2 Corinthians 4:8
Verse
Context
Sermons
Colin Anderson
Jeff NoblitJames R. CochraneJames K. Boswell
Eli Brayley
John CalvinSummary
Commentary
- Adam Clarke
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown
- John Gill
- Matthew Henry
Adam Clarke Bible Commentary
We are troubled on every side - We have already seen, in the notes on the ninth chapter of the preceding epistle, that St. Paul has made several allusions to those public games which were celebrated every fifth year at the Isthmus of Corinth; and those games have been in that place particularly described. In this and the three following verses the apostle makes allusion to the contests at those games; and the terms which he employs in these verses cannot be understood but in reference to those agonistical exercises to which he alludes. Dr. Hammond has explained the whole on this ground; and I shall here borrow his help. There are four pairs of expressions taken from the customs of the agones. 1. Troubled on every side, yet not distressed. 2. Perplexed, but not in despair. 3. Persecuted, but not forsaken. Cast down, but not destroyed. Three of these pairs belong to the customs of wrestling; the fourth, to that of running in the race. Troubled on every side, etc. - Εν παντι θλιβομενοι. The word θλιβεσθαι, belongs clearly to παλη wrestling. So says Aristotle, Rhet. lib. i. cap. 5, (and the Scholiast on that place), ὁ γαρ δυναμενος - θλιβειν και κατεχειν, παλαιστικος· "He that can gripe his adversary, and take him up, is a good wrestler;" there being two dexterities in that exercise: 1. to gripe, and 2. to throw down, which Hesychius calls ωθειν and κρατειν; the first of these is here mentioned, and expressed by θλιβεσθαι, to be pressed down; to which is here opposed, as in a higher degree, στενοχωρεισθαι, to be brought to distress, as when one cannot get out of his antagonist's hands, nor make any resistance against him. So in Isaiah: στενοχωρουμενοι ου δυναμεθα μαχεσθαι, we are brought to such extremities that we can fight no longer. Perplexed, but not in despair - Απορουμενοι, αλλ' ουκ εξαπορουμενοι. The word απορεισθαι, to be in perplexity, is fit for the wrestler, who being puzzled by his antagonist's skill knows not what to do: so in Hesychius, απορουντες, αμηχανουντες, they that are not able to do or attempt any thing, yet are not εξαπορουμενοι, they miscarry not finally, ορθοι ἱσταμενοι, stand after all upright; ουκ απογινωσκοντες και ἡττωμενοι, despair not, nor are they overcome, but find a happy issue out of all, being at last conquerors.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
Greek, "BEING hard pressed, yet not inextricably straitened; reduced to inextricable straits" (nominative to "we have," Co2 4:7). on every side--Greek, "in every respect" (compare Co2 4:10, "always"; Co2 7:5). This verse expresses inward distresses; Co2 4:9, outward distresses (Co2 7:5). "Without were fightings; within were fears." The first clause in each member of the series of contrasted participles, implies the earthiness of the vessels; the second clause, the excellency of the power. perplexed, but not in despair--Greek, "not utterly perplexed." As perplexity refers to the future, so "troubled" or "hard pressed" refers to the present.
John Gill Bible Commentary
We are troubled on every side,.... Or afflicted; , either "in every place", wherever we are, into whatsoever country, city, or town we enter, we are sure to meet with trouble, of one sort or another; for wherever we be, we are in the world, in which we must expect tribulation: or "always", every day and hour we live, as in Co2 4:10 we are never free from one trial or another: or "by everyone"; by all sorts of persons, good and bad, professors and profane, open persecutors and false brethren; yea, some of the dear children of God, weak believers, give us trouble: or "with every sort" of trouble, inward and outward; trouble from the world, the flesh and the devil: yet not distressed; so as to have no hope, or see no way of escape; so as to have no manner of comfort, or manifestations of the love of God; or so as to be straitened in our own souls; for notwithstanding all our troubles, we have freedom at the throne of grace, and in our ministry; we can go with liberty to God, and preach the Gospel boldly to you: we are perplexed; and sometimes know not what to do, which way to take, what course to steer, or how we shall be relieved and supplied; we are sometimes at the utmost loss about things temporal, how we shall be provided for with food and raiment; nor are we without our perplexing thoughts, doubts, and fears, about spiritual affairs: but not in despair; of the Lord's appearing and working salvation, both in a temporal and spiritual sense.
Matthew Henry Bible Commentary
In these verses the apostle gives an account of their courage and patience under all their sufferings, where observe, I. How their sufferings, and patience under them, are declared, Co2 4:8-12. The apostles were great sufferers; therein they followed their Master: Christ had told them that in the world they should have tribulation, and so they had; yet they met with wonderful support, great relief, and many allays of their sorrows. "We are," says the apostle, "troubled on every side, afflicted many ways, and we meet with almost all sorts of troubles; yet not distressed, Co2 4:8. We are not hedged in nor cooped up, because we can see help in God, and help from God, and have liberty of access to God." Again, "We are perplexed, often uncertain, and in doubt what will become of us, and not always without anxiety in our minds on this account; yet not in despair (Co2 4:8), even in our greatest perplexities, knowing that God is able to support us, and to deliver us, and in him we always place our trust and hope." Again, "We are persecuted by men, pursued with hatred and violence from place to place, as men not worthy to live; yet not forsaken of God," Co2 4:9. Good men may be sometimes forsaken of their friends, as well as persecuted by their enemies; but God will never leave them nor forsake them. Again, "We are sometimes dejected, or cast down; the enemy may in a great measure prevail, and our spirits begin to fail us; there may be fears within, as well as fightings without; yet we are not destroyed," Co2 4:9. Still they were preserved, and kept their heads above water. Note, Whatever condition the children of God may be in, in this world, they have a "but not" to comfort themselves with; their case sometimes is bad, yea very bad, but not so bad as it might be. The apostle speaks of their sufferings as constant, and as a counterpart of the sufferings of Christ, Co2 4:10. The sufferings of Christ were, after a sort, re-acted in the sufferings of Christians; thus did they bear about the dying of the Lord Jesus in their body, setting before the world the great example of a suffering Christ, that the life of Jesus might also be made manifest, that is, that people might see the power of Christ's resurrection, and the efficacy of grace in and from the living Jesus, manifested in and towards them, who did yet live, though they were always delivered to death (Co2 4:11), and though death worked in them (Co2 4:12), they being exposed to death, and ready to be swallowed up by death continually. So great were the sufferings of the apostles that, in comparison with them, other Christians were, even at this time, in prosperous circumstances: Death worketh in us; but life in you, Co2 4:12. II. What it was that kept them from sinking and fainting under their sufferings, Co2 4:13-18. Whatever the burdens and troubles of good men may be, they have cause enough not to faint. 1. Faith kept them from fainting: We have the same spirit of faith (Co2 4:13), that faith which is of the operation of the Spirit; the same faith by which the saints of old did and suffered such great things. Note, The grace of faith is a sovereign cordial, and an effectual antidote against fainting-fits in troublous times. The spirit of faith will go far to bear up the spirit of a man under his infirmities; and as the apostle had David's example to imitate, who said (Psa 116:10), I have believed, and therefore have I spoken, so he leaves us his example to imitate: We also believe, says he, and therefore speak. Note, As we receive help and encouragement from the good words and examples of others, so we should be careful to give a good example to others. 2. Hope of the resurrection kept them from sinking, Co2 4:14. They knew that Christ was raised, and that his resurrection was an earnest and assurance of theirs. This he had treated of largely in his former epistle to these Corinthians, Co1 15:1. And therefore their hope was firm, being well grounded, that he who raised up Christ the head will also raise up all his members. Note, The hope of the resurrection will encourage us in a suffering day, and set us above the fear of death; for what reason has a good Christian to fear death, that dies in hope of a joyful resurrection? 3. The consideration of the glory of God and the benefit of the church, by means of their sufferings, kept them from fainting, Co2 4:15. Their sufferings were for the church's advantage (Co2 1:6), and thus did redound to God's glory. For, when the church is edified, then God is glorified; and we may well afford to bear sufferings patiently and cheerfully when we see others are the better for them - if they are instructed and edified, if they are confirmed and comforted. Note, The sufferings of Christ's ministers, as well as their preaching and conversation, are intended for the good of the church and the glory of God. 4. The thoughts of the advantage their souls would reap by the sufferings of their bodies kept them from fainting: Though our outward man perish, our inward man is renewed day by day, Co2 4:16. Here note, (1.) We have every one of us an outward and an inward man, a body and a soul. (2.) If the outward man perish, there is no remedy, it must and will be so, it was made to perish. (3.) It is our happiness if the decays of the outward man do contribute to the renewing of the inward man, if afflictions outwardly are gain to us inwardly, if when the body is sick, and weak, and perishing, the soul is vigorous and prosperous. The best of men have need of further renewing of the inward man, even day by day. Where the good work is begun there is more work to be done, for carrying it forward. And as in wicked men things grow every day worse and worse, so in godly men they grow better and better. 5. The prospect of eternal life and happiness kept them from fainting, and was a mighty support and comfort. As to this observe, (1.) The apostle and his fellow-sufferers saw their afflictions working towards heaven, and that they would end at last (Co2 4:17), whereupon they weighed things aright in the balance of the sanctuary; they did as it were put the heavenly glory in one scale and their earthly sufferings in the other; and, pondering things in their thoughts, they found afflictions to be light, and the glory of heaven to be a far more exceeding weight. That which sense was ready to pronounce heavy and long, grievous and tedious, faith perceived to be light and short, and but for a moment. On the other hand, the worth and weight of the crown of glory, as they are exceedingly great in themselves, so they are esteemed to be by the believing soul - far exceeding all his expressions and thoughts; and it will be a special support in our sufferings when we can perceive them appointed as the way and preparing us for the enjoyment of the future glory. (2.) Their faith enabled them to make this right judgment of things: We look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen, Co2 4:18. It is by faith that we see God, who is invisible (Heb 11:27), and by this we look to an unseen heaven and hell, and faith is the evidence of things not seen. Note, [1.] There are unseen things, as well as things that are seen. [2.] There is this vast difference between them: unseen things are eternal, seen things but temporal, or temporary only. [3.] By faith we not only discern these things, and the great difference between them, but by this also we take our aim at unseen things, and chiefly regard them, and make it our end and scope, not to escape present evils, and obtain present good, both of which are temporal and transitory, but to escape future evil and obtain future good things, which though unseen, are real, and certain, and eternal; and faith is the substance of things hoped for, as well as the evidence of things not seen, Heb 11:1.
2 Corinthians 4:8
Treasure in Jars of Clay
7Now we have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this surpassingly great power is from God and not from us.8We are hard pressed on all sides, but not crushed; perplexed, but not in despair;9persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed.
- Scripture
- Sermons
- Commentary
Ephesians 6 - Part 2
By Colin Anderson1.5K40:10Spiritual Warfare2CO 4:8EPH 6:10HEB 11:33In this sermon, the speaker emphasizes the importance of being watchful and not allowing Satan to use us. He uses the example of Peter, who unknowingly became an instrument of the devil when he confronted Jesus and opposed the truth. The speaker highlights the need to be guided by the word of God and to speak the truth in all situations. He also mentions how Satan tries to discourage believers by questioning God's approval and allowing difficult circumstances. The sermon concludes with a reminder to put on the full armor of God in order to stand firm against the schemes of the devil.
(Ephesians) the Benediction
By Jeff Noblit1.3K00:00BenedictionMAT 6:332CO 4:82CO 4:12EPH 6:19EPH 6:23In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the power of gospel preaching to transform lives. He quotes Romans 10:14-15, where Paul explains the importance of hearing the message of Christ through a preacher. The preacher highlights that the preaching of the gospel is the backbone and major tool for winning souls and glorifying God. He urges the audience to pray for the preacher, as he acknowledges his dependence on the Holy Spirit to effectively communicate God's message. The sermon concludes with the reminder that living out the teachings of Christ is a form of evangelism that demonstrates the transformative power of the gospel to the world.
Week of Meetings 1974-02 Romans 1:21
By James R. Cochrane80143:08PSA 40:5ACT 16:25ROM 8:282CO 4:8EPH 5:18EPH 5:201TH 5:16In this sermon, the speaker begins by referencing 2 Timothy 3:1, which warns of perilous times in the last days where people will be lovers of themselves and money. The speaker then shares a personal anecdote about a man named Mr. Peterkin and a young man in a park. Mr. Peterkin teaches the young man the importance of gratitude and saying thank you. The speaker reflects on the beauty of God's creation and expresses gratitude for a nation that sets aside a day to give thanks to God.
What Is a Christian 12 Christian Is a Soldier
By James K. Boswell37852:10JOS 1:141CH 12:32MAT 6:331CO 3:152CO 4:62CO 4:8JAS 5:15In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of living a wholehearted and devoted life for God. He mentions the idea of a grand review or judgment that awaits every individual, where their entire life will be examined. The motives behind one's service to God will be tested, and the only acceptable motive is the love of Christ. The preacher urges the audience to surrender their lives completely to God and to strive for unselfishness and dedication in their service.
The Joy of the Lord
By Eli Brayley1NEH 8:10PSA 16:11PSA 30:5PSA 30:11JHN 16:21ACT 2:282CO 4:8GAL 5:22Eli Brayley preaches about the true essence of joy, emphasizing that joy is not found in silliness or worldly entertainment but in the Lord's presence and strength. He challenges Christians to embrace the pattern in Scripture where joy is birthed from pain and suffering, leading to a deeper understanding and experience of true joy. Brayley highlights that joy is a fruit of the Spirit, sown in tears and reaped in victory, giving believers the strength to overcome obstacles and walk through the darkest valleys.
From the Commencement of the Revolution in 1776, to Its Termination in 1783
By Nathan Bangs0PSA 27:1PSA 34:17ISA 41:10ROM 8:282CO 4:8The Methodist preachers faced challenging times during the American Revolution from 1776 to 1783, with increased violence and persecution due to their stance on the war and political affairs. Despite difficulties and suspicions, they persevered in their Christian integrity, leading to great success in awakening and converting sinners. The war caused disruptions in circuits, but also led to revivals in some areas. The Methodists faced internal disputes over administering ordinances, with some preachers advocating for it. The war's end in 1783 brought peace and growth to the Methodist societies, with a revival in frontier settlements and brighter prospects for future usefulness.
Of Bearing the Cross
By John Calvin0PRO 3:11MAT 16:24JHN 16:20ACT 14:221CO 11:322CO 4:81TI 4:10HEB 5:81PE 4:11John Calvin preaches about the necessity and dignity of bearing the cross, emphasizing the hardships and trials that believers must endure as part of their journey with Christ. He highlights the importance of fellowship with Christ in suffering, the need for humility, and the training in obedience that comes through afflictions. Calvin explains how the cross works to refine believers, exposing weaknesses, deepening faith, and strengthening hope. He encourages believers to endure persecution for righteousness' sake, finding honor in suffering for God's cause and trusting in His provision and salvation.
(Finding God's Will) 6. Final Consideration
By Zac Poonen0PSA 37:23PSA 91:1PRO 16:9ISA 50:10JOL 2:25ACT 16:62CO 4:8HEB 8:121JN 1:7Zac Poonen emphasizes that God allows perplexity to draw us closer to Him, revealing more of His mind and strengthening our faith. It is important to move forward even when unsure of God's will, after seeking the guidance of the Holy Spirit. Regret over past failures should be confessed to God, who forgives and cleanses us, enabling us to press forward in fulfilling His will. Fear of making mistakes or fear of circumstances should not hinder us from walking in God's perfect will, as He promises to hold us when we fall. Guidance is a personal matter between God and each individual, and we should focus on being available to Him rather than seeking the same type of guidance others have experienced.
Letter 138.
By James Bourne0PSA 34:19PRO 3:52CO 4:8JAS 4:101PE 5:6James Bourne, in a letter to a friend, emphasizes the importance of enduring tribulations as a pastor after God's own heart, highlighting the necessity of experiencing sorrow and distress to deepen one's communion with the Lord. He stresses the significance of humility, gentleness, and faithfulness in teaching and living out the truth of Jesus Christ, warning against the dangers of fleshly religion and doctrinal errors that can lead to separation from Christ. Bourne shares his own struggles and experiences of darkness, emphasizing the need for continual reliance on God's light and mercy in times of trouble.
For the Sake of the Gospel
By Thomas Reade0PSA 91:4ISA 32:17DAN 7:13ROM 8:352CO 4:82CO 6:42CO 12:91PE 2:19Thomas Reade preaches about the persecutions endured by Paul for the sake of the Gospel, drawing parallels to the trials faced by Daniel and the early Christians. He emphasizes the inevitability of persecution for those devoted to Christ and the ultimate victory of the Kingdom of Christ over the powers of darkness. Reade highlights the selfless love and endurance displayed by Paul, encouraging believers to follow in his footsteps, enduring suffering and opposition with patience and faith. He reminds the congregation of the peace and strength found in Christ amidst trials, urging them to fix their eyes on God's will and glory, imitating the humility and perseverance of Paul in the face of adversity.
Discouragement
By Harmon A. Baldwin0JOB 3:20PSA 34:17MAT 5:112CO 4:8Harmon A. Baldwin discusses the misconception that discouragement is inconsistent with holiness, emphasizing that even the most devout individuals can experience heaviness and depression while still maintaining a high degree of grace. He challenges the notion that discouragement is solely a sign of a carnal heart, highlighting that it can stem from various sources such as physical, mental, and spiritual factors both internally and externally. Baldwin delves into the different forms of discouragement, including physical depression and mental/spiritual despair, showcasing that enduring seasons of depression does not negate one's faith or salvation.
Vi. to Marion Mcnaught, When Persecuted for Her Principles
By Samuel Rutherford0PSA 44:17PSA 119:92ISA 50:6HAB 2:3MAT 18:21ROM 12:192CO 4:8HEB 10:361PE 2:23Samuel Rutherford encourages a beloved sister to endure persecution and suffering by looking to the example of Jesus Christ, who endured insults and pain without retaliation, entrusting Himself to God's righteous judgment. He urges her to embrace the marks of Christ, reminding her that the war between good and evil has been ongoing for centuries. Rutherford advises her to hold fast to her faith, remain patient, forgive her enemies, and trust in God's timing for deliverance, emphasizing that those who believe will not be overcome. He concludes by exhorting her to find strength and comfort in the midst of trials, rejoicing in the opportunity to bear reproaches for Christ.
"You're Next"
By Jill Briscoe0PSA 91:11ISA 41:10MAT 28:202CO 4:8HEB 13:5Jill Briscoe preaches about the faith and courage of Festo and Mera as they embark on a dangerous journey to escape persecution, relying on God's protection and guidance through the mountains. Despite the risks and uncertainties, they trust in God's love and presence, finding strength in prayer and the assurance that Jesus is with them in their struggles. Festo and Mera's story reflects the biblical truth that God sends His angels to protect and guide His children, even in the darkest and most challenging times.
Pressing Forward
By Charles E. Cowman0ROM 5:32CO 1:82CO 4:8JAS 1:21PE 4:12Charles E. Cowman preaches about the transformative power of pressure and trials in our lives, emphasizing how these difficult experiences lead us to rely not on ourselves but on God, who raises the dead. He highlights that through intense pressure in various aspects of our being, we are pressed into knowing and loving God more deeply, into faith for impossible things, and into living a life poured out for Christ. Cowman explains that the pressure of hard places helps us value life, understand the trials of others, and become more compassionate individuals who truly grasp the meaning of suffering.
There We Saw the Giants
By Charles E. Cowman0NUM 13:33ROM 8:371CO 16:132CO 4:81PE 4:12Charles E. Cowman preaches on the story of the Israelites encountering giants in Canaan, emphasizing the importance of having faith like Caleb and Joshua who saw God's power despite the challenges. He highlights that giants represent great difficulties we face in various aspects of life and encourages believers to overcome them with faith, viewing them as opportunities for growth and strength. Cowman uses the example of Paul's struggles to Rome to illustrate that the power of God often leads to conflicts and challenges, but through reliance on Jesus Christ, victory can be achieved. He stresses that the journey of faith involves continuous struggles and battles, but by embracing these hardships, believers can experience the manifestation of Jesus' life in their own lives.
Praise in the Midst of Trouble
By Charles E. Cowman0PSA 34:1ROM 8:182CO 4:82CO 4:17HEB 13:15Charles E. Cowman preaches on the enduring sacrifice of praise to God, using the poignant story of an elderly African American woman enduring extreme poverty and suffering, yet finding solace and joy in her unwavering faith in Jesus. Despite her dire circumstances, she sings praises to God, echoing the sentiments of the apostle Paul who faced numerous trials but remained steadfast in his faith. The sermon emphasizes the power of praising God in all situations, drawing inspiration from the resilience and unwavering faith of individuals like the elderly woman, Martin Luther, and the apostle Paul.
Continue the Struggle by God's Grace
By Mary Wilder Tileston0JDG 8:4PSA 34:18ISA 43:25ROM 8:372CO 4:8Mary Wilder Tileston preaches about the struggles and triumphs in the Christian journey, emphasizing that although believers may feel perplexed and cast down at times, they are not in despair or destroyed. Even when feeling faint, they should continue pursuing their faith. God promises to blot out transgressions and not remember sins, offering grace to perfect their efforts. While some may face intense battles with sin and hardship, those who persevere and fall while fighting towards God will find comfort and healing in His everlasting arms.
Short Account of Sarah Cheevers
By Sarah Cheevers0PSA 139:23MAT 5:10ROM 8:352CO 4:81PE 4:16Catharine Evans and Sarah Cheevers, valiant ministers of the Gospel, endured nearly four years of cruel treatment in the Inquisition in Malta. Despite facing threats, imprisonment, and pressure to convert to Catholicism, they remained steadfast in their faith, boldly testifying against idolatry and superstition. Their unwavering commitment to God's truth, even in the face of severe persecution, inspired admiration and respect from those who witnessed their courage and resilience.
The Burning Bush
By Henry Law0EXO 3:3ISA 43:2MAT 16:18ROM 8:312CO 4:8COL 1:271PE 1:7Henry Law preaches on the profound significance of the burning bush in Exodus 3:3, emphasizing how it symbolizes the unsearchable riches of Jesus and the need to see Christ by faith to know peace and hope. The sermon delves into the life of Moses, highlighting his choice to embrace scorn, affliction, and poverty for the sake of God's people, showcasing the importance of seeing a fairer world above earthly pleasures. It also explores the sufferings and all-resisting might of Jesus, drawing parallels to the Church's resilience in the face of trials and persecutions, as well as the believer's growth amidst spiritual battles.
The Life of John Banks
By John Banks0PSA 23:4ACT 20:24ROM 8:182CO 4:8PHP 4:131PE 4:12John Banks, a faithful minister of Jesus Christ, shares his experiences of labor, travels, and sufferings in spreading the truth of God's Word. He recounts his journey through various counties, facing trials, imprisonment, and persecution for his faith. Despite challenges, he remains steadfast in his commitment to serve the Lord and spread the message of truth and salvation to many, experiencing the power and presence of God in his ministry.
John Knox and the Revival in Scotland
By James Burns0PSA 23:4ISA 61:1MAT 5:10ROM 8:181CO 1:272CO 4:8PHP 1:202TI 1:7HEB 10:35REV 2:10James Burns preaches about the challenging and corrupt conditions in Scotland at the beginning of the sixteenth century, where the people were oppressed by poverty, ignorance, and spiritual bondage under a corrupt state church. John Knox, born in this tumultuous time, eventually embraced the Protestant faith and became a pivotal figure in the Reformation movement in Scotland, facing persecution and imprisonment for his beliefs. Despite enduring great suffering, Knox's unwavering courage and dedication to preaching the gospel led to the growth of the Reformed faith in Scotland, culminating in the abolition of Roman Catholicism and the establishment of the Church of Scotland.
- Adam Clarke
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown
- John Gill
- Matthew Henry
Adam Clarke Bible Commentary
We are troubled on every side - We have already seen, in the notes on the ninth chapter of the preceding epistle, that St. Paul has made several allusions to those public games which were celebrated every fifth year at the Isthmus of Corinth; and those games have been in that place particularly described. In this and the three following verses the apostle makes allusion to the contests at those games; and the terms which he employs in these verses cannot be understood but in reference to those agonistical exercises to which he alludes. Dr. Hammond has explained the whole on this ground; and I shall here borrow his help. There are four pairs of expressions taken from the customs of the agones. 1. Troubled on every side, yet not distressed. 2. Perplexed, but not in despair. 3. Persecuted, but not forsaken. Cast down, but not destroyed. Three of these pairs belong to the customs of wrestling; the fourth, to that of running in the race. Troubled on every side, etc. - Εν παντι θλιβομενοι. The word θλιβεσθαι, belongs clearly to παλη wrestling. So says Aristotle, Rhet. lib. i. cap. 5, (and the Scholiast on that place), ὁ γαρ δυναμενος - θλιβειν και κατεχειν, παλαιστικος· "He that can gripe his adversary, and take him up, is a good wrestler;" there being two dexterities in that exercise: 1. to gripe, and 2. to throw down, which Hesychius calls ωθειν and κρατειν; the first of these is here mentioned, and expressed by θλιβεσθαι, to be pressed down; to which is here opposed, as in a higher degree, στενοχωρεισθαι, to be brought to distress, as when one cannot get out of his antagonist's hands, nor make any resistance against him. So in Isaiah: στενοχωρουμενοι ου δυναμεθα μαχεσθαι, we are brought to such extremities that we can fight no longer. Perplexed, but not in despair - Απορουμενοι, αλλ' ουκ εξαπορουμενοι. The word απορεισθαι, to be in perplexity, is fit for the wrestler, who being puzzled by his antagonist's skill knows not what to do: so in Hesychius, απορουντες, αμηχανουντες, they that are not able to do or attempt any thing, yet are not εξαπορουμενοι, they miscarry not finally, ορθοι ἱσταμενοι, stand after all upright; ουκ απογινωσκοντες και ἡττωμενοι, despair not, nor are they overcome, but find a happy issue out of all, being at last conquerors.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
Greek, "BEING hard pressed, yet not inextricably straitened; reduced to inextricable straits" (nominative to "we have," Co2 4:7). on every side--Greek, "in every respect" (compare Co2 4:10, "always"; Co2 7:5). This verse expresses inward distresses; Co2 4:9, outward distresses (Co2 7:5). "Without were fightings; within were fears." The first clause in each member of the series of contrasted participles, implies the earthiness of the vessels; the second clause, the excellency of the power. perplexed, but not in despair--Greek, "not utterly perplexed." As perplexity refers to the future, so "troubled" or "hard pressed" refers to the present.
John Gill Bible Commentary
We are troubled on every side,.... Or afflicted; , either "in every place", wherever we are, into whatsoever country, city, or town we enter, we are sure to meet with trouble, of one sort or another; for wherever we be, we are in the world, in which we must expect tribulation: or "always", every day and hour we live, as in Co2 4:10 we are never free from one trial or another: or "by everyone"; by all sorts of persons, good and bad, professors and profane, open persecutors and false brethren; yea, some of the dear children of God, weak believers, give us trouble: or "with every sort" of trouble, inward and outward; trouble from the world, the flesh and the devil: yet not distressed; so as to have no hope, or see no way of escape; so as to have no manner of comfort, or manifestations of the love of God; or so as to be straitened in our own souls; for notwithstanding all our troubles, we have freedom at the throne of grace, and in our ministry; we can go with liberty to God, and preach the Gospel boldly to you: we are perplexed; and sometimes know not what to do, which way to take, what course to steer, or how we shall be relieved and supplied; we are sometimes at the utmost loss about things temporal, how we shall be provided for with food and raiment; nor are we without our perplexing thoughts, doubts, and fears, about spiritual affairs: but not in despair; of the Lord's appearing and working salvation, both in a temporal and spiritual sense.
Matthew Henry Bible Commentary
In these verses the apostle gives an account of their courage and patience under all their sufferings, where observe, I. How their sufferings, and patience under them, are declared, Co2 4:8-12. The apostles were great sufferers; therein they followed their Master: Christ had told them that in the world they should have tribulation, and so they had; yet they met with wonderful support, great relief, and many allays of their sorrows. "We are," says the apostle, "troubled on every side, afflicted many ways, and we meet with almost all sorts of troubles; yet not distressed, Co2 4:8. We are not hedged in nor cooped up, because we can see help in God, and help from God, and have liberty of access to God." Again, "We are perplexed, often uncertain, and in doubt what will become of us, and not always without anxiety in our minds on this account; yet not in despair (Co2 4:8), even in our greatest perplexities, knowing that God is able to support us, and to deliver us, and in him we always place our trust and hope." Again, "We are persecuted by men, pursued with hatred and violence from place to place, as men not worthy to live; yet not forsaken of God," Co2 4:9. Good men may be sometimes forsaken of their friends, as well as persecuted by their enemies; but God will never leave them nor forsake them. Again, "We are sometimes dejected, or cast down; the enemy may in a great measure prevail, and our spirits begin to fail us; there may be fears within, as well as fightings without; yet we are not destroyed," Co2 4:9. Still they were preserved, and kept their heads above water. Note, Whatever condition the children of God may be in, in this world, they have a "but not" to comfort themselves with; their case sometimes is bad, yea very bad, but not so bad as it might be. The apostle speaks of their sufferings as constant, and as a counterpart of the sufferings of Christ, Co2 4:10. The sufferings of Christ were, after a sort, re-acted in the sufferings of Christians; thus did they bear about the dying of the Lord Jesus in their body, setting before the world the great example of a suffering Christ, that the life of Jesus might also be made manifest, that is, that people might see the power of Christ's resurrection, and the efficacy of grace in and from the living Jesus, manifested in and towards them, who did yet live, though they were always delivered to death (Co2 4:11), and though death worked in them (Co2 4:12), they being exposed to death, and ready to be swallowed up by death continually. So great were the sufferings of the apostles that, in comparison with them, other Christians were, even at this time, in prosperous circumstances: Death worketh in us; but life in you, Co2 4:12. II. What it was that kept them from sinking and fainting under their sufferings, Co2 4:13-18. Whatever the burdens and troubles of good men may be, they have cause enough not to faint. 1. Faith kept them from fainting: We have the same spirit of faith (Co2 4:13), that faith which is of the operation of the Spirit; the same faith by which the saints of old did and suffered such great things. Note, The grace of faith is a sovereign cordial, and an effectual antidote against fainting-fits in troublous times. The spirit of faith will go far to bear up the spirit of a man under his infirmities; and as the apostle had David's example to imitate, who said (Psa 116:10), I have believed, and therefore have I spoken, so he leaves us his example to imitate: We also believe, says he, and therefore speak. Note, As we receive help and encouragement from the good words and examples of others, so we should be careful to give a good example to others. 2. Hope of the resurrection kept them from sinking, Co2 4:14. They knew that Christ was raised, and that his resurrection was an earnest and assurance of theirs. This he had treated of largely in his former epistle to these Corinthians, Co1 15:1. And therefore their hope was firm, being well grounded, that he who raised up Christ the head will also raise up all his members. Note, The hope of the resurrection will encourage us in a suffering day, and set us above the fear of death; for what reason has a good Christian to fear death, that dies in hope of a joyful resurrection? 3. The consideration of the glory of God and the benefit of the church, by means of their sufferings, kept them from fainting, Co2 4:15. Their sufferings were for the church's advantage (Co2 1:6), and thus did redound to God's glory. For, when the church is edified, then God is glorified; and we may well afford to bear sufferings patiently and cheerfully when we see others are the better for them - if they are instructed and edified, if they are confirmed and comforted. Note, The sufferings of Christ's ministers, as well as their preaching and conversation, are intended for the good of the church and the glory of God. 4. The thoughts of the advantage their souls would reap by the sufferings of their bodies kept them from fainting: Though our outward man perish, our inward man is renewed day by day, Co2 4:16. Here note, (1.) We have every one of us an outward and an inward man, a body and a soul. (2.) If the outward man perish, there is no remedy, it must and will be so, it was made to perish. (3.) It is our happiness if the decays of the outward man do contribute to the renewing of the inward man, if afflictions outwardly are gain to us inwardly, if when the body is sick, and weak, and perishing, the soul is vigorous and prosperous. The best of men have need of further renewing of the inward man, even day by day. Where the good work is begun there is more work to be done, for carrying it forward. And as in wicked men things grow every day worse and worse, so in godly men they grow better and better. 5. The prospect of eternal life and happiness kept them from fainting, and was a mighty support and comfort. As to this observe, (1.) The apostle and his fellow-sufferers saw their afflictions working towards heaven, and that they would end at last (Co2 4:17), whereupon they weighed things aright in the balance of the sanctuary; they did as it were put the heavenly glory in one scale and their earthly sufferings in the other; and, pondering things in their thoughts, they found afflictions to be light, and the glory of heaven to be a far more exceeding weight. That which sense was ready to pronounce heavy and long, grievous and tedious, faith perceived to be light and short, and but for a moment. On the other hand, the worth and weight of the crown of glory, as they are exceedingly great in themselves, so they are esteemed to be by the believing soul - far exceeding all his expressions and thoughts; and it will be a special support in our sufferings when we can perceive them appointed as the way and preparing us for the enjoyment of the future glory. (2.) Their faith enabled them to make this right judgment of things: We look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen, Co2 4:18. It is by faith that we see God, who is invisible (Heb 11:27), and by this we look to an unseen heaven and hell, and faith is the evidence of things not seen. Note, [1.] There are unseen things, as well as things that are seen. [2.] There is this vast difference between them: unseen things are eternal, seen things but temporal, or temporary only. [3.] By faith we not only discern these things, and the great difference between them, but by this also we take our aim at unseen things, and chiefly regard them, and make it our end and scope, not to escape present evils, and obtain present good, both of which are temporal and transitory, but to escape future evil and obtain future good things, which though unseen, are real, and certain, and eternal; and faith is the substance of things hoped for, as well as the evidence of things not seen, Heb 11:1.