Psalms 106:27 — Word Study
WLCוּלְהַפִּ֣יל זַ֭רְעָם בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם וּ֝לְזָרוֹתָ֗ם בָּאֲרָצֽוֹת׃
BSAto dispersenâphal [overthrow, cause to fall] their offspringzeraʻ [seed, descendants] among the nationsgôwy [Gentile peoples, non-Hebrews] and scatter themzârâh [toss about, diffuse] throughout the landsʼerets [countries, territories, regions]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וּלְהַפִּ֣יל | and to make fall | Conjunction, preposition, verb hiphil infinitive construct common |
| זַ֭רְעָם | offspring their | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם | among the nations | Preposition, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| וּ֝לְזָרוֹתָ֗ם | and to scatter them | Conjunction, preposition, verb piel infinitive construct common |
| בָּאֲרָצֽוֹת׃ | among the lands | Preposition, noun common feminine plural absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | to disperse their offspring among the nations and scatter them throughout the lands. |
| KJV | To overthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands. |
| ASV | And that he would overthrow their seed among the nations, And scatter them in the lands. |
| YLT | And to cause their seed to fall among nations, And to scatter them through lands. |
| WEB | that he would overthrow their offspring among the nations, and scatter them in the lands. |
| BBE | That their children might be mixed among the nations, and sent away into other lands. |
Where translations part company is in their choice of verbs for the actions described — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has a main action followed by a purpose clause, indicating God's intent in response to rebellion.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 106:27
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Consequences of Rebelliongenerated
Psalm 106:27 reflects on the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God. The psalmist recalls how God swore to cast His people down in the wilderness, leading to their offspring being dispersed among the nations and scattered throughout the lands. This echoes a theme found throughout the Old Testament, where rebellion against God results in judgment and exile, as seen in Leviticus 26:33 and Deuteronomy 28:37.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 44:11 | You have given us up as sheep to be devoured; You have scattered us among the nations. |
| 2 | Leviticus 26:33 | But I will scatter you among the nations and will draw out a sword after you as your land becomes desolate and your cities are laid waste. |
| 3 | Deuteronomy 4:26–27 | I call heaven and earth as witnesses against you this day that you will quickly perish from the land that you are crossing the Jordan to possess. You will not live long upon it, but will be utterly destroyed. |
| 4 | Deuteronomy 28:37–64 | You will become an object of horror, scorn, and ridicule among all the nations to which the LORD will drive you. |
| 5 | Deuteronomy 32:26–27 | I would have said that I would cut them to pieces and blot out their memory from mankind, |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 6 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — וּלְהַפִּ֣יל, u.le.ha.Pilgenerated
The verb נָפַל (naphal) means 'to fall' and is used in various contexts, including physical and metaphorical falls. In this verse, it is in the hiphil stem, indicating causation — God causes the offspring to fall or be overthrown.
This word's use here suggests a deliberate action by God, emphasizing His authority in the scattering of the people. The implications are significant, as it denotes not just a physical scattering but a spiritual consequence of their actions.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses the phrase to disperse their offspring.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb is וּלְהַפִּ֣יל, to make fall, governing two infinitive phrases: one indicating the action of dispersing offspring and the other describing the scattering of them. The structure emphasizes the actions God takes in response to the people's rebellion.
The Hebrew word order places the actions of God prominently at the beginning, highlighting His role as the active agent in the judgment described.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates וּלְהַפִּ֣יל as καταβαλεῖν, which means 'to cast down.' This choice reflects a similar sense of judgment and action, indicating a direct correspondence between the Hebrew and Greek understandings of God's intent.
The use of σπέρμα for זַ֭רְעָם emphasizes the idea of offspring or seed, maintaining the focus on the descendants of Israel being affected by God's judgment.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 106:27 speaks about how God decided to scatter the descendants of Israel among the nations because of their rebellion. This reflects the consequences of turning away from God, as seen in other parts of the Bible.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
To disperse their offspring means that God would cause the descendants of Israel to be scattered among different nations, leading to loss of identity and unity.
God scatters His people as a form of judgment for their disobedience and rebellion against Him, as a consequence of their actions.
Being scattered among the nations implies a loss of community and connection to their homeland, which is often seen as a punishment in the biblical narrative.
This verse connects to themes of judgment and exile found throughout the Old Testament, such as in Deuteronomy 28:64 and Leviticus 26:33.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What does this verse teach about the consequences of disobedience to God?
- How can I ensure I remain faithful and not face similar consequences?
- In what ways can I support those who may feel scattered or lost in their faith?
- How does understanding this verse help me appreciate God's justice and mercy?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 106:27 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleTo overthrow their seed also among the nations,.... Their posterity was not overthrown in the wilderness; they were spared to possess the land their fathers despised.
Read John Gill on Psalms 106 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryYea, they despised the pleasant land, they believed not his word: (1) The people's distrust of the Lord's word as to Canaan after hearing the spies' report (Psalms 106:24-27).
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 106 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleTo overthrow their seed; he sware also (though not at the same time) that he would punish their sins, not only in their persons, but also in their posterity. See 32:34 . Others refer this to the same oath and history, Numbers 14, because God intended at first to destroy both parents and children, even the whole nation, ,15, though afterwards upon Moses’ s intercession he limited the judgment to that generation. But that destruction threatened was by the pestilence, , not, as here, by captivity and banishment. Besides, God said that, , but he did not swear it, but the oath came afterward, .
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 106 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 106:27 To overthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands.Ver. 27. To overthrow their seed also among the nations] This clause of God’ s oath is not expressed in Numbers, but drawn there hence as a fearful consequence, both here by the psalmist, and also by the prophet Ezekiel, Ezekiel 20:1-49 And R. Solomon’ s note upon this text is, Tunc erat decretum de desolando Templo, ut lachrymas pro re magna, sicut ante pro nihilo effunderent, Then was the desolation of the temple (though it fell out long after) determined, that those malcontents who cried for nothing before, might have somewhat to cry for.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 106 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(27) Overthrow.—This verse is evidently copied from Ezekiel 20:23, but the psalmist has either intentionally or accidentally changed the prophet’s verb “scatter” into “overthrow,” just used in Psalms 106:26. The error, if an error, is as old as the LXX. version.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 106 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges27. And that he would scatter their seed among the nations, And disperse them in the lands. Almost verbatim as Ezekiel 20:23, from which the text must be corrected here. The Heb. words for make to fall and scatter are very similar (δτιυ … δτιμ), and the former was accidentally repeated from Psalms 106:26. The allusion to the warnings of banishment from the land in Leviticus 26:33; Deuteronomy 28:64 is suggested by the mention of the exclusion of the faithless Israelites from the land in Psalms 106:26.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 106 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleTo overthrow their seed also among the nations - Margin, as in Hebrew, “to make them fall;” to wit, among the surrounding people. The reference here is to the posterity of those who complained and fell in the wilderness.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 106 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible27. To overthrow their seed—As this is spoken of the “seed,” or posterity, of the unbelieving Israelites of the desert, it may refer to any subsequent periods and generations, and is founded on such
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Psalms 106 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
to disperse their offspring among the nations and scatter them throughout the lands.
that he would overthrow their offspring among the nations, and scatter them in the lands.
to disperse their offspring among the nations and scatter them throughout the lands.
make their descendants die among the nations, and scatter them among foreign lands.
Tyndale line
To overthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands.
And that he would overthrow their seed among the nations, And scatter them in the lands.
And that he would overthrow their seed among the nations, and scatter them in the lands.
To overthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands.
And to destroy their seede among the nations, and to scatter them throughout the countries.
Strictly literal
And that he would make their seed fall among the nations, and disperse them through the countries.
And to cause their seed to fall among nations, And to scatter them through lands.
And to cause their seed to fall among nations, || And to scatter them through lands.
And to let their seed fall among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands.
scatter their descendants among the nations, and scatter them in foreign lands.
From the Latin
They were troubled, and reeled like a drunken man; and all their wisdom was swallowed up.
Simplified
that he would disperse their descendants among the heathen nations, scattering them among countries far away.
That their children might be mixed among the nations, and sent away into other lands.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree in their wording for this verse, with all five words matched. This consistency indicates a shared understanding of the text's meaning across these traditions.
וּלְהַפִּ֣יל זַ֭רְעָם בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם וּ֝לְזָרוֹתָ֗ם בָּאֲרָצֽוֹת׃
5 of the 5 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 106:27
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
נָפַל (naphal) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to fall,' encompassing a wide range of applications, including falling by accident, experiencing violent death, or going to ruin. It can also refer to prostrating oneself, attacking, or causing someone to fall. The term appears in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, often indicating physical or metaphorical downfall.
נָפַל 433 vb. fall, lie
Qal 366
fall, by accident
Esp. of violent death
fig. = go to ruin, perish, etc.
fig. = experience calamity
fall, of a city
Fall prostrate
fall = prostrate oneself before
fall upon one's neck, in embrace
Fall upon = attack
desert or fall away to, go over to
Fig., of deep sleep
Other idiomatic uses
= lie; = lie prostrate
Hiph.
cause to fall
Of causing death; = overthrow, bring to destruction
Esp. of casting lot
Fig., let drop, cause to fail
cause deep sleep to fall
Other idioms
Hithp. throw, or prostrate oneself
base
H5307 נָפַל fall, lie .. fall, by accident
. . Esp. of violent death
. fig. = go to ruin, perish, etc.
. fig. = experience calamity
. fall, of a city
. . Fall prostrate
. fall = prostrate oneself before
. fall upon one's neck, in embrace
. . Fall upon = attack
. desert or fall away to, go over to
. Fig., of deep sleep
. Other idiomatic uses
. = lie; = lie prostrate
. . cause to fall
. Of causing death; = overthrow, bring to destruction
. Esp. of casting lot
. Fig., let drop, cause to fail
. cause deep sleep to fall
. Other idioms
. throw, or prostrate oneself
5307 naphal naw-fal'
a primitive root; to fall, in a great variety of applications
(intransitive or causative, literal or figurative):--be
accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide
(by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall
(away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have
(inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for 6419), lay
(along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be (X hast) lost,
lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make
to) rot, slay, smite out, X surely, throw down.
see HEBREW for 06419
נָפַל (na.phal) — to fall: fall.
: fall/drop/fail
1) to fall, lie, be cast down, fail
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to fall
1a2) to fall (of violent death)
1a3) to fall prostrate, prostrate oneself before
1a4) to fall upon, attack, desert, fall away to, go away to, fall into the hand of
1a5) to fall short, fail, fall out, turn out, result
1a6) to settle, waste away, be offered, be inferior to
1a7) to lie, lie prostrate
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to cause to fall, fell, throw down, knock out, lay prostrate
1b2) to overthrow
1b3) to make the lot fall, assign by lot, apportion by lot
1b4) to let drop, cause to fail (fig.)
1b5) to cause to fall
1c) (Hithpael)
1c1) to throw or prostrate oneself, throw oneself upon
1c2) to lie prostrate, prostrate oneself
1d) (Pilel) to fall
נָפַל (na.phal) — to fall: deserting.
: deserting
1) to fall, lie, be cast down, fail
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to fall
1a2) to fall (of violent death)
Conj | Prep | V-Hiphil-Inf-a — Conjunction · preposition · verb hiphil infinitive construct commonHC/R/Vhcc
fol (vb.): The idea of falling is most frequently expressed in Hebrew by naphal, but also by many other words; in Greek by pipto, and its compounds. The uses of the word in Scripture are very varied. There is the literal falling by descent; the falling of the countenance in sorrow, shame, anger, etc. (Ge 4:5,6); the falling in battle (Ge 14:10; Nu 14:3, etc.); the falling into trouble, etc. (Pr 24:16,17); prostration in supplication and reverence (Ge 17:3; Nu 14:5, etc.); falling of the Spirit of Yahweh (Eze 11:5…
זֶ֫רַע (zera`) means seed, sowing, or offspring. It can refer to literal seed, such as in agriculture, or figuratively to descendants and moral qualities of individuals or communities. The term encompasses concepts like sowing time and can denote a practitioner of righteousness. There is a consistent emphasis on both physical and moral implications of the word.
זֶ֫רַע n.m. sowing, seed, offspring
lit.:
a sowing
sowing as regularly recurring at its season
seed
seed = semen virile
seed = offspring
seed as marked by moral quality = persons (or community) of such a quality
base
H2233 זֶ֫רַע sowing, seed, offspring . lit.: . a sowing
. sowing as regularly recurring at its season
. seed
. seed = semen virile
. seed = offspring
. seed as marked by moral quality = persons (or community) of such a quality
2233 zera` zeh'-rah
from 2232; seed; figuratively, fruit, plant, sowing-time,
posterity:--X carnally, child, fruitful, seed(-time), sowing-
time.
see HEBREW for 02232
זֶ֫רַע (ze.ra) — seed.
: seed/sowing
1) seed, sowing, offspring
1a) a sowing
1b) seed
1c) semen virile
1d) offspring, descendants, posterity, children
1e) of moral quality
1e1) a practitioner of righteousness (fig.)
1f) sowing time (by meton)
זֶ֫רַע (ze.ra) — seed: children.
: children/descendants
1) seed, sowing, offspring
1a) a sowing
1b) seed
1c) semen virile
1d) offspring, descendants, posterity, children
1e) of moral quality
1e1) a practitioner of righteousness (fig.)
1f) sowing time (by meton)
זֶ֫רַע (ze.ra) — seed: semen.
: semen
1) seed, sowing, offspring
1a) a sowing
1b) seed
1c) semen virile
1d) offspring, descendants, posterity, children
1e) of moral quality
1e1) a practitioner of righteousness (fig.)
1f) sowing time (by meton)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3mp
גּוֹי (goy) refers to a nation or people, often indicating non-Hebrew groups, but can also encompass descendants of Abraham and Israel. It may figuratively describe a swarm of locusts or animals. The plural form, גּוֹיִם (goyim), is noted as a proper noun referring to the people of Goim, specifically mentioned in Genesis 14:1.
גּוֹי 661 n.m. nation, people
base
גּוֹיִם n.pr.gent. Tid‛al king of Goim
base
H1471a גּוֹי nation, people H1471b גּוֹיִם n. pr. gent. Tid‛al king of Goim
1471 gowy go'-ee
rarely (shortened) goy {go'-ee}; apparently from the same
root as 1465 (in the sense of massing); a foreign nation;
hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a
flight of locusts:--Gentile, heathen, nation, people.
see HEBREW for 01465
גּוֹי (goy) — nation.
1) nation, people
1a) nation, people
1a1) usually of non-Hebrew people
1a2) of descendants of Abraham
1a3) of Israel
1b) of swarm of locusts, other animals (fig.)
גּוֹיִם (go.yim) — Goiim.
People descended from Goy(?), first mentioned at Gen.14.1
§ Goyim (Tidgal, king of)
גּוֹי (goy) — Gentile.
1) nation, people
1a) nation, people
1a1) usually of non-Hebrew people
1a2) of descendants of Abraham
1a3) of Israel
1b) of swarm of locusts, other animals (fig.)
1c) Goyim? = "nations"
Also named: ethnos (ἔθνος "Gentiles" G1484)
גּוֹי (goy) — (Harosheth)-hagoyim.
Goyim (Tidgal, king of)
Combined with cha.ro.shet (חֲרֹ֫שֶׁת "Harosheth" H2800)
Prep | N-mp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural absoluteHRd/Ncmpa
na'-shunz.
See GENTILES; GOIIM; HEATHEN; TABLE OF NATIONS.
זָרָה (zarah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to scatter, fan, or winnow. It encompasses various actions such as tossing about, dispersing, and spreading. The word appears in different forms, including Qal (to scatter), Niphal (to be scattered), and Piel (to intensively scatter). Notably, it is used in contexts like the scattering of the Israelites and the winnowing of grain.
[זָרָה] vb. scatter, fan, winnow (Ar. Arabic cause to fly, scatter (of wind), winnow; Aram. דְּרָא, Syriac; Eth. Ethiopic)—
Qal
scatter, the powder into which the golden calf was ground
fan, winnow
Niph. be scattered, dispersed, of Israel
Pi.
(intens. of Qal) scatter, disperse, esp. of peoples
winnow, sift
Pu. be scattered
base
H2219 [זָרָה] scatter, fan, winnow
2219 zarah zaw-raw'
a primitive root (compare 2114); to toss about; by
implication, to diffuse, winnow:--cast away, compass,
disperse, fan, scatter (away), spread, strew, winnow.
see HEBREW for 02114
זָרָה (za.rah) — to scatter.
1) to scatter, fan, cast away, winnow, disperse, compass, spread, be scattered, be dispersed
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to scatter
1a2) to fan, winnow
1b) (Niphal) to be scattered, be dispersed
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to scatter, disperse (intensive of Qal)
1c2) to winnow, sift
1d) (Pual) to be scattered, be spread out
Conj | Prep | V-Piel-Inf-a | Suff — Conjunction · preposition · verb piel infinitive construct common · suffixHC/R/Vpcc/Sp3mp
אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.
אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land
earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
earth, opp. to heaven, sky
earth = inhabitants of earth
land =
country, territory
district, region
trial territory
piece of ground
specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
= inhabitants of land
used even of Shᵉʼôl
ground, surface of ground
soil, as productive
אֶרֶץ in phrases
people of the land
in measurements of distance
the country of the plain, level or plain country
land of the living
end(s) of the earth
pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
base
H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
. earth, opp. to heaven, sky
. earth = inhabitants of earth
. land = . country, territory
. district, region
. trial territory
. piece of ground
. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
. = inhabitants of land
. used even of Shᵉʼôl
. . ground, surface of ground
. soil, as productive
. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land
. in measurements of distance
. the country of the plain, level or plain country
. land of the living
. end(s) of the earth
. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
776 'erets eh'-rets
from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth
(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,
field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.
: country/field
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
1b2) district, region
1b3) tribal territory
1b4) piece of ground
1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
1b6) inhabitants of land
1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world
1b8) city (-state)
1c) ground, surface of the earth
1c1) ground
1c2) soil
1d) (in phrases)
1d1) people of the land
1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
1d3) level or plain country
1d4) land of the living
1d5) end(s) of the earth
1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
1e1) lands, countries
1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.
: soil
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
Prep | N-cp — Preposition · noun common feminine plural absoluteHRd/Ncfpa