Psalms 21:5 — Word Study
WLCגָּד֣וֹל כְּ֭בוֹדוֹ בִּישׁוּעָתֶ֑ךָ ה֥וֹד וְ֝הָדָר תְּשַׁוֶּ֥ה עָלָֽיו׃
BSAalivechay to askshâʼal frommin to givenâthan lengthʼôrek dayyôwm foreverʻôwlâm perpetuityʻad
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| גָּד֣וֹל | [is] great | |
| כְּ֭בוֹדוֹ | honor his | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| בִּישׁוּעָתֶ֑ךָ | by victory your | Preposition, noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| ה֥וֹד | splendor | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וְ֝הָדָר | and majesty | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| תְּשַׁוֶּ֥ה | you place | Verb, Piel, imperfect second person masculine singular |
| עָלָֽיו׃ | on him | Preposition, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Great is his glory in Your salvation; You bestow on him splendor and majesty. |
| KJV | His glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou laid upon him. |
| ASV | His glory is great in thy salvation: Honor and majesty dost thou lay upon him. |
| YLT | Great [is] his honour in Thy salvation, Honour and majesty Thou placest on him. |
| WEB | His glory is great in your salvation. You lay honor and majesty on him. |
| BBE | His glory is great in your salvation: honour and authority have you put on him. |
Where they part company is in the emphasis on God's glory — see How Translations Differ.
Two main clauses express the greatness of God's glory and the action of bestowing blessings, with subordinate phrases providing context.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbעוֹלָם
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 21:5
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Psalm of Thanksgivinggenerated
Psalms 21:5 expresses the psalmist's awe at God's greatness, particularly in the context of His salvation. The surrounding verses highlight the king's trust in God and the blessings that flow from this relationship. This psalm reflects a deep appreciation for God's deliverance and the honor that comes with it, emphasizing the joy and security found in His presence.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 3:3 | But You, O LORD, are a shield around me, my glory, and the One who lifts my head. |
| 2 | Psalm 62:7 | My salvation and my honor rest on God, my strong rock; my refuge is in God. |
| 3 | 2 Samuel 7:8–9 | Now then, you are to tell My servant David that this is what the LORD of Hosts says: I took you from the pasture, from following the flock, to be the ruler over My people Israel. |
| 4 | Isaiah 49:5–7 | And now says the LORD, who formed Me from the womb to be His Servant, to bring Jacob back to Him, that Israel might be gathered to Him— for I am honored in the sight of the LORD, and My God is My strength— |
| 5 | Isaiah 63:1 | Who is this coming from Edom, from Bozrah with crimson-stained garments? Who is this robed in splendor, marching in the greatness of His strength? “It is I, proclaiming vindication, mighty to save.” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 15 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — גָּד֣וֹל, ga.Dolgenerated
The word גָּד֣וֹל (gadol) signifies greatness and encompasses a range of meanings, including size, importance, and intensity. It is often used to describe God or significant events, conveying a sense of magnitude and grandeur. The parsing indicates that it functions as a predicate in this verse, affirming the greatness of God's glory.
In this context, גָּד֣וֹל emphasizes the extraordinary nature of God's glory as expressed through His salvation, highlighting the profound impact of divine deliverance on the believer's life.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
All translations agree on the greatness of God's glory in this verse, using terms like great (BSB, KJV, ASV) and abundant (YLT) to convey the same idea.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb תְּשַׁוֶּ֥ה (te.sha.Veh), meaning 'you place', governs the structure of the verse, with a noun phrase as the subject and a prepositional phrase indicating the object. The sentence flows from the declaration of God's greatness to the action of bestowing splendor and majesty.
The Hebrew word order places emphasis on God's glory first, followed by the action of bestowing blessings, which highlights the significance of God's actions in relation to His glory.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates גָּד֣וֹל as ζωὴν (G2222), meaning 'life', which shifts the focus from greatness to the life-giving aspect of God's glory. This choice reflects an interpretation that emphasizes the vitality and sustenance provided by God's salvation.
This rendering indicates a broader understanding of glory that encompasses not just honor but also the life and vitality that come from divine deliverance.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalms 21:5 expresses the psalmist's admiration for God's greatness, especially in the context of His salvation. The verse highlights how God bestows splendor and majesty upon the king, emphasizing the importance of divine deliverance in the life of the believer.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The psalmist is expressing that God's glory is immense and manifests particularly through His acts of salvation.
God's salvation reveals His character and power, showcasing His greatness and the honor He bestows upon those He saves.
These terms highlight the dignity and honor that come from God's presence and His actions in the lives of His people.
The king's trust signifies reliance on God's power and faithfulness, which is foundational for experiencing His glory and blessings.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways have I experienced God's glory through His salvation in my life?
- How can I recognize and appreciate the splendor and majesty of God in my daily experiences?
- What does it mean for me to trust in the LORD like the king in this psalm?
- How can I share the greatness of God's glory with others in my community?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers reference this verse to discuss the nature of God's glory and salvation, arguing from the text to illustrate their theological points.
"His glory is great in Your salvation" [Psalms 21:5]. Great indeed is His glory in the salvation, whereby You have raised Him up again.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 21 →
Great is his glory. In what way is it great? Not in the assumption of deity but in the salvation of humanity.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 21 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 21:5 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleHis glory [is] great in thy salvation,.... That is, the glory of the King Messiah is great in the Lord's salvation of him; delivering him from all his troubles and sorrows, and out of the hands of
Read John Gill on Psalms 21 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryHis glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou laid upon him. His glory - i:e., through the saving deliverance which thou dost vouchsafe to him. "Thy salvation" is the element IN which His glory is great.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 21 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleHis glory; his fame or renown in the world. In thy salvation; by reason of those great and glorious deliverances which thou hast wrought both for him and by him. Hast thou laid upon him; or, fitted to him, or upon him, as the Hebrew verb signifies; or, made it adequate to him. Thou hast given him a large and noble soul, very capable of and fit for that high and honourable estate to which thou hast advanced him, and thou hast given him honour and power suitable to so excellent a person, and to such rich endowments.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 21 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 21:5 His glory [is] great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou laid upon him.Ver. 5. His glory is great in thy salvation] He was at first slighted, even by his own, as a petty prince; and the Philistines came up to seek him, that they might suppress him before he grew too strong for them; insomuch as he, for fear of them, went down to the hold, 2 Samuel 5:17, but soon after he became formidable to them and the rest of the neigbbouring nations, whom he subdued and reigned over. The like hereunto befell our Queen Elizabeth, who, how low soever at first, became at length, as her enemies confessed, the most glorious woman that ever swayed sceptre, because posuit Deum adiutorem…
Read John Trapp on Psalms 21 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 5. His glory is great] But great as his glory was, it had its greatness from God's salvation. There is no true nobility but of the soul, and the soul has none but what it receives from the grace and salvation of God.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 21 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges5. Glory, honour, majesty, are Divine attributes (Psalms 8:1; Psalms 8:5; Psalms 104:1); and the victorious king shines with a reflection of them. hast thou laid] Rather as R.V., dost thou lay. Cp. Psalms 89:19 for the same word used of Divine endowment.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 21 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleHis glory is great in thy salvation - Not in himself; not in anything that he has done, but in what thou hast done. The fact that thou hast saved him, and the manner in which it has been done, has put upon him great honor.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 21 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Great is his glory in Your salvation; You bestow on him splendor and majesty.
His glory is great in your salvation. You lay honor and majesty on him.
Great is his glory in Your salvation; You bestow on him splendor and majesty.
Your deliverance brings him great honor; you give him majestic splendor.
Tyndale line
His glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou laid upon him.
His glory is great in thy salvation: Honor and majesty dost thou lay upon him.
His glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty dost thou lay upon him.
His glory is great in thy salvation: honor and majesty hast thou laid upon him.
His glory is great in thy saluation: dignitie and honour hast thou laid vpon him.
Strictly literal
His glory is great through thy salvation; majesty and splendour hast thou laid upon him.
Great [is] his honour in Thy salvation, Honour and majesty Thou placest on him.
Great [is] his glory in Your salvation, || You place splendor and majesty on him.
(21:6) Great is his honor through thy help: glory and majesty thou layest upon him.
His glory is great because of your victory; you have bestowed on him splendor and majesty.
From the Latin
In thee have our fathers hoped: they have hoped, and thou hast delivered them.
Simplified
Your victories brought him great glory; you granted him splendor and majesty.
His glory is great in your salvation: honour and authority have you put on him.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely in their wording, with all seven words matched between the two texts. This consistency indicates a strong preservation of the original message across different traditions.
גָּד֣וֹל כְּ֭בוֹדוֹ בִּישׁוּעָתֶ֑ךָ ה֥וֹד וְ֝הָדָר תְּשַׁוֶּ֥ה עָלָֽיו׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 21:5
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
גָּדוֹל (gadol) means 'great' and covers a wide range of meanings, including large in size, number, intensity, sound, age, and importance. It can also refer to notable individuals or even God. Additionally, it appears as a proper noun in reference to a person named in Nehemiah 11:14. The lexicons note its use in various contexts, but do not present significant disagreement.
גָּדוֹל 622 adj. great
in magnitude and extent
in number
in intensity
in sound, loud
in age
in importance
in phrases
cstr.
as subst. concr. do great things
† as subst. neut. greatness of arm
H1419a גָּדוֹל great . in magnitude and extent
. in number
. in intensity
. in sound, loud
. in age
. in importance
. in phrases
. cstr.
. as subst. concr. do great things
. † as subst. neut. greatness of arm
H1419b הַגְּדוֹלִים father of Zabdiel
1419 gadowl gaw-dole'
or (shortened) gadol {gaw-dole'}; from 1431; great (in any
sense); hence, older; also insolent:--+ aloud, elder(-est), +
exceeding(-ly), + far, (man of) great (man, matter,
thing,-er,-ness), high, long, loud, mighty, more, much, noble,
proud thing, X sore, (X ) very.
see HEBREW for 01431
גָּדוֹל (ga.dol) — great: large.
adj
1) great
1a) large (in magnitude and extent)
1b) in number
1c) in intensity
1d) loud (in sound)
1e) older (in age)
1f) in importance
1f1) important things
1f2) great, distinguished (of men)
1f3) God Himself (of God)
subst
1g) great things
1h) haughty things
1i) greatness
Also means: ga.dol (גָּדוֹל ": old" H1419K)
§ Haggedolim = "the great one"
(CLBL) Haggedolim, the great man?, father of Zabdiel
גָּדוֹל (ga.dol) — Haggedolim.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Neh.11.14
§ Haggedolim = "the great one"
(CLBL) Haggedolim, the great man?, father of Zabdiel
גָּדוֹל (ga.dol) — Great (Sea).
adj
great
Also named: pe.lish.ti (פְּלִשְׁתִּי "(Sea of the )Philistines" H6430I)
גָּדוֹל (ga.dol) — great: old.
adj
1) great
1a) large (in magnitude and extent)
1b) in number
1c) in intensity
1d) loud (in sound)
HAamsa — HAamsa
כָּבוֹד (kabowd) refers to concepts of abundance, honour, and glory. It encompasses external splendor, dignity of position, and reputation, as well as the inner nobility of a person. The term can denote both the weightiness of glory and the reverence due to someone. The entries consistently emphasize its positive connotations.
כָּבוֹד n.m. and f. abundance, honour, glory
abundance, riches
honour, splendor, glory, of external condition and circumstances
honour, dignity of position
honour, reputation, of character
my honour, poet. of the seat of honour in the inner man, the noblest part of man
honour, reverence, glory, as due to one or ascribed to one
glory as the object, of honour, reverence and glorifying
base
H3519 כָּבוֹד abundance, honour, glory . abundance, riches
. honour, splendor, glory, of external condition and circumstances
. honour, dignity of position
. honour, reputation, of character
. my honour, poet. of the seat of honour in the inner man, the noblest part of man
. honour, reverence, glory, as due to one or ascribed to one
. glory as the object, of honour, reverence and glorifying
3519 kabowd kaw-bode'
rarely kabod {kaw-bode'}; from 3513; properly, weight, but
only figuratively in a good sense, splendor or
copiousness:--glorious(-ly), glory, honour(-able).
see HEBREW for 03513
כָּבוֹד (ka.vod) — glory.
1) glory, honour, glorious, abundance
1a) abundance, riches
1b) honour, splendour, glory
1c) honour, dignity
1d) honour, reputation
1e) honour, reverence, glory
1f) glory
HNcmsc/Sp3ms — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3ms
יְשׁוּעָה (yeshu'ah) refers to concepts of salvation, deliverance, and welfare, often with a spiritual dimension. It is derived from a root meaning to save and encompasses ideas of victory and prosperity. The term is used in contexts related to divine aid and protection, emphasizing both physical and spiritual deliverance.
יְשׁוּעָה n.f. salvation
welfare, prosperity
deliverance
salvation by God, primarily from external evils, but often with added spiritual idea
victory
base
H3444 יְשׁוּעָה salvation . welfare, prosperity
. deliverance
. salvation by God, primarily from external evils, but often with added spiritual idea
. victory
3444 yshuw`ah yesh-oo'-aw
feminine passive participle of 3467; something saved, i.e.
(abstractly) deliverance; hence, aid, victory,
prosperity:--deliverance, health, help(-ing), salvation, save,
saving (health), welfare.
see HEBREW for 03467
יְשׁוּעָה (ye.shu.ah) — salvation.
1) salvation, deliverance
1a) welfare, prosperity
1b) deliverance
1c) salvation (by God)
1d) victory
HR/Ncfsc/Sp2ms — Preposition · noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHR/Ncfsc/Sp2ms
The Hebrew word הוֹד (*hod*) encompasses meanings related to splendour, majesty, and vigour, primarily in a poetic context. It is derived from an unused root and conveys concepts of grandeur and beauty, as noted in various lexicons.
הוֹד n.m. splendour, majesty, vigour (chiefly poet.)
base
H1935 הוֹד splendour, majesty, vigour (chiefly poet.)
1935 howd hode
from an unused root; grandeur (i.e. an imposing form and
appearance):--beauty, comeliness, excellency, glorious, glory,
goodly, honour, majesty.
הוֹד (hod) — splendor.
splendour, majesty, vigour
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
הָדָר (hadar) refers to concepts of ornament, splendour, and honour, primarily in a poetic context. It is derived from a root meaning magnificence and encompasses beauty, glory, and majesty. The term captures a range of meanings related to excellence and goodliness.
הָדָר n.m. ornament, splendour, honour (chiefly poet.)
base
H1926 הָדָר ornament, splendour, honour (chiefly poet.)
1926 hadar haw-dawr'
from 1921; magnificence, i.e. ornament or splendor:--beauty,
comeliness, excellency, glorious, glory, goodly, honour,
majesty.
see HEBREW for 01921
הָדָר (ha.dar) — glory.
1) ornament, splendour, honour
1a) ornament
1b) splendour, majesty
1c) honour, glory
HC/Ncmsa — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
→ Name of God Heb 1:3; 8:1
→ See GOD
שָׁוָה (shavah) is a Hebrew verb that conveys the idea of being even or smooth, and extends to meanings like agreeing, resembling, or making something like another. It is built from a primitive root and covers a range of uses, including to level, set, or adjust. The entries indicate various forms, such as Qal, Piel, and Hiphil, which express different nuances of the verb.
שָׁוָה vb. (be even, smooth, v. Pi., hence) agree with, be like, resemble
Qal it was not equalled to me, i.e. not requited
Pi. he hath levelled
Hiph. make like
Nithp. (appar.) are alike
base
[שָׁוָה] vb. Pi. set, place
base
H7737a שָׁוָה (be even, smooth, v. Pi., hence) agree with, be like, resemble . make like
. (appar.) are alike
H7737b שָׁוָה Pi. set, place
7737 shavah shaw-vaw'
a primitive root; properly, to level, i.e. equalize;
figuratively, to resemble; by implication, to adjust (i.e.
counterbalance, be suitable, compose, place, yield,
etc.):--avail, behave, bring forth, compare, countervail,
(be, make) equal, lay, be (make, a- )like, make plain, profit,
reckon.
שָׁוָה (sha.vah) — be like.
1) to agree with, be or become like, level, resemble
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be like
1a2) equivalent (participle)
1a3) to set, place
1a4) setting (participle)
1b) (Piel) to level, smooth, still
1c) (Hiphil) to make like
1d) (Nithpael) to be alike
Aramaic equivalent: she.vah (שְׁוָה "be like" H7739A)
שָׁוָה (sha.vah) — to set.
(Piel) to set, place
Aramaic equivalent: she.vah (שְׁוָה "be set" H7739B)
HVpi2ms — Verb · Piel · imperfect second person masculine singularHVpi2ms
plas: Normally for maqom, Old Testament, and topos, New Testament, but in the King James Version "place" represents a great number of Hebrew and Greek words, often used with no difference in force (e.g. 2Ch 35:10,15). the Revised Version (British and American) has made few changes, but occasionally has attempted to specialize the meaning (Ge 40:13; Job 37:8; Ac 8:32; Jas 3:11, etc.).
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
HR/Sp3ms — Preposition · suffixHR/Sp3ms