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Job 34:25 — Word Study

Depth

WLCלָכֵ֗ן יַ֭כִּיר מַעְבָּֽדֵיהֶ֑ם וְהָ֥פַךְ לַ֝֗יְלָה וְיִדַּכָּֽאוּ׃

BSAThereforekên [so, thus] He recognizesnâkar [knows, is acquainted with] their deedsmaʻbâd [works, actions] He overthrows [them]hâphak [turns upside down, overturns] in the nightlayil [time of darkness, period of adversity] and they are crusheddâkâʼ [destroyed, bruised, broken]

Word
Listen & take awayJob 34
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 25 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ve.yid.da.Ka.'u) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Job 34:25quick helps
In a sentenceGod sees the actions of people and brings judgment upon them during times of darkness.
Who is speakingElihu, speaking about God's justice and awareness of human deeds.
Where we areIn a discourse on divine justice, where Elihu explains God's response to human behavior.
The hard wordיַ֭כִּיר
Take awayGod's recognition of deeds leads to their judgment.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbנָכַר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 6 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Job 34:25

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Elihu's Discourse on God's Justicegenerated

24He shatters the mighty without inquiry and sets up others in their place.
25Therefore, He recognizes their deeds; He overthrows them in the night and they are crushed.
26He strikes them for their wickedness in full view,
27because they turned aside from Him and had no regard for any of His ways.

Job 34:25 presents Elihu's assertion that God is fully aware of human actions and will respond accordingly. This verse is part of a larger argument where Elihu emphasizes God's omniscience and the consequences of human wickedness, illustrating that divine judgment can come unexpectedly, especially in times of darkness, as seen in the surrounding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 33:15He shapes the hearts of each; He considers all their works.
2Isaiah 66:18“And I, knowing their deeds and thoughts, am coming to gather all nations and tongues, and they will come and see My glory.
3Hosea 7:2But they fail to consider in their hearts that I remember all their evil. Now their deeds are all around them; they are before My face.
4Amos 8:7The LORD has sworn by the Pride of Jacob: “I will never forget any of their deeds.
5Revelation 20:12And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne. And there were open books, and one of them was the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their deeds, as recorded in the books.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word יַ֭כִּיר, Ya.kirgenerated

The verb נָכַר (*nakar*) is in the Hiphil stem, indicating that God actively recognizes or acknowledges human deeds. This form suggests a deeper understanding and scrutiny of actions rather than mere observation.

Elihu's use of this verb implies that God's knowledge is not superficial; He is intimately acquainted with the moral quality of human actions. This recognition is crucial as it sets the stage for divine judgment, highlighting the gravity of human behavior in the eyes of God.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The verse is rendered in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses recognizes for יַ֭כִּיר.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb is יַ֭כִּיר, he recognizes, which governs the clause about God's awareness of deeds. This is followed by a sequential clause indicating the action of overthrowing and a final clause describing the result of being crushed.

The structure emphasizes the cause-and-effect relationship between God's recognition of deeds and the subsequent judgment that follows, particularly during the night, which serves as a metaphor for darkness and adversity.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates הָפַךְ as στρέψει, which means 'to turn' or 'to change'. This choice reflects a similar understanding of God's action of overturning the wicked.

The Greek term used suggests a transformation or reversal, aligning with the Hebrew sense of complete change in circumstances due to divine intervention.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Job 34:25 shows that God knows what people do and will take action against them, especially during difficult times. Elihu emphasizes that God's judgment is certain and can come unexpectedly, leading to their downfall.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that God recognizes their deeds?

It means that God is fully aware of human actions and will respond to them, bringing judgment as necessary.

Why is the night mentioned in this verse?

Night symbolizes a time of darkness and adversity, indicating that God's judgment can occur during difficult times.

What does it mean to be crushed in this context?

To be crushed refers to the consequences of God's judgment, where the wicked face destruction or severe consequences for their actions.

How does this verse relate to the theme of divine justice?

This verse illustrates the belief that God is just and will hold people accountable for their actions, reinforcing the theme of divine justice throughout the Book of Job.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways do I see God's justice at work in the world around me?
  2. How can I ensure that my actions align with what God recognizes as good?
  3. What does it mean for me to face judgment during my own 'night' or difficult times?
  4. How can I support others who are struggling in their own times of darkness?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Gregory the Dialogist comments on this verse, discussing the implications of God's judgment and the dual nature of being crushed in darkness.

Gregory the DialogistMorals on the Book of Job, Book XXV c. 540–604
For He knoweth their works, and therefore will He bring night on them, and they shall be crushed. It is specially to be understood, that every sinner is, in two ways, crushed in the night;
Early Church Fathers on Job 34 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Job 34:25 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Therefore he knoweth their works,.... Being God omniscient, or rather takes notice of them, weighs and considers them, and gives to man according to them; or rather makes them known, for of his

Read John Gill on Job 34 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed. Therefore - because He knows all things (Job 34:21), He knows their works, without a formal investigation (Job 34:24).

Read Robert Jamieson on Job 34 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

i.e. Hence it appears that he knows all their evil works, because he judgeth them for them. God or men are ofttimes said in Scripture to know or do a thing, when they only manifest their knowing and doing of it. Or, became, &c., as this particle is used, 61:7. So this is subjoined as the ground or reason why he punisheth them, as is related both in the foregoing and in the following words, because he sees all their wicked designs and actions. He overturneth them in the night, i.e. when they are at rest and secure; at midnight, as it is . Or, he turneth or bringeth upon them the night, to wit, of calamity and tribulation, as the next words explain it, and as the words night and darkness are…

Read Matthew Poole on Job 34 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Job 34:25 Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth [them] in the night, so that they are destroyed.Ver. 25. Therefore he knoweth their works] It appeareth by their punishment that God took notice of their wicked works, though they thought otherwise; yea, when they know not, or are not aware of it, he overthroweth them therefore. This he doth in the night, i.e. suddenly and unexpectedly. Others render it, As soon as he hath changed the night they are crushed; that is, as soon as he hath brought forth the light which revealeth all things, Ephesians 5:19, and layeth them open to public view, who before were taken for better men, they are destroyed, as public pests.

Read John Trapp on Job 34 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(25) Therefore.—We should expect because rather; but the writer, believing in God’s justice, infers that since God acts thus He knoweth the works of man, and has grounds for acting as He acts.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Job 34 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 25. He knoweth their works] He knows what they have done, and what they are plotting to do. He overturneth them in the night] In the revolution of a single night the plenitude of power on which the day closed is annihilated. See the cases of Belshazzar and Babylon.

Read AdamClarke on Job 34 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

20–28. God’s strict justice may be seen in His government of the peoples and their princes alike. His justice is unerring, for it is guided by omniscient insight. Punishing oppression, it avenges the cause of the poor and afflicted.

Read Cambridge on Job 34 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Therefore he knoweth their works - Or, “Because he knoweth their works.” The word (לכן lākên) here rendered “therefore” is evidently used as denoting that since or because he was intimately

Read Albert Barnes on Job 34 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Therefore, He recognizes their deeds; He overthrows them in the night and they are crushed.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Therefore he takes knowledge of their works. He overturns them in the night, so that they are destroyed.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Therefore, He recognizes their deeds; He overthrows them in the night and they are crushed.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Therefore, he knows their deeds, he overthrows them in the night and they are crushed.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Therefore he taketh knowledge of their works; And he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Therefore he taketh knowledge of their works; and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Therefore shall he declare their works: he shall turne the night, and they shalbe destroyed.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Since he knoweth their actions; and he overthroweth [them] in the night, and they are crushed.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Therefore He knoweth their works, And He hath overturned by night, And they are bruised.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Therefore He knows their works, || And He has overturned by night, || And they are bruised.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

For the reason that he knoweth their deeds: therefore he overturneth them in the night, and they are crushed.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

In this way he has knowledge of their deeds; he overthrows these people in the night; they are destroyed.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

For he knoweth their works: and therefore he shall bring night on them, and they shall be destroyed.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Knowing what they've done he overthrows them in a night and destroys them.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

For he has knowledge of their works, overturning them in the night, so that they are crushed.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

conjunction phraseprepositional phraseלָthereforeכֵ֗ןclauseverbיַ֭כִּירhe.is.acquainted.withnoun phrase · objectמַעְבָּֽדֵיdeedsהֶ֑םtheirוְandclauseverbהָ֥פַךְhe.overthrows.[them]adverbialלַ֝֗יְלָהnightוְandclauseverbיִדַּכָּֽאוּthey.are.crushed

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text reads לָכֵ֗ן יַ֭כִּיר מַעְבָּֽדֵיהֶ֑ם וְהָ֥פַךְ לַ֝֗יְלָה וְיִדַּכָּֽאוּ׃, while the Septuagint matches 3 of the 6 words, indicating some consistency in the core message despite differences in word order and structure.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

לָכֵ֗ן יַ֭כִּיר מַעְבָּֽדֵיהֶ֑ם וְהָ֥פַךְ לַ֝֗יְלָה וְיִדַּכָּֽאוּ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְהָ֥פַךְστρέψειלַ֝֗יְלָהνύκταוְיִדַּכָּֽאוּ׃ταπεινωθήσονται

3 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Job 34:25כֵּןthereforethereforeכֵּןנָכַרhe is acquahe is acquainteנָכַרמַעְבָּדdeeds theirdeeds theirמַעְבָּדהָפַךְand he overand he overthroהָפַךְלַ֫יְלָהnightnightלַ֫יְלָהדָּכָאso they mayso they may be דָּכָאכּוּןto establito establish: pכּוּןעָבַדto serveto serveעָבַדלוּלstairsstairsלוּלדָּכָהto crushto crushדָּכָהכֹּהthusthusכֹּהאָדוֹןLordLordאָדוֹןאָחbrother: mbrother: male-sאָחאָֽנֹכִ֫יIIאָֽנֹכִ֫ילָבָןwhitewhiteלָבָןשֵׂעָרhairhairשֵׂעָריוֹמָםby dayby dayיוֹמָםאוֹרto lightto lightאוֹרעָנִיafflictedafflictedעָנִיזְרוֹעַarmarmזְרוֹעַ
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Job 34:25

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

therefore he is acquainted with deeds their and he overthrows [them] night so they may be crushed
לָכֵ֗ןla.Khen therefore H3651 Preposition · adverb
771× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means 'so' or 'thus', often used to show agreement or confirmation, like in the book of Genesis. It can also mean 'rightly' or 'justly', as in doing something the correct way. It appears in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
Amplified meaning
so, thus
Tyndale gloss
right
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word כֵּן (*ken*) is built from the root meaning 'set upright.' It functions as an adjective meaning 'right,' 'veritable,' or 'honest,' and as an adverb meaning 'so,' 'therefore,' or 'thus.' It appears in various contexts, often indicating manner or relation, and is used in phrases like 'forasmuch as.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest

right

veritable, true

pl. concr. honest (men)

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

כֵּן adv. so

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3651a כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest H3651b כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as H3651c כֵּן so

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3651 ken kane

from 3559; properly, set upright; hence (figuratively as

adjective) just; but usually (as adverb or conjunction)

rightly or so (in various applications to manner, time and

relation; often with other particles):--+ after that

(this, -ward, -wards), as ... as, + (for-)asmuch as yet, + be

(for which) cause, + following, howbeit, in (the) like

(manner, -wise), X the more, right, (even) so, state,

straightway, such (thing), surely, + there (where)-fore, this,

thus, true, well, X you.

see HEBREW for 03559

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֵּן (ken) — right.

adv

adj

1) right, just, honest, true, veritable

1a) right, just, honest

1b) correct

1c) true, veritable

[כִּי עַל] כֵּן ([ki al] ken) — as.

adv

forasmuch as, since

כֵּן (ken) — so.

adv

1) so, therefore, thus

1a) thus, so

1b) just so

1c) therefore

1d) so...as (paired with adv)

1e) then

1f) forasmuch as (in phrase)

1g) (with prep)

1g1) therefore, this being so (specific)

1g2) hitherto

1g3) therefore, on this ground (general)

1g4) afterwards

1g5) in such case

Aramaic equivalent: ken (כֵּן "thus" H3652)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | Adv — Preposition · adverb
HR/D
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
therefore he is acquainted with deeds their and he overthrows [them] night so they may be crushed
יַ֭כִּירYa.kir he is acquainted with H5234 Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singular
49× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To alienate or treat as foreign, as seen in the story of Moses and the Egyptians in Exodus. This verb means to scrutinize or look intently at someone, often with suspicion or disregard. It is used to describe the actions of biblical characters towards others.
Amplified meaning
knows, is acquainted with
Tyndale gloss
to recognize
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָכַר (nakar) encompasses meanings related to recognition and alienation. It can signify acknowledging, regarding, or understanding someone or something, as well as treating something as foreign or strange. The entries highlight its use in various forms, including recognizing and disguising, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[נָכַר] vb. (not Qal) regard, recognize

Niph. they are not recognized

Pi. he regardeth not the opulent above the poor

Hiph.

regard, observe, esp. with a view to recognition

Recognize (as formerly known)

Be willing to recognize, acknowledge

Be acquianted with

Distinguish, understand

Hithp. Impf by his deeds a youth maketh himself known, whether his doing be pure, etc.

base

[נכר] vb. denom. act or treat as foreign, or strange; disguise, misconstrue

Niph. with his lips a hater disguiseth himself

Pi. and they have treated this place as foreign

Hithp. he acted as a stranger toward them

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5234a נָכַר (not Qal) regard, recognize . they are not recognized

. he regardeth not the opulent above the poor

. . regard, observe, esp. with a view to recognition

. Recognize (as formerly known)

. Be willing to recognize, acknowledge

. Be acquianted with

. Distinguish, understand

. Impf by his deeds a youth maketh himself known, whether his doing be pure, etc.

H5234b נכר vb. denom. act or treat as foreign, or strange; disguise, misconstrue

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5234 nakar naw-kar'

a primitive root; properly, to scrutinize, i.e. look intently

at; hence (with recognition implied), to acknowledge, be

acquainted with, care for, respect, revere, or (with suspicion

implied), to disregard, ignore, be strange toward, reject,

resign, dissimulate (as if ignorant or

disowning):--acknowledge, X could, deliver, discern,

dissemble, estrange, feign self to be another, know, take

knowledge (notice), perceive, regard, (have) respect, behave

(make) self strange(-ly).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָכַר (na.khar) — to recognize.

1) to recognise, acknowledge, know, respect, discern, regard

1a) (Niphal) to be recognised

1b) (Piel) to regard

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to regard, observe, pay attention to, pay regard to, notice

1c2) to recognise (as formerly known), perceive

1c3) to be willing to recognise or acknowledge, acknowledge with honour

1c4) to be acquainted with

1c5) to distinguish, understand

1d) (Hithpael) to make oneself known

נָכַר (na.khar) — to alienate.

1) to act or treat as foreign or strange, disguise, misconstrue

1a) (Niphal) to disguise oneself

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to treat as foreign (profane)

1b2) to misconstrue

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to act as alien

1c2) to disguise oneself

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVhi3ms
therefore he is acquainted with deeds their and he overthrows [them] night so they may be crushed
מַעְבָּֽדֵיהֶ֑םma'.ba.dei.Hem deeds their H4566 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to an act or work, similar to its Aramaic equivalent, and is used to describe human actions or tasks. In the Bible, it is used to talk about work or deeds. The KJV translates it as work.
Amplified meaning
works, actions
Tyndale gloss
work
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַעְבָּד (ma`bad) means 'work' and is derived from the root word meaning to act. It appears in the context of Job 34:25, indicating its use in discussing labor or actions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מַעְבָּד] n.[m.] work (late form);—pl. sf. Jb 34:25.

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4566 מַעְבָּד

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4566 ma`bad mah-bawd'

from 5647; an act:--work.

see HEBREW for 05647

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַעְבָּד (ma.bad) — work.

work

Aramaic equivalent: ma.vad (מַעֲבַד "work" H4567)

§ 1) work

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp3mp
therefore he is acquainted with deeds their and he overthrows [them] night so they may be crushed
וְהָ֥פַךְve.Ha.fakh and he overthrows [them] H2015 Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singular
94× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To overturn means to turn something around or change it completely, often implying a reversal or transformation. This can be seen in the Bible when something is turned upside down or changed radically.
Amplified meaning
turns upside down, overturns
Tyndale gloss
to overturn
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הָפַךְ (haphak) is a Hebrew verb meaning to turn or overturn, with implications of change and transformation. It can describe actions like turning back, being reversed, or even being perverse. The entries highlight various grammatical forms, including reflexive and passive uses, indicating a wide range of applications in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָפַךְ vb. turn, overturn

Qal

trans.

turn, turn about, turn over

overturn, overthrow

turn = change, transform

intrans.

turn, turn back

turn = change, change into

Niph.

reflex. & intrans.

turn oneself, turn, turn back

turn = change (oneself)

be perverse

pass.

be turned, turn over to

be reversed

be turned, changed

be overturned, overthrown

be upturned, of subterran. work of miners

Hithp.

turn this way & that, every way

transform oneself

Hoph. there have been turned upon me terrors

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2015 הָפַךְ turn, overturn .. trans. . turn, turn about, turn over

. overturn, overthrow

. turn = change, transform

. intrans. . turn, turn back

. turn = change, change into

. . reflex. & intrans. . turn oneself, turn, turn back

. turn = change (oneself)

. be perverse

. pass. . be turned, turn over to

. be reversed

. be turned, changed

. be overturned, overthrown

. be upturned, of subterran. work of miners

. . turn this way & that, every way

. transform oneself

. there have been turned upon me terrors

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2015 haphak haw-fak'

a primitive root; to turn about or over; by implication, to

change, overturn, return, pervert:--X become, change, come, be

converted, give, make (a bed), overthrow (-turn), perverse,

retire, tumble, turn (again, aside, back, to the contrary,

every way).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָפַךְ (ha.phakh) — to overturn.

1) to turn, overthrow, overturn

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to overturn, overthrow

1a2) to turn, turn about, turn over, turn around

1a3) to change, transform

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to turn oneself, turn, turn back

1b2) to change oneself

1b3) to be perverse

1b4) to be turned, be turned over, be changed, be turned against

1b5) to be reversed

1b6) to be overturned, be overthrown

1b7) to be upturned

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to transform oneself

1c2) to turn this way and that, turn every way

1d) (Hophal) to turn on someone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singular
Hc/Vqq3ms
therefore he is acquainted with deeds their and he overthrows [them] night so they may be crushed
לַ֝֗יְלָהLay.lah night H3915 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
233× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Night refers to the time of darkness, opposed to day, and can also symbolize adversity or hardship. It is a period of rest, but also of potential danger or uncertainty.
Amplified meaning
time of darkness, period of adversity
Tyndale gloss
night
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לַ֫יְלָה (layil) means 'night' and is derived from a root that suggests a twist away from light. It encompasses the literal sense of night as opposed to day, as well as figurative uses related to gloom or adversity. The term appears in contexts like Isaiah 21:11.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לַ֫יְלָה, לַ֫יִל 242 n.m. night

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3915 לַ֫יְלָה, לַ֫יִל night

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3915 layil lah'-yil

or (Isa. 21:11) leyl {lale}; also laylah {lah'- yel-aw}; from

the same as 3883; properly, a twist (away of the light), i.e.

night; figuratively, adversity:--((mid-))night (season).

see HEBREW for 03883

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לַ֫יְלָה (lay.lah) — night.

1) night

1a) night (as opposed to day)

1b) of gloom, protective shadow (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

nit.

See DAY AND NIGHT for the natural usage and the various terms.

1. In the Old Testament:

Figurative uses: The word "night" (laylah or layil is sometimes used figuratively in the Old Testament. Thus, Moses compares the brevity of time, the lapse of a thousand years, to "a watch in the night" (Ps 90:4). Adversity is depicted by it in such places as Job 35:10; compare Isa 8:20; Jer 15:9. Disappointment and despair are apparently depicted by it in the "burden of Dumah" (Isa 21:11,12); and spiritual blindness, coming upon the false prophets (Mic 3:6); again sudden and…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[DAY]

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The ancient Hebrews began their artificial day at evening, and ended it the next evening, so that the night proceeded the day. This usage may probably be traced to the terms employed in describing the creation, Ge 1:5,8,13, etc., "The evening and the morning were the first day." The Hebrews allowed twelve to the day; but these hours were not equal, except at the equinox. At other times, when the hours of the night were long, those of the day were short, as in winter; and when the hours of night were short, as at midsummer, the hours of the day were long in proportion. See HOURS.

The nights are sometimes extremely cold in Syria, when the days are very hot; and travelers in the deserts and among the mountains near Palestine refer to their own sufferings from these opposite extremes, in illustration of Jacob’s words in

→ General scriptures concerning Ge 1:5,16,18

→ Meditations in Ps 19:2; 77:6; 119:148; 139:11

→ Worship in Ps 134:1

→ Jesus prays all night Lu 6:12

→ No night in heaven Re 21:25; 22:5

→ Divided into watches Ex 14:24; Jud 7:19; 1Sa 11:11; Ne 12:9; Ps 63:6; 119:148; La 2:19;

therefore he is acquainted with deeds their and he overthrows [them] night so they may be crushed
וְיִדַּכָּֽאוּ׃ve.yid.da.Ka.'u so they may be crushed H1792 Conjunction · verb hithpael third person masculine plural
18× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to crush or bruise something, and can be used literally or figuratively. It is often translated as 'crush', 'bruise', or 'oppress' in English Bibles.
Amplified meaning
destroyed, bruised, broken
Tyndale gloss
to crush
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דָּכָא (daka') is a Hebrew verb meaning to crush or be crushed. It encompasses various forms, indicating actions like bruising, breaking, and being contrite. The entries highlight its use in different grammatical aspects, such as the Niphal (to be crushed) and Piel (to crush). The word conveys both literal and figurative senses of destruction and humility.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[דָּכָא] vb. crush, poet.

not in Qal;Niph. crushed, fig. = contrite ones

Pi. crush

Pu. crushed, broken in pieces, shattered

Hithp. crushed

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1792 דָּכָא crush poet. . crushed, fig. = contrite ones

. crush

. crushed, broken in pieces, shattered

. crushed

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1792 daka' daw-kaw'

a primitive root (compare 1794); to crumble; transitively, to

bruise (literally or figuratively):--beat to pieces, break (in

pieces), bruise, contrite, crush, destroy, humble, oppress,

smite.

see HEBREW for 01794

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דָּכָא (da.kah) — to crush.

1) to crush, be crushed, be contrite, be broken

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to be crushed

1a2) to be contrite (fig.)

1b) (Piel) to crush

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to be crushed, be shattered

1c2) to be made contrite

1d) (Hithpael) to allow oneself to be crushed

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Hithpael-Imperf-3mp — Conjunction · verb hithpael third person masculine plural
HC/Vtu3mp
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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