the significance of the boundaries mentioned in this verse?

The boundaries are crucial for defining the territory that God promised to the Israelites, establishing their identity as a nation with a specific land.

Why is Ziphron mentioned as a boundary?

Ziphron is significant as it marks one end of the northern border, indicating a specific geographical location that the Israelites are to recognize.

What does Hazar-enan mean?

Hazar-enan means 'village of fountains,' indicating a place that is likely abundant in water, which would be important for settlement.

How do these boundaries relate to the overall narrative of the Israelites?

The boundaries are part of the larger narrative of the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land, emphasizing God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do the defined boundaries in this verse reflect God's promises to His people?
  2. In what ways can understanding the geographical context enhance our reading of the Scriptures?
  3. What does the significance of places like Ziphron and Hazar-enan reveal about God's provision?
  4. How can we apply the concept of boundaries in our own lives, particularly in terms of spiritual and moral limits?

Commentators on this verse — 3 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Numbers 34:9 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And the border shall go on to Ziphron,.... Which in the Jerusalem Targum is called Zapherin; and Jerom (s) says, that in his time this city was called Zephyrium, a town in Cilicia; but this seems to

Read John Gill on Numbers 34 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazar-enan: this shall be your north border. Ziphron - sweet odour. Hazar-enan - village of fountains. But the places are unknown.

Read Robert Jamieson on Numbers 34 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

7-9. Your north border — This cannot be accurately identified, since the whole topography is in a most unsatisfactory state as regards the comprehension of the original record and knowledge of the

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Numbers 34 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

continue to Ziphron, and end at Hazar-enan. This will be your boundary on the north.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Then the border shall go to Ziphron, and it shall end at Hazar Enan. This shall be your north border.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

continue to Ziphron, and end at Hazar-enan. This will be your boundary on the north.

NETBNew English Translation2006

The border will continue to Ziphron, and its direction will be to Hazar Enan. This will be your northern border.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

¶ And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazar-enan: this shall be your north border.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

and the border shall go forth to Ziphron, and the goings out thereof shall be at Hazar-enan: this shall be your north border.

RVARevised Version, American1894

and the border shall go forth to Ziphron, and the goings out thereof shall be at Hazar-enan: this shall be your north border.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the limits of it shall be at Hazar-enan: this shall be your north border.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

And the coast shall reach out to Ziphron, and goe out at Hazar-enan. this shalbe your Northquarter.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

and the border shall go to Ziphron, and shall end at Hazar-enan. This shall be your north border.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

and the border hath gone out to Ziphron, and its outgoings have been at Hazar-Enan; this is to you the north border.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

and the border has gone out to Ziphron, and its outgoings have been at Hazar-Enan; this is the north border to you.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and its terminating points shall be at Chazar'-enan: this shall be unto you the northern border.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Then the border will continue to Ziphron and end at Hazar Enan. This will be your northern border.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And the limits shall go as far as Zephrona, and the village of Enan. These shall be the borders on the north side.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

to Ziphron, ending at Hazar-enan. This will be your boundary to the north.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And the limit will go on to Ziphron, with its farthest point at Hazar-enan: this will be your limit on the north.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclauseverbיָצָ֤אit.will.go.outnoun phrase · subjectהַtheגְּבֻל֙bordernoun phrase · prepositionalזִפְרֹ֔נָtoהZiphronוְandclauseverbהָי֥וּthey.will.benoun phrase · subjectתוֹצְאֹתָ֖יextremitiesוitsclausesubjectזֶֽהthisverbיִהְיֶ֥הit.will.beprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָtoכֶ֖םyournoun phrase · objectגְּב֥וּלborderצָפֽוֹןof.[the].north

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is supported by the Septuagint, which matches 10 of the 12 words. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs in three words, indicating variations in the wording but not in the overall meaning. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some damage, but the essential content aligns with the Masoretic Text.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְיָצָ֤א הַגְּבֻל֙ זִפְרֹ֔נָה וְהָי֥וּ תוֹצְאֹתָ֖יו חֲצַ֣ר עֵינָ֑ן זֶֽה־ יִהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם גְּב֥וּל צָפֽוֹן׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְיָצָ֤אἐχελεύσεταιהַגְּבֻל֙ὅριαזִפְרֹ֔נָהδεφρωναוְהָי֥וּἔσταιתוֹצְאֹתָ֖יוαὐτοῦזֶֽה־τοῦτοיִהְיֶ֥הἔσταιלָכֶ֖םὑμῖνגְּב֥וּלὅριαצָפֽוֹן׃βορρᾶ

10 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

ויצא הגבול זפרנה והיה תוצאיתו חצר עינן זה יהיה לכם גבול צפונה

3 words differ from the Masoretic Text: היה (be), תוצאיתו (end), צפונה (north)

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q27a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[ויצא] [הגבול] [זפרונ׳ה] [והיו] [תוצאותי׳ו] [חצר] עינן זה [יהיה] [ל׳כמה] [גבול] [צפונ׳ה]

2 words on the leather — 10 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Numbers 34:9יָצָאand it willand it will go יָצָאגְּבוּלthe borderthe borderגְּבוּלזִפְרֹןZiphron towZiphron towardsזִפְרֹןהָיָהand they wiand they will bהָיָהתּוֹצָאָהextremitiesextremities itsתּוֹצָאָהחֲצַרHazarHazarחֲצַרחֲצַרEnanEnanחֲצַרזֶהthisthisזֶההָיָהit will beit will beהָיָהכֶםof youof youכֶםגְּבוּלborder ofborder ofגְּבוּלצָפוֹן[the] north[the] northצָפוֹןגָּבַלto borderto borderגָּבַלחָצֵרcourtcourtחָצֵרהָוָאto fallto fallהָוָאיָצָאto come outo come out: coיָצָאצָפַןto treasurto treasureצָפַןזֶהthisthisזֶהזֹהthisthisזֹהפֵּאָהsidesideפֵּאָהקָדִיםeasteastקָדִיםשְׁפָםShephamShephamשְׁפָםקָרָאto encountto encounter: mקָרָאגּוֹרָלallottedallottedגּוֹרָלבֵּיתBeth-avenBeth-avenבֵּיתגְּבוּלborder: boborder: boundarגְּבוּלאַיwhere?where?אַיהֶ֫בֶלvanityvanityהֶ֫בֶלמִזְרָחeasteastמִזְרָח
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Numbers 34:9

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
וְיָצָ֤אve.ya.Tza' and it will go out H3318 Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singular
1,067× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to go out or come out, and it's used in many different ways, like leaving a place or starting a new journey, as seen in Genesis and Exodus.
Tyndale gloss
to come out: come
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָצָא (yatsa') is a Hebrew verb meaning to go or come out, with various applications including departure, escape, and emergence. It can refer to both animate and inanimate subjects and emphasizes the idea of origin or source. The verb appears in different forms, such as Qal, Hiphil, and Hophal, indicating actions like leading out or being brought forth.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָצָא 1068 vb. go or come out

Qal

go or come out or forth

from (מִן) a place

go forth from (the presence of) a person

in technical senses

of flight, involving escape

depart

of inanimate things

with especial emphasis on idea of origin, source

of children as going forth from loins (of father)

go forth to a place

go forward, proceed to or toward something

come or go forth, with esp. ref. to purpose or result

of combinations

Hiph.

cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out

fig. obj. persons, bring out of (מִן) distress, etc.

bring out animals

inanimate obj.

fig. subj. י׳, bring forth from (מִן)

Hoph. be brought forth

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3318 יָצָא go or come out .. go or come out or forth . from (מִן) a place

. go forth from (the presence of) a person

. in technical senses

. of flight, involving escape

. depart

. of inanimate things

. with especial emphasis on idea of origin, source

. of children as going forth from loins (of father)

. . go forth to a place

. go forward, proceed to or toward something

. come or go forth, with esp. ref. to purpose or result

. of combinations

. . cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out

. fig. obj. persons, bring out of (מִן) distress, etc.

. bring out animals

. inanimate obj.

. fig. subj. י׳, bring forth from (מִן)

. be brought forth

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3318 yatsa' yaw-tsaw'

a primitive root; to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great

variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct

and proxim.:--X after, appear, X assuredly, bear out, X

begotten, break out, bring forth (out, up), carry out, come

(abroad, out, thereat, without), + be condemned,

depart(-ing, -ure), draw forth, in the end, escape, exact,

fail, fall (out), fetch forth (out), get away (forth, hence,

out), (able to, cause to, let) go abroad (forth, on, out),

going out, grow, have forth (out), issue out, lay (lie) out,

lead out, pluck out, proceed, pull out, put away, be risen, X

scarce, send with commandment, shoot forth, spread, spring

out, stand out, X still, X surely, take forth (out), at any

time, X to (and fro), utter.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָצָא (ya.tsa) — to come out: come.

: come/go_out/escape

1) to go out, come out, exit, go forth

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go or come out or forth, depart

1a2) to go forth (to a place)

1a3) to go forward, proceed to (to or toward something)

1a4) to come or go forth (with purpose or for result)

1a5) to come out of

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out

1b2) to bring out of

1b3) to lead out

1b4) to deliver

1c) (Hophal) to be brought out or forth

יָצָא (ya.tsa) — to come out: send.

: send/take_out/release

1) to go out, come out, exit, go forth

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go or come out or forth, depart

1a2) to go forth (to a place)

1a3) to go forward, proceed to (to or toward something)

1a4) to come or go forth (with purpose or for result)

1a5) to come out of

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out

1b2) to bring out of

1b3) to lead out

1b4) to deliver

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singular
Hc/Vqq3ms
and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
הַגְּבֻל֙ha.ge.Vul the border H1366 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
240× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a boundary or border, like the borders of the Promised Land in Numbers 34:1-12. It can also mean a region or territory, as in the borders of Israel in 1 Kings 8:65.
Amplified meaning
the northern limit, border
Tyndale gloss
border: boundary
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גְּבוּל (gbuwl) refers to a border or boundary, often implying a defined territory. It can denote a physical limit, such as a coast or landmark, and can also have figurative uses, like a region of darkness. The word is derived from a root meaning 'cord' and encompasses various meanings related to boundaries and territories.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גְּבוּל 240 n.m. border, boundary, territory

border, boundary

territory (enclosed within boundary)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1366 גְּבוּל border, boundary, territory

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1366 gbuwl gheb-ool'

or (shortened) gbul {gheb-ool'}; from 1379; properly, a cord

(as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extens. the

territory inclosed:--border, bound, coast, X great, landmark,

limit, quarter, space.

see HEBREW for 01379

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: boundary.

: boundary

1) border, territory

1a) border

1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)

1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)

Also means: ge.vul (גְּבוּל ": area" H1366H)

גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: area.

: area

1) border, territory

1a) border

1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)

1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
זִפְרֹ֔נָהzif.Ro.nah Ziphron towards H2202 Noun proper · suffix
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Ziphron is a place in Palestine, mentioned in Numbers 34:9 as a boundary of the promised land. Its name means fragrance, and it is significant in the context of Moses' leadership. The location is noted for its importance in biblical geography.
Amplified meaning
a place of fragrance
Tyndale gloss
Ziphron
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זִפְרֹן (Ziphron) refers to a location mentioned in the Old Testament, specifically as a place on the northern boundary of Canaan in Numbers 34:9. The name is derived from an unused root meaning 'to be fragrant.' There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding this term.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[זִפְרֹן] n.pr.loc. only Nu 34:9, place on northern boundary of Canaan

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2202 זִפְרֹן

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2202 Ziphron zi-frone'

from an unused root (meaning to be fragrant); Ziphron, a

place in Palestine:--Ziphron.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זִפְרֹן (ziph.ron) — Ziphron.

§ Ziphron = "fragrance"

a place on the north boundary of the promised land as specified by Moses

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper | Suff — Noun proper · suffix
HNpl/Sd
and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
וְהָי֥וּve.ha.Yu and they will be H1961 Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-3cp — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
Hc/Vqq3cp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See TESTAMENT.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ THE MENTAL FACULTY

Freedom of, recognized by God Ge 4:6-10; De 5:29; 1Ki 20:42; Isa 1:18-20; 43:26; Jer 36:3,7; Joh 7:17

See BLESSINGS, CONTINGENT UPON OBEDIENCE

See CHOICE

See CONTINGENCY

→ OF GOD, THE SUPREME RULE OF DUTY Mt 6:10; 12:50; 26:39,42; Mr 3:35; 14:36; Lu 11:2; 22:42; Joh 4:34; 5:30; 6:38-40; Ac…

and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
תוֹצְאֹתָ֖יוtotz.'o.Tav extremities its H8444 Noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
23× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to a boundary or border, like the edge of a country. It can also mean a source or a way to escape, as in escaping death. In the Bible, it is often used to describe geographical borders.
Tyndale gloss
outgoing
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

תּוֹצָאָה (towtsa'ah) refers to the concept of an outgoing or exit, often associated with geographical boundaries or figurative meanings like deliverance and source. It can denote extremities, borders, or even an escape from death. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to go out' and appears only in the plural form.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[תּוֹצָאָה] n.f. outgoing, extremity, source (?), escape

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8444 תּוֹצָאָה

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8444 towtsa'ah to-tsaw-aw'

or totsaah {to-tsaw-aw'}; from 3318; (only in plural

collective) exit, i.e. (geographical) boundary, or

(figuratively) deliverance, (actively) source:--border(-s),

going(-s) forth (out), issues, outgoings.

see HEBREW for 03318

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

תּוֹצָאָה (to.tsa.ah) — outgoing.

1) outgoing, border, a going out, extremity, end, source, escape

1a) outgoing, extremity (of border)

1b) source (of life)

1c) escape (from death)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfpc/Sp3ms — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
HNcfpc/Sp3ms
and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
חֲצַ֣רcha.Tzar Hazar H2704 Noun proper
6× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Hazar-enan means village of fountains, a city on the northeast border of Canaan. It is another spelling of Hazar-enon and refers to a place with many water springs. The city is mentioned in the Bible as a border town.
Amplified meaning
village of fountains, a city on the northeast border
Tyndale gloss
Hazar-enan
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֲצַר עֵינוֹן (Chatsar `Eynan) refers to Hazar-enan, meaning 'village of springs.' It is a location mentioned as being on the northeast border of Canaan. The word is derived from roots meaning 'village' and 'fountain.' There is a note that it is the same as another name, חֲצַר עֵינָן (Chatsar e.non), indicating some interchangeability.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֲצַר עֵינוֹן, ח׳ עֵינָן n.pr.loc. on NE. border of Canaan

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2704 חֲצַר עֵינוֹן, ח׳ עֵינָן

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2704 Chatsar `Eynan khats-ar' ay-nawn'

from 2691 and the same as 5881; village of springs;

Chatsar-Enan, a place in Palestine:--Hazar-enan.

see HEBREW for 02691

see HEBREW for 05881

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֲצַר עֵינוֹן (cha.tsar e.nan) — Hazar-enan.

Hazar-enan = "village of fountains"

a city on the northeast border of Canaan; same as cha.tsar e.non (חֲצַר עֵינָן "Hazar-enan" H2703)

Also named: cha.tsar e.non (חֲצַר עֵינָן "Hazar-enan" H2703)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ha'-zar (chatsar, construct of chatser, "an enclosure," "settlement," or "village"): Is frequently the first element in Hebrew place-names.

1. Hazar-addar:

Hazar-addar (Hebrew chatsar 'addar), a place on the southern boundary of Judah (Nu 34:4), is probably identical with Hazron (Jos 15:3), which, in this case, however, is separated from Addar (the King James Version "Adar"). It seems to have lain somewhere to the Southwest of Kadesh-barnea.

2. Hazar-enan:

Hazar-enan (Hebrew chatsar 'enan, "village of springs": enan is Aramaic; Once (Eze 47:17) it is called Enon), a place, unidentified, at the junction of the northern and eastern frontiers of the land promised to Israel (Nu…

and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
עֵינָ֑ן'ei.Nan Enan H2704 Noun proper
6× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Hazar-enan means village of fountains, a city on the northeast border of Canaan. It is another spelling of Hazar-enon and refers to a place with many water springs. The city is mentioned in the Bible as a border town.
Tyndale gloss
Hazar-enan
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֲצַר עֵינוֹן (Chatsar `Eynan) refers to Hazar-enan, meaning 'village of springs.' It is a location mentioned as being on the northeast border of Canaan. The word is derived from roots meaning 'village' and 'fountain.' There is a note that it is the same as another name, חֲצַר עֵינָן (Chatsar e.non), indicating some interchangeability.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֲצַר עֵינוֹן, ח׳ עֵינָן n.pr.loc. on NE. border of Canaan

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2704 חֲצַר עֵינוֹן, ח׳ עֵינָן

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2704 Chatsar `Eynan khats-ar' ay-nawn'

from 2691 and the same as 5881; village of springs;

Chatsar-Enan, a place in Palestine:--Hazar-enan.

see HEBREW for 02691

see HEBREW for 05881

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֲצַר עֵינוֹן (cha.tsar e.nan) — Hazar-enan.

Hazar-enan = "village of fountains"

a city on the northeast border of Canaan; same as cha.tsar e.non (חֲצַר עֵינָן "Hazar-enan" H2703)

Also named: cha.tsar e.non (חֲצַר עֵינָן "Hazar-enan" H2703)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

e'-nan (`enan, "having fountains," or "eyes," i.e. "keen-eyed"; in Septuagint Ainan):

The father of Ahira, and prince of Naphtali at the first census of Israel (Nu 1:15; 2:29; 7:78,83; 10:27).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(having eyes.). Ahira ben-Enan was "prince" of the tribe of Naphtali at the time of the numbering of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai. (Numbers 1:15) (B.C. 1491.)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

cloud

Nave's Topical Bible

→ A man of the tribe of Naphtali Nu 1:15; 2:29; 7:78,83; 10:27

and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
זֶֽה־zeh- this H2088 Particle
1,180× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning this or that, used to point out a specific person or thing. It appears in many contexts, including Genesis and Psalms, to indicate something specific. The KJV translates it as he, here, or it.
Tyndale gloss
this
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זֶה (zeh) is a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' or 'here.' It can stand alone, be used appositively, or function as a predicate. The word can also attach enclitically to interrogative pronouns, adding emphasis and directness. In poetry, it may serve as a relative pronoun, though this usage is rare.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

זֶה demonstr.pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here

standing alone

In appos. to subst.

More oft. as pred.

It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.

In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)

With prefixes (in special senses)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2088 זֶה demonstr. pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here . standing alone

. In appos. to subst.

. More oft. as pred.

. It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.

. In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)

. With prefixes (in special senses)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2088 zeh zeh

a primitive word; the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this

or that:--he, X hence, X here, it(-self), X now, X of him, the

one...the other, X than the other, (X out of) the (self) same,

such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on

that side, X thus, very, which. Compare 2063, 2090, 2097,

2098.

see HEBREW for 02063

see HEBREW for 02090

see HEBREW for 02097

see HEBREW for 02098

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זֶה (zeh) — this.

1) this, this one, here, which, this...that, the one...the other, another, such

1a) (alone)

1a1) this one

1a2) this...that, the one...the other, another

1b) (appos to subst)

1b1) this

1c) (as predicate)

1c1) this, such

1d) (enclitically)

1d1) then

1d2) who, whom

1d3) how now, what now

1d4) what now

1d5) wherefore now

1d6) behold here

1d7) just now

1d8) now, now already

1e) (poetry)

1e1) wherein, which, those who

1f) (with prefixes)

1f1) in this (place) here, then

1f2) on these conditions, herewith, thus provided, by, through this, for this cause, in this matter

1f3) thus and thus

1f4) as follows, things such as these, accordingly, to that effect, in like manner, thus and thus

1f5) from here, hence, on one side...on the other side

1f6) on this account

1f7) in spite of this, which, whence, how

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Particle
HTm
and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
יִהְיֶ֥הyih.Yeh it will be H1961 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVqi3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See TESTAMENT.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ THE MENTAL FACULTY

Freedom of, recognized by God Ge 4:6-10; De 5:29; 1Ki 20:42; Isa 1:18-20; 43:26; Jer 36:3,7; Joh 7:17

See BLESSINGS, CONTINGENT UPON OBEDIENCE

See CHOICE

See CONTINGENCY

→ OF GOD, THE SUPREME RULE OF DUTY Mt 6:10; 12:50; 26:39,42; Mr 3:35; 14:36; Lu 11:2; 22:42; Joh 4:34; 5:30; 6:38-40; Ac…

and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
לָכֶ֖םla.Khem of you H9036 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֶם (khem) — you.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person masculine plural

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HRd/Sp2mp — Preposition · suffix
HRd/Sp2mp
and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
גְּב֥וּלge.Vul border of H1366 Noun common · masculine singular construct
240× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a boundary or border, like the borders of the Promised Land in Numbers 34:1-12. It can also mean a region or territory, as in the borders of Israel in 1 Kings 8:65.
Tyndale gloss
border: boundary
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גְּבוּל (gbuwl) refers to a border or boundary, often implying a defined territory. It can denote a physical limit, such as a coast or landmark, and can also have figurative uses, like a region of darkness. The word is derived from a root meaning 'cord' and encompasses various meanings related to boundaries and territories.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גְּבוּל 240 n.m. border, boundary, territory

border, boundary

territory (enclosed within boundary)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1366 גְּבוּל border, boundary, territory

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1366 gbuwl gheb-ool'

or (shortened) gbul {gheb-ool'}; from 1379; properly, a cord

(as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extens. the

territory inclosed:--border, bound, coast, X great, landmark,

limit, quarter, space.

see HEBREW for 01379

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: boundary.

: boundary

1) border, territory

1a) border

1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)

1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)

Also means: ge.vul (גְּבוּל ": area" H1366H)

גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: area.

: area

1) border, territory

1a) border

1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)

1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsc — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and it will go out the border Ziphron towards and they will be extremities its Hazar Enan this it will be of you border of [the] north
צָפֽוֹן׃tza.Fon [the] north H6828 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
153× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means 'north' and is used to describe a direction or location. In the Bible, it is often translated as 'north' or 'northern side'.
Amplified meaning
Zaphon, the direction of the rising sun
Tyndale gloss
Zaphon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

צָפוֹן (tsaphown) means 'north' and is derived from a root meaning 'hidden' or 'dark.' It is used specifically to refer to the northern direction, often associated with gloominess and the unknown. The term also appears in the context of a name, 'Zaphon,' which similarly denotes the north.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

צָפוֹן 153 n.f. north (as the hidden, dark)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6828 צָפוֹן north

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6828 tsaphown tsaw-fone'

or tsaphon {tsaw-fone'}; from 6845; properly, hidden, i.e.

dark; used only of the north as a quarter (gloomy and

unknown):--north(-ern, side, -ward, wind).

see HEBREW for 06845

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

צָפוֹן (tsa.phon) — north.

1) north (of direction), northward

1a) north

1b) northward

צָפוֹן (tsa.phon) — Zaphon.

This name means north

Also named: tsa.phon (צָפוֹן "Zaphon" H6829)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See EAST. The Babylonians and Assyrians are represented as coming from "the north," because they invaded Israel by a northern route in order to avoid the desert, Jer 1:14 46:6,24 Zep 2:13. "Fair weather," says Job, or golden weather, "cometh out of the north," Job 37:22. This is as true in Syria and Arabia now as it was three thousand years ago. A traveler there remarks, "Our friends, who have been long residents, informed us that we should have fair weather for our start on the morrow, as the wind was from the north."

"... And so we have found it come to pass that the clouds of a golden hue always followed upon a north wind, and indicated a clear day; and as in the times of the Savior, we could always say when it was evening…

Thompson Chain Reference topics
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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