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John Bramhall

John Bramhall (1594–1663) was an English preacher, theologian, and Anglican bishop whose ministry and writings significantly shaped the Church of England and Ireland during a tumultuous era. Born in Pontefract, Yorkshire, to Peter Bramhall, he attended Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, earning a BA (1612), MA (1616), BD (1623), and DD (1630). Initially ordained around 1616, he served in Yorkshire, gaining prominence as a preacher and debater, notably defeating Catholic priests in a 1623 disputation at Northallerton. His early career flourished under Archbishop Tobias Matthew, who made him a chaplain, and through ties to Sir Thomas Wentworth (later Earl of Strafford), he moved to Ireland in 1633 as a royal chaplain. Consecrated Bishop of Derry in 1634, Bramhall worked tirelessly to restore church properties, doubling his diocese’s income, and helped align the Irish Church with English standards, adopting the Thirty-Nine Articles. Bramhall’s ministry faced severe trials during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, leading to his impeachment by the Irish Commons and imprisonment in Dublin. Fleeing to the continent in 1644, he preached in exile—serving English communities in Brussels and Antwerp—while defending Anglicanism against Puritans, Catholics, and Thomas Hobbes, with whom he famously debated free will and determinism in works like The Catching of Leviathan (1658). Returning after the Restoration, he became Archbishop of Armagh in 1661, moderating the enforcement of religious conformity in Ireland. Married with children (details sparse), he died of apoplexy in 1663, leaving a legacy as a learned apologist and reformer, his works collected in 1677 by John Vesey, cementing his influence on Anglican theology.