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Leviticus 26:39 — Word Study

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WLCוְהַנִּשְׁאָרִ֣ים בָּכֶ֗ם יִמַּ֙קּוּ֙ בַּֽעֲוֹנָ֔ם בְּאַרְצֹ֖ת אֹיְבֵיכֶ֑ם וְאַ֛ף בַּעֲוֹנֹ֥ת אֲבֹתָ֖ם אִתָּ֥ם יִמָּֽקּוּ׃

BSAThose of you who surviveshâʼar [remain, are left] in the landsʼerets [countries, territories] of your enemiesʼôyêb [adversaries, those who oppose you] will waste awaymâqaq [pine away, decay] in their iniquityʻâvôn [moral evil, sin] andʼaph will decaymâqaq [rot, wither away] in the sinsʻâvôn [iniquities, wrongdoings] of their fathersʼâb [ancestors, forefathers]

Word
Listen & take awayLeviticus 26
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 39 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (yi.Ma.ku) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Leviticus 26:39quick helps
In a sentenceThose who survive in enemy lands will waste away because of their own sins and the sins of their ancestors.
Who is speakingGod is addressing the people of Israel, warning them about the consequences of their iniquities.
Where we areThis verse is part of God's covenant promises and warnings to Israel, specifically addressing their disobedience.
The hard wordיִמַּ֙קּוּ֙
Take awaySurvival in a hostile land does not protect from the consequences of sin.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbמָקַק The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Leviticus 26:39

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — God's Warnings to Israelgenerated

38You will perish among the nations, and the land of your enemies will consume you.
39Those of you who survive in the lands of your enemies will waste away in their iniquity and will decay in the sins of their fathers.
40But if they will confess their iniquity and that of their fathers in the unfaithfulness that they practiced against Me, by which they have also walked in hostility toward Me—
41and I acted with hostility toward them and brought them into the land of their enemies—and if their uncircumcised hearts will be humbled and they will make amends for their iniquity,

Leviticus 26:39 is part of a passage where God outlines the consequences of disobedience for the Israelites. He warns that those who survive in foreign lands will suffer due to their own iniquities and those of their forefathers. This context emphasizes the seriousness of sin and its effects across generations, as seen in the surrounding verses, including Leviticus 26:38 and Leviticus 26:40.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Deuteronomy 28:65Among those nations you will find no repose, not even a resting place for the sole of your foot. There the LORD will give you a trembling heart, failing eyes, and a despairing soul.
2Deuteronomy 30:1“When all these things come upon you—the blessings and curses I have set before you—and you call them to mind in all the nations to which the LORD your God has banished you,
3Nehemiah 1:9but if you return to Me and keep and practice My commandments, then even if your exiles have been banished to the farthest horizon, I will gather them from there and bring them to the place I have chosen as a dwelling for My Name.’
4Psalm 32:3–4When I kept silent, my bones became brittle from my groaning all day long.
5Jeremiah 3:25Let us lie down in our shame; let our disgrace cover us. We have sinned against the LORD our God, both we and our fathers; from our youth even to this day we have not obeyed the voice of the LORD our God.”

The Key Word יִמַּ֙קּוּ֙, yi.Ma.kugenerated

The verb מָקַק (maqaq) is a Niphal imperfect form meaning 'they will rot away.' It describes a process of decay or deterioration, often used in contexts of physical and moral decline. The parsing as third person masculine plural indicates that this action applies to a group, specifically those who survive.

This word conveys a sense of gradual decline, suggesting that the survivors will not only face external hardships but will also experience internal decay due to their sins and the sins of their ancestors.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb יִמַּ֙קּוּ֙ governs the entire clause, indicating what will happen to those who survive. The structure includes a subject phrase describing the survivors and multiple prepositional phrases that detail the conditions of their decay.

The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the consequences of sin, with the verbs indicating the actions that will befall the subjects, highlighting the gravity of their situation.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates יִמַּ֙קּוּ֙ as καταφθαρήσονται, which means 'they will be destroyed' or 'they will perish.' This choice broadens the meaning from mere physical decay to a more general sense of destruction.

This translation indicates an interpretation that not only focuses on physical deterioration but also encompasses spiritual and communal consequences of sin.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Leviticus 26:39 warns that those who survive in enemy lands will suffer because of their own sins and the sins of their ancestors. This highlights the consequences of disobedience and the lasting impact of iniquity.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean to 'waste away' in this verse?

To 'waste away' refers to a gradual decline or deterioration due to sin, indicating that the survivors will not only face external hardships but also suffer internally because of their actions.

Why does God mention the sins of their fathers?

God mentions the sins of their fathers to illustrate that the consequences of sin can extend beyond an individual, affecting future generations and emphasizing the importance of collective responsibility.

What is the significance of being in the land of enemies?

Being in the land of enemies signifies a state of exile and punishment for disobedience, highlighting the separation from God and the consequences of turning away from His commandments.

How does this verse relate to the concept of repentance?

This verse underscores the need for repentance, as it indicates that acknowledgment of sin is necessary to avoid the decay and destruction that come from continued disobedience.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some ways I can recognize and address iniquity in my own life?
  2. How can understanding the consequences of sin help me in my spiritual journey?
  3. In what ways can I support others in overcoming the legacy of sin in their lives?
  4. How does this verse challenge me to reflect on my own actions and their impact on future generations?

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Leviticus 26:39 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies' lands,.... Such as were not taken off by any public calamity, as the sword or pestilence should gradually diminish and

Read John Gill on Leviticus 26 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies' lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them. No JFB commentary on this verse.

Read Robert Jamieson on Leviticus 26 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Shall pine away, be consumed and melt away by degrees, through diseases, oppressions, griefs, and manifold miseries.

Read Matthew Poole on Leviticus 26 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Leviticus 26:39 And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies’ lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them.Ver. 39. Shall pine away in their iniquity,] i.e., saith Diodate, Forsake their hardness of heart, and humble themselves with tears and repentance. But I rather adhere to those who take the words for a dreadful threatening worse than all the rest, viz., that after all their losses, captivities, &c., they that were left should swelter and pine away in their iniquities, as if nothing could awake them.

Read John Trapp on Leviticus 26 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(39) And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity.—Better, But those that remain of you shall pine away because of their iniquity, that is, those who will survive the terrible doom described under the five warnings, will pine away with grief, reflecting upon their sins which have brought upon them these tribulations. And also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them.—Better, and also on account of the iniquity of their fathers with them shall they pine away, that is, they shall pine away on account of their ancestral sins, which they repeat and reproduce. Hence the ancient Chaldee Versions render it, “And also on account of the evil sins of their…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Leviticus 26 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

39. in the iniquities of their fathers] in the guilt to which their fathers have contributed. with them] meaning either, as they have done, or, as holding fast by their fathers’ iniquities.

Read Cambridge on Leviticus 26 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

39. In the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine — For ten points of difference between the natural consequences of the parents’ sins and their punishment, see Exodus 20:5, note.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Leviticus 26 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Those of you who survive in the lands of your enemies will waste away in their iniquity and will decay in the sins of their fathers.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Those of you who are left will pine away in their iniquity in your enemies’ lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers they shall pine away with them.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Those of you who survive in the lands of your enemies will waste away in their iniquity and will decay in the sins of their fathers.

NETBNew English Translation2006

“‘As for the ones who remain among you, they will rot away because of their iniquity in the lands of your enemies, and they will also rot away because of their ancestors’ iniquities which are with them.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies’ lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies’ lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies’ lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies' lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

And they that are left of you, shall pine away for their iniquitie, in your enemies landes, and for the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them also.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And they that remain of you shall waste away through their iniquity in your enemies' lands; and also through the iniquities of their fathers shall they waste away with them.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

'And those who are left of you — they consume away in their iniquity, in the lands of your enemies; and also in the iniquities of their fathers, with them they consume away.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And those who are left of you—they consume away in their iniquity, in the lands of your enemies; and also in the iniquities of their fathers, they consume away with them.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in the land of your enemies; and also through the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Those who are left among you will waste away in their sins, there in your enemies' lands, and because of their fathers' sins they will waste away as well.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And if of them also some remain, they shall pine away in their iniquities, in the land of their enemies, and they shall be afflicted for the sins of their fathers, and their own:

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Those of you who do manage to survive in the countries of your enemies will wither away because of their guilt, decaying as they share the sins of their fathers.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And those of you who are still living will be wasting away in their sins in the land of your haters; in the sins of their fathers they will be wasting away.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclausenoun phrase · subjectהַ[thosenoun phraseclauseverbנִּשְׁאָרִ֣יםwho].remainprepositional phrase · prepositionalבָּamongכֶ֗םyouverbיִמַּ֨קּוּ֙they.will.rot.awayprepositional phrase · prepositionalבַּֽinnoun phraseעֲוֺנָ֔iniquityםtheirprepositional phrase · prepositionalבְּinnoun phraseאַרְצֹ֖תthe.landnoun phraseאֹיְבֵיyour.enemiesכֶ֑םyourוְandclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalאַ֛ףalsoprepositional phraseבַּinnoun phrasenoun phraseעֲוֺנֹ֥תthe.iniquitiesnoun phraseאֲבֹתָ֖their.ancestorsםtheirprepositional phraseאִתָּ֥withםthemverbיִמָּֽקּוּthey.will.rot.away

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in meaning, with only minor variations in wording. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs in four words, indicating a different understanding of the terms for 'land,' 'enemies,' 'iniquities,' and 'fathers.'

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְהַנִּשְׁאָרִ֣ים בָּכֶ֗ם יִמַּ֙קּוּ֙ בַּֽעֲוֹנָ֔ם בְּאַרְצֹ֖ת אֹיְבֵיכֶ֑ם וְאַ֛ף בַּעֲוֹנֹ֥ת אֲבֹתָ֖ם אִתָּ֥ם יִמָּֽקּוּ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְהַנִּשְׁאָרִ֣יםκαταλειφθέντεςבָּכֶ֗םὑμῶνיִמַּ֙קּוּ֙καταφθαρήσονταιבְּאַרְצֹ֖תγῇאֹיְבֵיכֶ֑םαὐτῶνוְאַ֛ף’’בַּעֲוֹנֹ֥ת’’אֲבֹתָ֖ם’’אִתָּ֥ם’’יִמָּֽקּוּ׃τακήσονται

10 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

והנשׁארים בכם ימקו בעונם בארצות איביהם ואף בעונות אבותם אתם ימקו

4 words differ from the Masoretic Text: ארצות (earth), איביהם (be hostile), עונות (sin), אבותם (father)

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Leviticus 26:39שָׁאַרand those [and those [who]שָׁאַרכֶםamong youamong youכֶםמָקַקthey will rthey will rot aמָקַקעָוֹןin iniquityin iniquity theעָוֹןאֶ֫רֶץin [the] lain [the] land oאֶ֫רֶץאָיַבenemies youenemies yourאָיַבאַףand alsoand alsoאַףעָוֹןin [the] inin [the] iniquiעָוֹןאָבancestors tancestors theirאָבאֵתwith themwith themאֵתמָקַקthey will rthey will rot aמָקַקעָוָהto twistto twistעָוָהאֲבַדto destroyto destroyאֲבַדאָנָהto meetto meetאָנָהאָיַבbe hostilebe hostileאָיַבחֹרholeholeחֹרפֶּ֫שַׁעtransgresstransgressionפֶּ֫שַׁעחַטָּאָהsinsinחַטָּאָהשָׂרִידsurvivorsurvivorשָׂרִידפְּלֵיטָהsurvivorsurvivorפְּלֵיטָהכְּנַ֫עַןCanaanCanaanכְּנַ֫עַןמִצְרַ֫יִם(Sea of) E(Sea of) Egyptמִצְרַ֫יִםצַרnarrownarrowצַרשָׂנֵאto hateto hateשָׂנֵאבַּלnotnotבַּלקָבַרto buryto buryקָבַראֵםmothermotherאֵםרִיבto contendto contendרִיבבְּרִיתcovenantcovenantבְּרִית
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Leviticus 26:39

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
וְהַנִּשְׁאָרִ֣יםve.ha.nish.'a.Rim and those [who] remain H7604 Conjunction · particle · verb niphal participle (active) masculine plural
133× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To remain or be left over, as in Joshua 10:20. It can also mean to spare or reserve something, like God sparing Noah in Genesis 7:23. This word is used to describe the remnant of Israel.
Amplified meaning
remain, are left
Tyndale gloss
to remain
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁאַר (sha'ar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to remain or be left over. It encompasses various nuances, including being left behind, surviving, or leaving something as a gift. The entries indicate its use in different forms, such as Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, highlighting its versatility in contexts like remnants or spare items.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁאַר 133 vb. remain, be left over

Qalthe youngest still remains

Niph.

be left over

be left behind

Hiph.

leave over, spare

leave or keep over

the city shall have 100 left

leave as a gift

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7604 שָׁאַר remain, be left over .he youngest still remains

. . be left over

. be left behind

. . leave over, spare

. leave or keep over

. the city shall have 100 left

. leave as a gift

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7604 sha'ar shaw-ar'

a primitive root; properly, to swell up, i.e. be

(causatively, make) redundant:--leave, (be) left, let,

remain, remnant, reserve, the rest.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁאַר (sha.ar) — to remain.

1) to remain, be left over, be left behind

1a) (Qal) to remain

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be left over, be left alive, survive

1b1a) remainder, remnant (participle)

1b2) to be left behind

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to leave over, spare

1c2) to leave or keep over

1c3) to have left

1c4) to leave (as a gift)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Art | V-Niphal — Conjunction · particle · verb niphal participle (active) masculine plural
HC/Td/VNrmpa
and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
בָּכֶ֗םba.Khem among you H9036 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֶם (khem) — you.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person masculine plural

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HRd/Sp2mp — Preposition · suffix
HRd/Sp2mp
and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
יִמַּ֙קּוּ֙yi.Ma.ku they will rot away H4743 Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine plural
10× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to rot or decay, like a wound festering or something molding away. It is used to describe a process of deterioration or corruption. The word is used in various contexts, including physical and moral decay.
Amplified meaning
pine away, decay
Tyndale gloss
to rot
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָקַק (maqaq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to decay, rot, or fester. It describes processes of physical deterioration, such as wounds festering or flesh rotting, and can also imply a figurative sense of pining away, often as a consequence of iniquity. The entries indicate a range of uses, including both the Niphal and Hiphil forms, where the latter signifies causing something to rot.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מָקַק] vb. decay, rot, fester, fig. pine away Niph. fester, of wounds

rot, rot away

moulder away

of pining away by reason of, as punishment for, iniquity

Hiph. a causing his flesh to rot

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4743 [מָקַק] decay, rot, fester, fig. pine away . . fester, of wounds

. rot, rot away

. moulder away

. of pining away by reason of, as punishment for, iniquity

. a causing his flesh to rot

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4743 maqaq maw-kak'

' a primitive root; to melt; figuratively, to flow, dwindle,

vanish:--consume away, be corrupt, dissolve, pine away.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָקַק (ma.qaq) — to rot.

1) to decay, pine away, rot, fester

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to fester (of wounds)

1a2) to rot, rot away

1a3) to moulder away

1a4) to pine away

1b) (Hiphil) to cause to rot

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVNi3mp
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
בַּֽעֲוֹנָ֔םba.'a.vo.Nam in iniquity their H5771 Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
233× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means moral evil or sin, like the kind God sees in people's hearts. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Psalms. This concept is key to understanding human nature.
Amplified meaning
moral evil, sin
Tyndale gloss
iniquity: crime
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָוֹן (avon) refers to iniquity, guilt, or the punishment associated with iniquity. It encompasses concepts of moral evil, such as perversity and depravity, and includes the consequences or punishment for these actions. The term appears in contexts like 2 Kings 7:9 and Psalm 51:5, highlighting its significance in discussions of sin and guilt.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָוֹן n.m. iniquity, guilt, or punishment of iniquity

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5771 עָוֹן iniquity, guilt, or punishment of iniquity

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5771 `avon aw-vone'

or oavown (2 Kings 7:9; Psalm 51:5 (7)) {aw-vone'}; from

5753; perversity, i.e. (moral) evil:--fault, iniquity,

mischeif, punishment (of iniquity), sin.

see HEBREW for 07

see HEBREW for 05753

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָוֺן (a.van) — iniquity: crime.

: crime

1) perversity, depravity, iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity

1a) iniquity

1b) guilt of iniquity, guilt (as great), guilt (of condition)

1c) consequence of or punishment for iniquity

עָוֺן (a.van) — iniquity: guilt.

: guilt

1) perversity, depravity, iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity

1a) iniquity

1b) guilt of iniquity, guilt (as great), guilt (of condition)

1c) consequence of or punishment for iniquity

עָוֺן (a.van) — iniquity: punishment.

: punishment

1) perversity, depravity, iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity

1a) iniquity

1b) guilt of iniquity, guilt (as great), guilt (of condition)

1c) consequence of or punishment for iniquity

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-cs | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HR/Ncmsc/Sp3mp
and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
בְּאַרְצֹ֖תbe.'ar.Tzot in [the] land of H776 Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct
2,504× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The land or earth refers to the soil or ground, and can also mean a country, territory, or region. In the Bible, it is used to describe the earth and its inhabitants, and is often translated as 'land' or 'country'.
Amplified meaning
countries, territories
Tyndale gloss
land: soil
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land

earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)

earth, opp. to heaven, sky

earth = inhabitants of earth

land =

country, territory

district, region

trial territory

piece of ground

specif. land of Canaan, or Israel

= inhabitants of land

used even of Shᵉʼôl

ground, surface of ground

soil, as productive

אֶרֶץ in phrases

people of the land

in measurements of distance

the country of the plain, level or plain country

land of the living

end(s) of the earth

pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)

. earth, opp. to heaven, sky

. earth = inhabitants of earth

. land = . country, territory

. district, region

. trial territory

. piece of ground

. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel

. = inhabitants of land

. used even of Shᵉʼôl

. . ground, surface of ground

. soil, as productive

. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land

. in measurements of distance

. the country of the plain, level or plain country

. land of the living

. end(s) of the earth

. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

776 'erets eh'-rets

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth

(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,

field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.

: country/field

1) land, earth

1a) earth

1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)

1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)

1a3) earth (inhabitants)

1b) land

1b1) country, territory

1b2) district, region

1b3) tribal territory

1b4) piece of ground

1b5) land of Canaan, Israel

1b6) inhabitants of land

1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world

1b8) city (-state)

1c) ground, surface of the earth

1c1) ground

1c2) soil

1d) (in phrases)

1d1) people of the land

1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)

1d3) level or plain country

1d4) land of the living

1d5) end(s) of the earth

1e) (almost wholly late in usage)

1e1) lands, countries

1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan

אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.

: soil

1) land, earth

1a) earth

1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)

1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)

1a3) earth (inhabitants)

1b) land

1b1) country, territory

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-cp — Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct
HR/Ncfpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
אֹיְבֵיכֶ֑ם'o.ye.vei.Khem enemies your H341 Verb qal participle (active) masculine plural common · suffix
283× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means enemy or adversary, referring to someone who hates or opposes another person or nation. It is used to describe personal or national enemies in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
adversaries, those who oppose you
Tyndale gloss
enemy
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֹיֵב (oyeb) means 'enemy' or 'foe,' indicating hostility. It can refer to personal or national adversaries. The word is derived from the active participle of another root, אָיַב (ayab), which also conveys the sense of being hostile.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[אָיַב] 283 vb. be hostile to (enemy = אֹיֵב)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H341 אָיַב be hostile to (enemy = אֹיֵב)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

341 'oyeb o-yabe'

or (fully) owyeb {o-yabe'}; active participle of 340;

hating; an adversary:--enemy, foe.

see HEBREW for 0340

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֹיֵב (o.yev) — enemy.

1) (Qal) enemy

1a) personal

1b) national

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal | Suff — Verb qal participle (active) masculine plural common · suffix
HVqrmpc/Sp2mp
and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
וְאַ֛ףve.'Af and also H637 Conjunction · particle
134× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'also' or 'addition', used to connect ideas or show a relationship between them, as seen in Genesis and Exodus. It can also mean 'though' or 'yet', indicating a contrast. This word is often used to add emphasis or provide more information.
Tyndale gloss
also
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אַף (aph) is a conjunction that indicates addition, often implying something greater. It can mean 'also,' 'yea,' or 'though,' and is used to connect ideas in a sentence. The entries highlight its use as both an adverb and conjunction, with a focus on its additive nature.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַף conj. denoting addition, esp. of something greater, also, yea

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H637 אַף conj. denoting addition, esp. of something greater, also, yea

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

637 'aph af

a primitive particle; meaning accession (used as an adverb or

conjunction); also or yea; adversatively though:--also, +

although, and (furthermore, yet), but, even, + how much less

(more, rather than), moreover, with, yea.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַף (aph) — also.

conj (denoting addition, esp of something greater)

1) also, yea, though, so much the more

adv

2) furthermore, indeed

Aramaic equivalent: aph (אַף "also" H0638)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Adv — Conjunction · particle
HC/Tj
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol'-so: In the Greek kai, when it is equivalent to "also" or "even," is always placed before the word or phrase which it is intended to emphasize (e.g. Ac 12:3; 1 Joh 4:21). Mt 6:14 should therefore read, "Your heavenly Father will forgive you also"; Lu 6:13, "Whom also he named apostles"; Heb 8:6, "The mediator of a better covenant also"; and 1Th 4:14, `If we believe that Jesus died and rose again, so also (we believe that) those who are fallen asleep in Jesus, God will bring with Him.'

and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
בַּעֲוֹנֹ֥תba.'a.vo.Not in [the] iniquities of H5771 Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct
233× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means moral evil or sin, like the kind God sees in people's hearts. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Psalms. This concept is key to understanding human nature.
Amplified meaning
iniquities, wrongdoings
Tyndale gloss
iniquity: crime
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָוֹן (avon) refers to iniquity, guilt, or the punishment associated with iniquity. It encompasses concepts of moral evil, such as perversity and depravity, and includes the consequences or punishment for these actions. The term appears in contexts like 2 Kings 7:9 and Psalm 51:5, highlighting its significance in discussions of sin and guilt.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָוֹן n.m. iniquity, guilt, or punishment of iniquity

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5771 עָוֹן iniquity, guilt, or punishment of iniquity

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5771 `avon aw-vone'

or oavown (2 Kings 7:9; Psalm 51:5 (7)) {aw-vone'}; from

5753; perversity, i.e. (moral) evil:--fault, iniquity,

mischeif, punishment (of iniquity), sin.

see HEBREW for 07

see HEBREW for 05753

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָוֺן (a.van) — iniquity: crime.

: crime

1) perversity, depravity, iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity

1a) iniquity

1b) guilt of iniquity, guilt (as great), guilt (of condition)

1c) consequence of or punishment for iniquity

עָוֺן (a.van) — iniquity: guilt.

: guilt

1) perversity, depravity, iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity

1a) iniquity

1b) guilt of iniquity, guilt (as great), guilt (of condition)

1c) consequence of or punishment for iniquity

עָוֺן (a.van) — iniquity: punishment.

: punishment

1) perversity, depravity, iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity

1a) iniquity

1b) guilt of iniquity, guilt (as great), guilt (of condition)

1c) consequence of or punishment for iniquity

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-cp — Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct
HR/Ncfpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
אֲבֹתָ֖ם'a.vo.Tam ancestors their H1 Noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
1,213× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In Hebrew, this word means father, whether literal or figurative. It is used to describe God as the father of his people, as well as human fathers like Abraham. The word is about a paternal relationship or authority.
Amplified meaning
ancestors, forefathers
Tyndale gloss
father
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָב (av) means 'father' and encompasses various roles such as the literal father of an individual, God as the father of His people, and the head of a household or clan. It can also refer to an ancestor, originator of a profession, or a figure of respect and protection. Notably, it can imply a ruler or chief in later contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָב 1101 n.m. father

father of individual

of God as father of his people

head of household, family or clan

ancestor

originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

fig. of producer, generator

fig. of benevolence & protection

term of respect & honor

specif., ruler, chief (late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1 אָב father . father of individual

. of God as father of his people

. head of household, family or clan

. ancestor

. originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

. fig. of producer, generator

. fig. of benevolence & protection

. term of respect & honor

. specif., ruler, chief (late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1 'ab awb

a primitive word; father, in a literal and immediate, or

figurative and remote application):--chief,

(fore-)father(-less), X patrimony, principal. Compare names

in "Abi-".

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָב (av) — father.

1) father of an individual

2) of God as father of his people

3) head or founder of a household, group, family, or clan

4) ancestor

4a) grandfather, forefathers - of person

4b) of people

5) originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

6) of producer, generator (fig.)

7) of benevolence and protection (fig.)

8) term of respect and honour

9) ruler or chief (spec.)

Also means: av (אַב "father" H0002)

אָב (av) — (Huram)-abi.

A man living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ki.7.13; also called Huram-abi (KJV: "Huram my father's") at 2Ch.2.13; 4.16;

Combined with chi.ram (חִירָם "Hiram" H2438H)

אָב (av) — father of.

The father of Gibeon, also known as Abiel - a man of the tribe of Benjamin living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Sa.9.1;

son of: Zeror (H6872C); married to Maacah (H4601N);

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
HNcfpc/Sp3mp
and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
אִתָּ֥ם'i.Tam with them H854 Preposition · suffix
929× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew preposition means 'with' or 'near', indicating a close relationship or physical proximity. It's used in Genesis 1:26 to describe God's relationship with humanity, and in many other places to show connection or closeness.
Tyndale gloss
with
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֵת (eth) is a preposition indicating nearness or proximity, often translated as 'with' or 'near.' It conveys a sense of companionship or association, distinguishing itself from similar terms by expressing closer relationships. The entries highlight its use in various contexts, including possession and memory, but do not provide specific verse references.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת, prep. with—prep. denoting proximity

Of companionship, together with

Of localities

אֵת פּ׳ denotes specially

in one's possession or keeping

in one's knowledge or memory

מֵאֵת from proximity with

Note. אֵת expresses closer association than עִם: hence while מֵעִם sts. denotes hardly more than from the surroundings or belongings of, מֵאֵת expresses from close proximity to.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H854 אֵת with—prep. denoting proximity . Of companionship, together with

. Of localities

. אֵת פּ׳ denotes specially . in one's possession or keeping

. in one's knowledge or memory

. מֵאֵת from proximity with

Note. אֵת expresses closer association than עִם: hence while מֵעִם sts. denotes hardly more than from the surroundings or belongings of, מֵאֵת expresses from close proximity to.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

854 'eth ayth

probably from 579; properly, nearness (used only as a

preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by,

at, among, etc.:--against, among, before, by, for, from,

in(-to), (out) of, with. Often with another prepositional

prefix.

see HEBREW for 0579

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — with.

1) with, near, together with

1a) with, together with

1b) with (of relationship)

1c) near (of place)

1d) with (poss.)

1e) from...with, from (with other prep)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HRd/Sp3mp — Preposition · suffix
HRd/Sp3mp
and those [who] remain among you they will rot away in iniquity their in [the] land of enemies your and also in [the] iniquities of ancestors their with them they will rot away
יִמָּֽקּוּ׃yi.Ma.ku they will rot away H4743 Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine plural
10× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to rot or decay, like a wound festering or something molding away. It is used to describe a process of deterioration or corruption. The word is used in various contexts, including physical and moral decay.
Amplified meaning
rot, wither away
Tyndale gloss
to rot
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָקַק (maqaq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to decay, rot, or fester. It describes processes of physical deterioration, such as wounds festering or flesh rotting, and can also imply a figurative sense of pining away, often as a consequence of iniquity. The entries indicate a range of uses, including both the Niphal and Hiphil forms, where the latter signifies causing something to rot.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מָקַק] vb. decay, rot, fester, fig. pine away Niph. fester, of wounds

rot, rot away

moulder away

of pining away by reason of, as punishment for, iniquity

Hiph. a causing his flesh to rot

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4743 [מָקַק] decay, rot, fester, fig. pine away . . fester, of wounds

. rot, rot away

. moulder away

. of pining away by reason of, as punishment for, iniquity

. a causing his flesh to rot

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4743 maqaq maw-kak'

' a primitive root; to melt; figuratively, to flow, dwindle,

vanish:--consume away, be corrupt, dissolve, pine away.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָקַק (ma.qaq) — to rot.

1) to decay, pine away, rot, fester

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to fester (of wounds)

1a2) to rot, rot away

1a3) to moulder away

1a4) to pine away

1b) (Hiphil) to cause to rot

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVNi3mp
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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