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Leviticus 8:20 — Word Study

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WLCוְאֶת־ הָאַ֔יִל נִתַּ֖ח לִנְתָחָ֑יו וַיַּקְטֵ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־ הָרֹ֔אשׁ וְאֶת־ הַנְּתָחִ֖ים וְאֶת־ הַפָּֽדֶר׃

BSA[He]Môsheh cutnâthach [divided, sliced] the ramʼayil [a strong tree] into piecesnêthach [fragments, parts] and burnedqâṭar [offered, made perfume with] the headrôʼsh [the topmost part of the body] the piecesnêthach [fragments, parts] and the fatpeder [suet, animal fat used in offerings]

Word
Listen & take awayLeviticus 8
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 20 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ha.Pa.der) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Leviticus 8:20quick helps
In a sentenceMoses cut the ram into pieces and burned specific parts as offerings.
Who is speakingMoses, performing the ritual of sacrifice.
Where we areIn the context of the consecration of Aaron and his sons.
The hard wordנִתַּ֖ח, ni.Tach
Take awayThe act of cutting and burning signifies the ritual of sacrifice.
3 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Cambridge & more — read them › clause subjectמֹשֶׁה verbנָתַח The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Leviticus 8:20

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Consecration of Aaron and His Sonsgenerated

19Moses slaughtered the ram and sprinkled the blood on all sides of the altar.
20He cut the ram into pieces and burned the head, the pieces, and the fat.
21He washed the entrails and legs with water and burned the entire ram on the altar as a burnt offering, a pleasing aroma, an offering made by fire to the LORD, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
22After that, Moses presented the other ram, the ram of ordination, and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on its head.

Leviticus 8:20 describes the ritual actions Moses took as part of the consecration process for Aaron and his sons. This involved specific sacrificial acts, including cutting the ram and burning its parts, which were essential for the offerings made to the LORD. This act symbolizes obedience to God's commands regarding sacrifices, as outlined in the preceding chapters of Leviticus.


Cross References


The Key Word נִתַּ֖ח, ni.Tachgenerated

The verb נִתַּ֖ח (ni.Tach) is in the Piel stem, indicating a specific action of cutting or dividing into pieces. This form emphasizes the act of cutting, often in a ritual context, such as sacrifices. The occurrence of this verb in other sacrificial contexts highlights its importance in the ritual practices of ancient Israel.

In this verse, it specifically refers to Moses cutting the ram into pieces, which is a critical part of the sacrificial process. The act of cutting signifies preparation for the offering, and it connects to the broader themes of sacrifice and atonement in the Levitical laws.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb of the sentence is נִתַּ֖ח (ni.Tach), he cut in pieces, which governs the actions that follow. The structure is straightforward, with the verb leading and the objects following, which emphasizes the actions taken by Moses in the sacrificial ritual.

The sentence includes multiple noun phrases that describe what was cut and burned, such as הָאַ֔יִל (the ram), הָרֹ֔אשׁ (the head), and הַפָּֽדֶר (the fat), illustrating the specific parts of the ram involved in the offering.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates נִתַּ֖ח as ἐκρεανόμησεν, which carries a similar meaning of cutting up or dividing. This choice highlights the physical act of preparation for the offering, consistent with the Hebrew text.

The use of the Greek term reflects the ritual significance of the action, emphasizing the importance of proper preparation in sacrificial practices.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Leviticus 8:20 tells us that Moses cut the ram into pieces and burned its head, the pieces, and the fat. This act was part of the sacrificial rituals that were essential for the consecration of Aaron and his sons, showing obedience to God's commands.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does cutting the ram into pieces signify?

Cutting the ram into pieces signifies the preparation for the offering, which is a crucial aspect of the sacrificial ritual.

Why is the fat specifically mentioned in the offering?

The fat is considered a valuable part of the animal and is often associated with pleasing offerings to God, as it represents the best portions.

How does this verse connect to the rituals in Leviticus?

This verse illustrates the specific actions required in the sacrificial system outlined in Leviticus, emphasizing the importance of following God's instructions for offerings.

What role does Moses play in this ritual?

Moses acts as the mediator between God and the people, performing the rituals as commanded, which underscores his leadership and obedience.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does this ritual teach us about the importance of obedience to God's commands?
  2. How can we understand the symbolism of sacrifice in our own lives today?
  3. In what ways can we offer our best to God, similar to the offerings described in Leviticus?
  4. What role does leadership play in guiding others in spiritual practices, as seen with Moses?

Commentators on this verse — 3 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Leviticus 8:20 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And he cut the ram into pieces,.... Cut off its head and quartered it: and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat; even all of it, as the following verse shows.

Read John Gill on Leviticus 8 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And he brought the ram for the burnt offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram. Brought the ram ... - as a token of their entire dedication to the service of God.

Read Robert Jamieson on Leviticus 8 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

20. and the fat] a different Heb. word from that in Leviticus 8:16; Leviticus 8:25, used here and in Leviticus 1:8; Leviticus 1:12 only. The fat of the intestines is probably indicated.

Read Cambridge on Leviticus 8 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

He cut the ram into pieces and burned the head, the pieces, and the fat.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

He cut the ram into its pieces; and Moses burned the head, and the pieces, and the fat.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

He cut the ram into pieces and burned the head, the pieces, and the fat.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Then he cut the ram into parts, and Moses offered the head, the parts, and the suet up in smoke,

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And he cut the ram into pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And he cut the ram into its pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And he cut the ram into its pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And he cut the ram into pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

And Moses cut the ram in pieces, and burnt the head with the pieces, and the fat,

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And the ram he cut up into its pieces; and Moses burned the head, and the pieces, and the fat;

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

and the ram he hath cut into its pieces, and Moses maketh perfume with the head, and the pieces, and the fat,

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

and he has cut the ram into its pieces, and Moses makes incense with the head, and the pieces, and the fat,

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And the ram he cut into the proper pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

He cut the ram into pieces and burned the head and the pieces and the fat.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And cutting the ram into pieces, the head thereof, and the joints, and the fat he burnt in the fire,

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

He divided the ram into pieces and burned the head, the pieces, and the fat.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And when the sheep had been cut into parts, the head and the parts and the fat were burned by Moses.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclausenoun phrase · objectאֶת(et)noun phraseהָtheאַ֔יִלramverbנִתַּ֖חhe.cut.in.piecesprepositional phrase · prepositionalלִintonoun phraseנְתָחָ֑יpiecesוitsוַandclauseverbיַּקְטֵ֤רhe.made.smokesubjectמֹשֶׁה֙Mosesnoun phrase · objectnoun phraseאֶת(et)noun phraseהָtheרֹ֔אשׁheadוְandnoun phraseאֶת(et)noun phraseהַtheנְּתָחִ֖יםpiecesוְandnoun phraseאֶת(et)noun phraseהַtheפָּֽדֶרsuet

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is supported by the Samaritan Pentateuch, which agrees word for word with the Hebrew. The Septuagint, while matching 10 of the 12 words, presents the text in its own order and style, but retains the essential elements of the ritual described.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְאֶת־ הָאַ֔יִל נִתַּ֖ח לִנְתָחָ֑יו וַיַּקְטֵ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־ הָרֹ֔אשׁ וְאֶת־ הַנְּתָחִ֖ים וְאֶת־ הַפָּֽדֶר׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְאֶת־καὶהָאַ֔יִלκριὸνנִתַּ֖חἐκρεανόμησενוַיַּקְטֵ֤רἀνήνεγκενמֹשֶׁה֙μωυσῆςהָרֹ֔אשׁκεφαλὴνוְאֶת־καὶהַנְּתָחִ֖יםμέληוְאֶת־καὶהַפָּֽדֶר׃στέαρ

10 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

ואת האיל נתח לנתחיו ויקטר משׁה את הראשׁ ואת הנתחים ואת הפדר

Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Leviticus 8:20אֵתand the objand the object אֵתאַ֫יִלthe ramthe ramאַ֫יִלנָתַחhe cut in phe cut in pieceנָתַחנֵ֫תַחinto piecesinto pieces itsנֵ֫תַחקָטַרand he madeand he made smoקָטַרמֹשֶׁהMosesMosesמֹשֶׁהאֵתthe object the object markאֵתרֹאשׁthe headthe headרֹאשׁאֵתand the objand the object אֵתנֵ֫תַחthe piecesthe piecesנֵ֫תַחאֵתand the objand the object אֵתפֶּ֫דֶרthe suetthe suetפֶּ֫דֶראוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתנָתַחto cutto cutנָתַחמָשָׁהto drawto drawמָשָׁהאוּלstrengthstrengthאוּלקָטַרto encloseto encloseקָטַרמִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁעַתּוּדgoatgoatעַתּוּדכֶּ֫בֶשׂlamblambכֶּ֫בֶשׂנֵ֫תַחpiecepieceנֵ֫תַחפִּלֶ֫גֶשׁconcubineconcubineפִּלֶ֫גֶשׁחֵ֫לֶבfatfatחֵ֫לֶבבָּמָהhigh placehigh placeבָּמָהאַהֲרֹןAaronAaronאַהֲרֹןצָוָהto commandto commandצָוָהעֲטָרָהcrowncrownעֲטָרָהנָשִׂיאleaderleaderנָשִׂיארֹאשׁheadheadרֹאשׁאֵת[Obj.][Obj.]אֵת
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Leviticus 8:20

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
וְאֶת־ve.'Et and the object marker H853 Conjunction · particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/To — Conjunction · particle
HC/To
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
הָאַ֔יִלha.'A.yil the ram H352 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
187× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A strong tree, like an oak or a ram, symbolizes strength and power, as seen in 1 Kings 7:2 where Solomon builds a house with strong pillars. It can also refer to a chief or leader, like in 1 Chronicles 12:14 where the leaders of the tribes are listed.
Amplified meaning
a strong tree
Tyndale gloss
ram
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אַ֫יִל (ayil) encompasses several meanings, including 'ram,' 'projecting pillar or pilaster,' 'leader or chief,' and 'terebinth.' It is derived from a root meaning strength, suggesting a connection to might and support. The term appears in various contexts, reflecting its diverse applications in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַ֫יִל 156 n.m. ram (as leader of flock)

base

אַ֫יִל n.[m.] projecting pillar or pilaster

base

[אַ֫יִל ?] n.m. leader, chief

base

[אַ֫יִל ?] n.m. terebinth

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H352a אַ֫יִל ram H352b אַ֫יִל projecting pillar or pilaster H352c אַ֫יִל leader, chief H352d אַ֫יִל terebinth

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

352 'ayil ah'-yil

from the same as 193; properly, strength; hence, anything

strong; specifically a chief (politically); also a ram (from

his strength); a pilaster (as a strong support); an oak or

other strong tree:--mighty (man), lintel, oak, post, ram,

tree.

see HEBREW for 0193

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — ram.

1) ram

1a) ram (as food)

1b) ram (as sacrifice)

1c) ram (skin dyed red, for tabernacle)

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — pillar.

pillar, door post, jambs, pilaster

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — leader.

strong man, leader, chief

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — terebinth.

mighty tree, terebinth

Aramaic equivalent: i.lan (אִילָן "tree" H0363)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Ram

Exalted. (1.) The son of Hezron, and one of the ancestors of the royal line (Ruth 4:19). The margin of 1 Chr. 2:9, also Matt. 1:3, 4 and Luke 3:33, have “Aram.”

(2.) One of the sons of Jerahmeel (1 Chr. 2:25, 27).

(3.) A person mentioned in Job 32:2 as founder of a clan to which Elihu belonged. The same as Aram of Gen. 22:21.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(high, exalted). A son of Hezron and the father of Ammin-adab, born in Egypt after Jacob’s migration there. (Ruth 4:19) (B.C. 1706.) In (Matthew 1:3,4) and Luke 3:33 He is called ARAM in the Authorized Version, but RAM in the Revised Version of (Matthew 1:3,4) and ARNI in the Revised Version of (Luke 3:33) The first-born of Jerahmeel, and therefore nephew of the preceding. (1 Chronicles 3:25,27) (B.C. after 1706.) One of the kindred of Elihu. (Job 32:2) Ewald identified this Ram with ARAM in (

1. Son of Hezron and an ancestor of Jesus Ru 4:19; 1Ch 2:9,10

Called ARAM Mt 1:3,4; Lu 3:33

2. Son of Jerahmeel 1Ch 2:25,27

3. An ancestor, probably of Elihu, mentioned in Job 32:2

4. A sheep

Skins of, used for the roof of the tabernacle Ex 26:14; 39:34

Seen in Daniel' s vision Da 8:3,20

Used in sacrifice

See OFFERINGS

Trumpets made of the horns of

See TRUMPETS

and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
נִתַּ֖חni.Tach he cut in pieces H5408 Verb · Piel · perfect third person masculine singular
9× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to cut or divide something into pieces, like cutting meat or hewing wood. It is used in Exodus 29:17, where Moses cuts up a ram for a sacrifice. The word can also mean to dismember or cut up an animal.
Amplified meaning
divided, sliced
Tyndale gloss
to cut
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָתַח (nathach) is a primitive root meaning to cut or dismember. It specifically refers to actions like cutting up, dividing, or hewing in pieces, particularly in the Piel form, which emphasizes the act of cutting into pieces or dividing by joints.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[נָתַח] vb. only Pi. cut up, cut in pieces, divide by joints

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5408 נָתַח

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5408 nathach naw-thakh'

a primitive root; to dismember:--cut (in pieces), divide,

hew in pieces.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָתַח (na.tach) — to cut.

1) to cut, cut up, cut in pieces, divide

1a) (Piel) to cut up, cut in pieces, divide by joints

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Perf-3ms — Verb · Piel · perfect third person masculine singular
HVpp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Pieces

(1) of silver. In Ps. 68:30 denotes “fragments,” and not properly money. In 1 Sam. 2:36 (Heb. agorah), properly a “small sum” as wages, weighed rather than coined. Josh. 24:32 (Heb. kesitah, q.v.), supposed by some to have been a piece of money bearing the figure of a lamb, but rather simply a certain amount. (Comp. Gen. 33:19).

(2.) The word pieces is omitted in many passages, as Gen. 20:16; 37:28; 45:22, etc. The passage in Zech. 11:12, 13 is quoted in the Gospel (Matt. 26:15), and from this we…

and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
לִנְתָחָ֑יוlin.ta.Chav into pieces its H5409 Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a piece or fragment of something, like a piece of meat or a part of an animal. It is used in Leviticus 22:22, where the Bible talks about an animal that is cut into pieces for a sacrifice. The word can also mean a portion or share.
Amplified meaning
fragments, parts
Tyndale gloss
piece
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נֵ֫תַח (nethach) refers to a fragment or piece, particularly in the context of a divided carcass as noted in Ezekiel 24:4. It is derived from the root word for 'fragment' and is used to describe a part or piece of flesh or meat.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נֵ֫תַח n.m. Ez 24:4 piece of a divided carcass

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5409 נֵ֫תַח

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5409 nethach nay'-thakh

from 5408; a fragment:--part, piece.

see HEBREW for 05408

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נֵ֫תַח (ne.tach) — piece.

piece, a piece of flesh or meat

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-mp | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HR/Ncmpc/Sp3ms
and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
וַיַּקְטֵ֤רvai.yak.Ter and he made smoke H6999 Verb · Hiphil · sequential imperfect third person masculine singular
116× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to the act of burning incense as an act of worship, often using a special altar. It involves turning something into a fragrant smoke, and is an important part of Old Testament rituals and sacrifices.
Amplified meaning
offered, made perfume with
Tyndale gloss
to offer: burn
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word קָטַר (*qatar*) is a verb meaning to smoke or burn, particularly in the context of sacrifices and incense. It has various forms, including nouns for incense (מֻקְטָר, *muqtar*) and incense-altar (מְקַטֵרָה, *meqaterah*). The entries indicate its use in worship practices, with a focus on creating fragrance through fire.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[קָטַר] 116 vb. denom. Pi. Hiph. make sacrifices smoke, send them up in smoke

Pi. make sacrifices smoke, offer them by burning

Pu. fumigated with myrrh

Hiph.

make sacrifices smoke

cause incense to smoke, offer incense

make smoke upon

Hoph. be made to smoke as a sacrifice

base

מֻקְטָר n.m. incense;—abs. Mal 1:11

ref

[מְקַטֵרָה] n.f. incense-altar;—pl. abs. 2 Ch 30:14.

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6999a קָטַר vb. denom. Pi. Hiph. make sacrifices smoke, send them up in smoke H6999b מֻקְטָר incense H6999c מְקַטֵרָה incense-altar

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6999 qatar kaw-tar'

a primitive root (identical with 7000 through the idea of

fumigation in a close place and perhaps thus driving out the

occupants); to smoke, i.e. turn into fragrance by fire

(especially as an act of worship):--burn (incense, sacrifice)

(upon), (altar for) incense, kindle, offer (incense, a

sacrifice).

see HEBREW for 07000

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָטַר (qa.tar) — to offer: burn.

: burn

v

1) to sacrifice, burn incense, burn sacrifices, make sacrifices smoke

1a) (Piel)

1a1) to make sacrifices smoke

1a2) to sacrifice

1b) (Pual) to smoke a sacrifice

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to make sacrifices smoke

1c2) to cause incense to smoke, offer incense

1c3) to make smoke upon

1d) (Hophal) to be made to smoke

מֻקְטָר (muq.tar) — incense.

v

incense

מְקַטֵרָה (me.qa.te.rah) — incense-altar.

incense-altar

קָטַר (qa.tar) — to offer: offer.

: offer

v

1) to sacrifice, burn incense, burn sacrifices, make sacrifices smoke

1a) (Piel)

1a1) to make sacrifices smoke

1a2) to sacrifice

1b) (Pual) to smoke a sacrifice

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to make sacrifices smoke

1c2) to cause incense to smoke, offer incense

1c3) to make smoke upon

1d) (Hophal) to be made to smoke

קָטַר (qa.tar) — to offer: to perfume.

: perfume

v

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · sequential imperfect third person masculine singular
Hc/Vhw3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

smok: Used figuratively of the divine jealousy (De 29:20) and anger (Ps 74:1); symbolic of the glory of the divine holiness (Isa 4:5; 6:4; Re 15:8).

Nave's Topical Bible

→ FIGURATIVE Isa 6:4; Ho 13:3

and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
מֹשֶׁה֙mo.Sheh Moses H4872 Noun proper masculine
766× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Moses, the Israelite leader, was born to Amram and Jochebed and led the Exodus from Egypt. He received the law from God and is considered a key figure in the Bible. Moses means 'drawn' in Hebrew.
Tyndale gloss
Moses
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מֹשֶׁה (Mosheh) refers to Moses, the prominent Hebrew leader, prophet, and lawgiver. The name is derived from the root meaning 'drawing out,' indicating his rescue from water. He is a key figure in the Old Testament, first mentioned in Exodus 2:10, and is known for leading the Israelites during the Exodus.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מֹשֶׁה 767 n.pr.m. Moses, the great Hebrew leader, prophet and lawgiver

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4872 מֹשֶׁה Moses, the great Hebrew leader, prophet and lawgiver

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4872 Mosheh mo-sheh'

from 4871; drawing out (of the water), i.e. rescued; Mosheh,

the Israelite lawgiver:--Moses.

see HEBREW for 04871

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מֹשֶׁה (mo.sheh) — Moses.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Exo.2.10;

son of: Amram (H6019) and Jochebed (H3115);

brother of: Aaron (H0175) and Miriam (H4813); married to Zipporah (H6855);

father of: Gershom (H1647) and Eliezer (H0461H); also called Manasseh at Jdg.18.30(?)

§ Moses = "drawn"

the prophet and lawgiver, leader of the exodus

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

mo'-zez, mo'-ziz (mosheh; Egyptian mes, "drawn out," "born"; Septuagint Mouse(s)). The great Hebrew national hero, leader, author, law-giver and prophet.

I. LIFE

1. Son of Levi

2. Foundling Prince

3. Friend of the People

4. Refuge in Midian

5. Leader of Israel

II. WORK AND CHARACTER

1. The Author

2. The Lawgiver

3. The Prophet

LITERATURE

The traditional view of the Jewish church and of the Christian church, that Moses was a person and that the narrative with which his life-story is interwoven is real history, is in the main sustained by commentators and critics of all classes.

It is needless to mention the old writers among whom these questions were hardly under discussion. Among the advocates of the current radical criticism may be mentioned Stade and Renan, who minimize the historicity of the Bible narrative at this point. Renan thinks the narrative "may be very probable." Ewald, Wellhausen…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Moses

Drawn (or Egypt. mesu, “son;” hence Rameses, royal son). On the invitation of Pharaoh (Gen. 45:17-25), Jacob and his sons went down into Egypt. This immigration took place probably about 350 years before the birth of Moses. Some centuries before Joseph, Egypt had been conquered by a pastoral Semitic race from Asia, the Hyksos, who brought into cruel subjection the native Egyptians, who were an African race. Jacob and his retinue were accustomed to a shepherd’s life, and on their arrival in Egypt were received with favour by the king, who assigned them the “best of the land”, the land of Goshen, to dwell in. The Hyksos or “shepherd” king who thus showed favour to Joseph and his family was in all probability the Pharaoh Apopi (or Apopis).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(Heb. Mosheh , "drawn," i.e. from the water; in the Coptic it means "saved from the water"), the legislator of the Jewish people, and in a certain sense the founder of the Jewish religion. The immediate pedigree of Moses is as follows: Levi was the father of: Gershon -- Kohath -- Merari Kohath was the father of: Amram = Jochebed Amram = Jochebed was the father of: Hur = Miriam -- Aaron = Elisheba -- Moses = Zipporah Aaron = Elisheba was the father of: Nadab -- Abihu -- Eleazar -- Ithamar Eleazar was the father of: Phineas Moses = Zipporah was the father of: Gershom -- Eliezer Gershom was the father of: Jonathan The history of Moses naturally divides itself into three periods of 40 years each. Moses was born at Goshen, In Egypt, B.C. 1571. The story of his birth is thoroughly Egyptian in its scene. His mother made extraordinary efforts for his preservation from the general destruction of…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The name of the illustrious prophet and legislator of the Hebrews, who led them from Egypt to the Promised Land. Having been originally imposed by a native Egyptian princess, the word is no doubt Egyptian in its origin, and Josephus gives its true derivation—from the two Egyptian words, MO, water, and USE, saved. With this accords the Septuagint form, MOUSES. The Hebrews by a slight change accommodated it to their own language, as they did also in the case of some other foreign words; calling it MOSHIE, from the verb MASHA, to draw. See Ex 2:10. Moses was born about 15.71 B. C., the son of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe of Levi, and the younger brother of Miriam and Aaron. His history is too extensive to permit insertion here, and in general too well known to need it. It is enough simply to remark, that it is divided into three…

and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
אֶת־'et- the object marker H853 Particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTo — Particle
HTo
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
הָרֹ֔אשׁha.Rosh the head H7218 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
600× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means chief or prince, and is used to describe leaders in the Bible, such as in the book of 1 Samuel. It signifies a position of authority and importance.
Amplified meaning
the topmost part of the body
Tyndale gloss
head
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רֹאשׁ (ro'sh) means 'head' and encompasses various meanings related to position and rank. It can refer to the head of a person or animal, the top of a mountain, or a chief in various contexts, such as a city or nation. The word also signifies beginnings and sums, appearing in phrases related to enumeration. Additionally, it serves as a proper noun for 'Rosh,' a title for a chief or prince.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רֹאשׁ 599 n.m.

(c. 230 t.) head, of human being

head, of animals

top (88 t.)

height, of stars

head = chief (man)

= chief (city)

chief nation

= chief (place, position)

= chief priest

= head of a family

head = front, leader's place

of time, beginning, of night watch

of things, river-heads

chief, choicest, best, of spices

head = division of army, company, band

= sum, esp. in phr. take sum of, enumerate

other phr.

base

רֹאשׁ n.pr.gent. Rôsh

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7218a רֹאשׁ . . (c. 230 t.) head, of human being

. head, of animals

. . top (88 t.)

. height, of stars

. . head = chief (man)

. = chief (city)

. chief nation

. = chief (place, position)

. = chief priest

. = head of a family

. . head = front, leader's place

. of time, beginning, of night watch

. of things, river-heads

. chief, choicest, best, of spices

. head = division of army, company, band

. = sum, esp. in phr. take sum of, enumerate

. other phr.

H7218b רֹאשׁ n. pr. gent. Rôsh

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7218 ro'sh roshe

from an unused root apparently meaning to shake; the head (as

most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many

applications, of place, time, rank, itc.):--band, beginning,

captain, chapiter, chief(-est place, man, things), company,

end, X every (man), excellent, first, forefront, ((be-))head,

height, (on) high(-est part, (priest)), X lead, X poor,

principal, ruler, sum, top.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — head.

: head

1) head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning

1a) head (of man, animals)

1b) top, tip (of mountain)

1c) height (of stars)

1d) chief, head (of man, city, nation, place, family, priest)

1e) head, front, beginning

1f) chief, choicest, best

1g) head, division, company, band

1h) sum

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — prince.

Rosh, a tite for a chief or prince

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — head: leader.

: leader

1) head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning

1a) head (of man, animals)

1b) top, tip (of mountain)

1c) height (of stars)

1d) chief, head (of man, city, nation, place, family, priest)

1e) head, front, beginning

1f) chief, choicest, best

1g) head, division, company, band

1h) sum

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — head: top.

: top/best

1) head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning

1a) head (of man, animals)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hed (ro'-sh, Aramaic re'sh, and in special sense gulgoleth, literally, "skull," "cut-off head" (1Ch 10:10), whence Golgotha (Mt 27:33; Mr 15:22; Joh 19:17); mera'ashah, literally, "head-rest," "pillow," "bolster" (1Ki 19:6); qodhqodh, literally, crown of the head (De 28:35; 33:16,20; 2Sa 14:25; Isa 3:17; Jer 48:45); barzel, "the head of an axe" (De…

Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- The uppermost and chief member of the body

Isa 1:6; 2Ki 6:31

- All the other members necessary to

1Co 12:21

- The body supported and supplied by

Eph 4:16

- Put for the whole person

Ge 49:26; Pr 10:6

- Put for the life

Da 1:10; 1Sa 28:2

- PARTS OF MENTIONED

. The skull

2Ki 9:35; Mt 27:33

. The crown

and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
וְאֶת־ve.'Et and the object marker H853 Conjunction · particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/To — Conjunction · particle
HC/To
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
הַנְּתָחִ֖יםha.ne.ta.Chim the pieces H5409 Particle · noun common masculine plural absolute
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a piece or fragment of something, like a piece of meat or a part of an animal. It is used in Leviticus 22:22, where the Bible talks about an animal that is cut into pieces for a sacrifice. The word can also mean a portion or share.
Amplified meaning
fragments, parts
Tyndale gloss
piece
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נֵ֫תַח (nethach) refers to a fragment or piece, particularly in the context of a divided carcass as noted in Ezekiel 24:4. It is derived from the root word for 'fragment' and is used to describe a part or piece of flesh or meat.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נֵ֫תַח n.m. Ez 24:4 piece of a divided carcass

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5409 נֵ֫תַח

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5409 nethach nay'-thakh

from 5408; a fragment:--part, piece.

see HEBREW for 05408

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נֵ֫תַח (ne.tach) — piece.

piece, a piece of flesh or meat

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-mp — Particle · noun common masculine plural absolute
HTd/Ncmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Pieces

(1) of silver. In Ps. 68:30 denotes “fragments,” and not properly money. In 1 Sam. 2:36 (Heb. agorah), properly a “small sum” as wages, weighed rather than coined. Josh. 24:32 (Heb. kesitah, q.v.), supposed by some to have been a piece of money bearing the figure of a lamb, but rather simply a certain amount. (Comp. Gen. 33:19).

(2.) The word pieces is omitted in many passages, as Gen. 20:16; 37:28; 45:22, etc. The passage in Zech. 11:12, 13 is quoted in the Gospel (Matt. 26:15), and from this we…

and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
וְאֶת־ve.'Et and the object marker H853 Conjunction · particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/To — Conjunction · particle
HC/To
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the ram he cut in pieces into pieces its and he made smoke Moses the object marker the head and the object marker the pieces and the object marker the suet
הַפָּֽדֶר׃ha.Pa.der the suet H6309 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word refers to suet or fat, often from animals. It was used in cooking and as an offering to God, as seen in Leviticus. The use of suet was an important part of ancient Jewish traditions and rituals.
Amplified meaning
suet, animal fat used in offerings
Tyndale gloss
suet
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פֶּ֫דֶר (peder) refers to suet or fat, derived from an unused root meaning to be greasy. The entries consistently define it as a noun referring to fatty tissue, without significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[פֶּ֫דֶר] n.[m.] suet

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6309 פֶּ֫דֶר

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6309 peder peh'der

from an unused root meaning to be greasy; suet:--fat.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פֶּ֫דֶר (pe.der) — suet.

fat, suet

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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