Menu

Job 30:10 — Word Study

Depth

WLCתִּֽ֭עֲבוּנִי רָ֣חֲקוּ מֶ֑נִּי וּ֝מִפָּנַ֗י לֹא־ חָ֥שְׂכוּ רֹֽק׃

BSAThey abhor metaʻâb [detest, have disgust for] and keep farrâchaq [stand aloof, remove] from memin they do notlôʼ hesitatechâsak [spare not, withhold not] to spitrôq [spittle, saliva] in my facepânîym [presence, before me]

Word
Listen & take awayJob 30
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 10 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Rok) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Job 30:10quick helps
In a sentenceJob expresses his deep sorrow as he feels rejected and scorned by those around him.
Who is speakingJob, lamenting his condition and the treatment he receives from others.
Where we areJob 30 describes Job's suffering and the disdain he faces from people.
The hard wordתִּֽ֭עֲבוּנִי
Take awayJob feels utterly despised and isolated.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbרָחַק The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Job 30:10

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Job's Lamentgenerated

9And now they mock me in song; I have become a byword among them.
10They abhor me and keep far from me; they do not hesitate to spit in my face.
11Because God has unstrung my bow and afflicted me, they have cast off restraint in my presence.
12The rabble arises at my right; they lay snares for my feet and build siege ramps against me.

Job 30:10 captures Job's anguish as he reflects on how people have turned against him, expressing their disdain and contempt. This verse is part of a larger section where Job recounts his suffering and the mockery he endures from those he once considered friends. The emotional weight of his words illustrates the depth of his isolation and the intensity of his pain, as he feels rejected not only by society but also by God.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Job 19:19All my best friends despise me, and those I love have turned against me.
2Job 42:6Therefore I retract my words, and I repent in dust and ashes.”
3Psalm 88:8You have removed my friends from me; You have made me repulsive to them; I am confined and cannot escape.
4Zechariah 11:8And in one month I dismissed three shepherds. My soul grew impatient with the flock, and their souls also detested me.
5Job 19:13–14He has removed my brothers from me; my acquaintances have abandoned me.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 13 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word תִּֽ֭עֲבוּנִי, Ti.'a.vu.nigenerated

The verb תִּֽ֭עֲבוּ (ti'avu) is a piel perfect form, indicating a completed action in the past. It conveys a strong sense of moral detestation, suggesting that those who abhor Job do so with a deep-seated disgust. This word is often used in contexts where something is considered morally repugnant.

In this verse, it emphasizes the complete rejection Job feels from others, highlighting the severity of his situation. The use of the suffix indicates that the subject of the verb is directed specifically at Job, making the emotional impact more personal.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations agree that the people abhor Job and keep their distance from him.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verbs govern the main actions in the verse: תִּֽ֭עֲבוּ (they abhor) and רָ֣חֲקוּ (they are distant). The structure shows that both actions are closely linked, emphasizing the contempt and distance the people maintain from Job.

The sentence flows with a clear cause-and-effect relationship: the abhorrence leads to their distancing, culminating in the act of spitting in his face.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates תִּֽ֭עֲבוּ as με (me), focusing on the personal aspect of Job's lament. This choice underscores the directness of the rejection he experiences.

The rendering highlights the emotional intensity of Job's feelings, as the Greek word captures the essence of being personally abhorred.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Job 30:10 shows Job's despair as he feels that people not only hate him but also keep their distance, even going so far as to spit in his face. This verse illustrates the depth of his suffering and the scorn he faces from others.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that they abhor Job?

To abhor means to detest or loathe. In this context, it signifies that the people have a deep moral disgust for Job, leading them to reject him.

Why do they keep their distance from Job?

They keep their distance as a sign of their disdain and rejection of him, indicating that they want nothing to do with him due to his suffering.

What is the significance of spitting in someone's face?

Spitting in someone's face is a profound insult, symbolizing contempt and rejection. It reflects the extreme level of disdain the people have for Job.

How does Job's experience relate to feelings of isolation?

Job's experience highlights the pain of isolation, especially when one feels rejected not only by friends but also by the community, deepening his sense of despair.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do I respond to those who are suffering or feel rejected?
  2. What can I learn from Job's experience about facing scorn from others?
  3. In what ways can I show compassion to those who feel isolated like Job?
  4. How does this verse challenge my understanding of community and support?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Gregory the Dialogist discusses Job's lament in his work, illustrating how the wicked distance themselves from the righteous, reflecting on the moral implications of such actions.

Gregory the DialogistMorals on the Book of Job, Book XX c. 540–604
They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in my face. All the wicked 'fly far' from Holy Church, not by the paces of footsteps, but by the characters of practices;
Early Church Fathers on Job 30 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Job 30:10 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

They abhor me,.... As it is no wonder they should, since his inward and most intimate friends did, Job 19:19; they abhorred him, not for any evil in him; Job was ready enough to abhor that himself,

Read John Gill on Job 30 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in my face. In my face - rather, refrain not to spit (in deliberate contempt) before my face.

Read Robert Jamieson on Job 30 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

They flee far from me, in contempt of my person, and loathing of my sores. Spare not to spit in my face; not literally, for they kept far from him, as he now said; but figuratively, i.e. they use all manner of contemptuous and reproachful expressions and carriages towards me, not only behind my back, but even to my face.

Read Matthew Poole on Job 30 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Job 30:10 They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in my face.Ver. 10. They abhor me, they flee far from me] As if I were a leper or a bugbear, or that my breath were infectious; like that maid spoken of by Avicen, who, feeding upon poison, was herself healthy, yet infected others with her venomous breath. Job was wont to be honoured; now he is as much abhorred. People were used to hanging upon his lips for learned counsel, but they stand aloof, and keep at a distance. They looked upon that face of his as the face of an angel, which now, with utmost despite and detestation, they spit upon and spare not. At virtutes evertere non possunt, as Demetrius Phalereus said, when…

Read John Trapp on Job 30 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 10. They abhor me] What a state must civil society be in when such indignities were permitted to be offered to the aged and afflicted!

Read AdamClarke on Job 30 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

9–10. Job’s treatment now at the hands of these outcasts. With “spit in my face” comp. ch. Job 17:6. In ch. 24. Job referred to this miserable race With compassion; they had often no doubt excited his pity, and he saw in their lot and in the injustice and cruelties which they suffered at the hands of more prosperous men a strange mystery of providence. Now he speaks of their conduct to himself with resentment; for it was no requital of any injury he had ever done them. Yet though they might mistake Job’s individual feeling to them, he was one of the class that had robbed them and that continued the robbery and oppression, and they avenged their wrongs on him with a malicious delight in the…

Read Cambridge on Job 30 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

They abhor me - Hebrew, They regard me as abominable. They flee far from me - Even such an impious and low born race now will have nothing to do with me.

Read Albert Barnes on Job 30 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

10. Spit in my face — Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 25:9; see also Job 17:6. Some improperly understand the grossly insulting act in this case to have been before, not into, the face.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Job 30 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

They abhor me and keep far from me; they do not hesitate to spit in my face.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

They abhor me, they stand aloof from me, and don’t hesitate to spit in my face.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

They abhor me and keep far from me; they do not hesitate to spit in my face.

NETBNew English Translation2006

They detest me and maintain their distance; they do not hesitate to spit in my face.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in my face.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

They abhor me, they stand aloof from me, And spare not to spit in my face.

RVARevised Version, American1894

They abhor me, they stand aloof from me, and spare not to spit in my face.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in my face.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

They abhorre me, and flee farre from mee, and spare not to spit in my face.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

They abhor me, they stand aloof from me, yea, they spare not to spit in my face.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

They have abominated me, They have kept far from me, And from before me have not spared to spit.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

They have detested me, || They have kept far from me, || And from before me have not spared to spit.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

They loathe me, they keep themselves far from me, and from my face they withhold not their spittle.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

They abhor me and stand far off from me; they do not refrain from spitting in my face.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

They abhor me, and flee far from me, and are not afraid to spit in my face.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

They despise and shun me; they don't hesitate to spit in my face.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

I am disgusting to them; they keep away from me, and put marks of shame on me.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseverbתִּֽ֭עֲבוּtheyobjectנִיabhor.meclauseverbרָ֣חֲקוּthey.are.distantprepositional phrase · prepositionalמֶ֑fromנִּיmeוּ֝andclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalמִfromnoun phraseפָּנַ֗faceיmyadverbialלֹאnotverbחָ֥שְׂכוּthey.have.withheldobjectרֹֽקspittle

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with six out of seven words matching. The Septuagint reflects a similar sentiment but may differ in its phrasing and structure.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

תִּֽ֭עֲבוּנִי רָ֣חֲקוּ מֶ֑נִּי וּ֝מִפָּנַ֗י לֹא־ חָ֥שְׂכוּ רֹֽק׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
תִּֽ֭עֲבוּנִיμεרָ֣חֲקוּμακράνוּ֝מִפָּנַ֗יμουלֹא־οὐκחָ֥שְׂכוּἐφείσαντοרֹֽק׃πτύελον

6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Job 30:10תַּעָבthey abhor they abhor meתַּעָברָחַקthey are dithey are distanרָחַקמִן־from mefrom meמִן־פָּנֶהand from faand from face mפָּנֶהלֹאnotnotלֹאחָשַׂךְthey have wthey have withhחָשַׂךְרֹקspittlespittleרֹקפָּנָהCorner (GaCorner (Gate)פָּנָהרָקַקto spitto spitרָקַקמֵןstringstringמֵןחָשַׁךְto darkento darkenחָשַׁךְשִׁקֵּץto detestto detestשִׁקֵּץעָ֫וֶלinjusticeinjusticeעָ֫וֶלרָחַקto removeto removeרָחַקיָתַרto remainto remainיָתַרסָתַרto hideto hideסָתַרנוּסto fleeto fleeנוּסיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלעוֹדstillstillעוֹדחָדַלto ceaseto ceaseחָדַלשָׂפָהlipslipsשָׂפָהלֹאnotnotלֹא
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Job 30:10

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

they abhor me they are distant from me and from face my not they have withheld spittle
תִּֽ֭עֲבוּנִיTi.'a.vu.ni they abhor me H8581 Verb piel perfect third person common plural · suffix
22× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To abhor or detest something is what this Hebrew word means, and it is often used in a moral or ritual sense. It can also mean to cause something to be detested.
Amplified meaning
detest, have disgust for
Tyndale gloss
to abhor
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

תַּעָב (ta'av) is a Hebrew verb meaning to abhor or loathe. It encompasses various forms, including being abhorred (Niphal), regarding something as an abomination (Piel), and causing something to be abominable (Hiphil). The term is used in both ritual and ethical contexts, reflecting a strong moral detestation.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[תַּעָב] vb. denom. Niph. Pi.

Niph. be abhorred

Pi.

regard as an abomination, abhor

cause to be an abomination

Hiph. make abominable, do abominably

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8581 תַּעָב vb. denom. Niph. Pi. . be abhorred

. . regard as an abomination, abhor

. cause to be an abomination

. make abominable, do abominably

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8581 ta`ab taw-ab'

a primitive root; to loathe, i.e. (morally) detest:--(make

to be) abhor(-red), (be, commit more, do) abominable(-y), X

utterly.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

תַּעָב (ta.av) — to abhor.

1) to abhor, be abominable, do abominably

1a) (Niphal) to be abhorred, be detested

1a1) in the ritual sense

1a2) in the ethical sense

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to loathe, abhor, regard as an abomination

1b1a) in the ritual sense

1b1b) in the ethical sense

1b2) to cause to be an abomination

1c) (Hiphil) to make abominable, do abominably

1c1) in the ritual sense

1c2) in the ethical sense

Also means: ta.av (תָּאַב "to loathe" H8374)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Perf-3cp | Suff — Verb piel perfect third person common plural · suffix
HVpp3cp/Sp1bs
they abhor me they are distant from me and from face my not they have withheld spittle
רָ֣חֲקוּRa.cha.ku they are distant H7368 Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
57× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To remove or go far away, as in Genesis 21:16 where Hagar is sent away by Abraham. It means to create distance or separate oneself from something or someone.
Amplified meaning
stand aloof, remove
Tyndale gloss
to remove
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word רָחַק (rachaq) is a primitive root meaning to be or become far or distant. It encompasses various forms, including intransitive meanings like receding and transitive meanings such as removing or sending away. The entries indicate uses in different stems, including Qal (to be distant), Piel (to send far away), and Hiphil (to cause to be distant).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָחַק vb. be, or become, far, distant

Qal be far, distant

Pi. send far away

Hiph.

dir. caus. make, or exhibit, distance, be gone for

indir. caus. remove, put far away

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7368 רָחַק be, or become, far, distant

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7368 rachaq raw-khak'

a primitive root; to widen (in any direction), i.e.

(intransitively) recede or (transitively) remove (literally or

figuratively, of place or relation):--(a-, be, cast, drive,

get, go, keep (self), put, remove, be too, (wander), withdraw)

far (away, off), loose, X refrain, very, (be) a good way

(off).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָחַק (ra.chaq) — to remove.

v

1) to be or become far, be or become distant, be removed, go far away

1a) (Qal) to be far, be distant

1b) (Piel) to send far away, extend

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to make or exhibit distance, be gone far

1c2) to remove, put far away

2) (Niphal) loose

v inf (as adv)

3) at a distance

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
HVqp3cp
they abhor me they are distant from me and from face my not they have withheld spittle
מֶ֑נִּיMe.ni from me H4480 Preposition · suffix
1,189× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means a portion or part of something, and is often used to show the relationship between things, like from or out of something.
Tyndale gloss
from
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word מִן־ (*min*) is a preposition meaning 'from' or 'out of,' indicating separation or origin. It covers various uses, including temporal references, comparisons, and causal relationships. Additionally, it can denote a portion when used as a noun מֵן (*men*). The entries highlight its versatility in expressing different nuances of separation and position.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִן־, and מִ, before יְ, prep. expressing the idea of separation, hence out of, from, on account of, off, on the side of, since, above, than, so that not

with verbs expressing (or implying) separation or removal

from, against

מן also, without a verb of similar significance, sometimes expresses the idea of separation, away from, far from

of position, off, on the side of, on

Out of, Gk. ἐκ, Lat. ex

Partitively

Of time—

as marking the terminus a quo, the anterior limit of a continuous period from, since

as marking the period immediately succeeding the limit after

towards, to

(וְעַד) עַד … מִן from … even to

In comparisons, beyond, above

מן is prefixed to an infin.:

with causal force, from, on account of, through

after verbs implying restraint, prevention, cessation, etc.

with a temporal force, since, after

Once as a conj. before a finite verb. that

In compounds:

base

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4480a מִן־, מִ, prep. expressing the idea of separation, hence out of, from, on account of, off, on the side of, since, above, than, so that not . with verbs expressing (or implying) separation or removal . from, against

. מן also, without a verb of similar significance, sometimes expresses the idea of separation, away from, far from

. of position, off, on the side of, on

. Out of, Gk. ἐκ, Lat. ex

. Partitively

. Of time— . as marking the terminus a quo, the anterior limit of a continuous period from, since

. as marking the period immediately succeeding the limit after

. towards, to

. (וְעַד) עַד … מִן from … even to

. In comparisons, beyond, above

. מן is prefixed to an infin.: . with causal force, from, on account of, through

. after verbs implying restraint, prevention, cessation, etc.

. with a temporal force, since, after

. Once as a conj. before a finite verb. that

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4480 min min

or minniy {min-nee'}; or minney (constructive plural)

{min-nay'}; (Isaiah 30:11); for 4482; properly, a part of;

hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses (as

follows):--above, after, among, at, because of, by (reason

of), from (among), in, X neither, X nor, (out) of, over,

since, X then, through, X whether, with.

see HEBREW for 04482

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִן־ (min) — from.

prep

1) from, out of, on account of, off, on the side of, since, above, than, so that not, more than

1a) from (expressing separation), off, on the side of

1b) out of

1b1) (with verbs of proceeding, removing, expelling)

1b2) (of material from which something is made)

1b3) (of source or origin)

1c) out of, some of, from (partitively)

1d) from, since, after (of time)

1e) than, more than (in comparison)

1f) from...even to, both...and, either...or

1g) than, more than, too much for (in comparisons)

1h) from, on account of, through, because (with infinitive)

conj

2) that

Aramaic equivalent: min (מִן־ "from" H4481)

מֵן (men) — portion.

n.m.

portion

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | Suff — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp1bs
they abhor me they are distant from me and from face my not they have withheld spittle
וּ֝מִפָּנַ֗יu.mi.pa.Nai and from face my H6440 Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
2,127× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means face or presence, like being in front of someone or something. It's used in many contexts, like in Genesis, Exodus, and Psalms, to describe interactions and relationships.
Amplified meaning
presence, before me
Tyndale gloss
face
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word פָּנֶה (*pāneh*) is a noun meaning 'face' or 'presence,' and it appears in various contexts, including the faces of seraphim and animals, as well as the surface of the ground. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'before' or 'in front of.' The word is built from a root that suggests turning or facing, and it encompasses a wide range of applications, both literal and figurative.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[פָּנֶה], pl. פָּנִים 2123 n.m. face, also faces

face, faces

presence, person

technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence

face of seraphim

face of animals

face (= surface) of ground

as adv.loc. before

for other phrases

with prepositions

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6440 פָּנֶה, pl. פָּנִים face, also faces . . face, faces

. . presence, person

. technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence

. face of seraphim

. face of animals

. face (= surface) of ground

. as adv. loc. before

. for other phrases

. with prepositions

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6440 paniym paw-neem'

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun (paneh

{paw-neh'}; from 6437); the face (as the part that turns);

used in a great variety of applications (literally and

figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a

preposition (before, etc.):--+ accept, a-(be- )fore(-time),

against, anger, X as (long as), at, + battle, + because (of),

+ beseech, countenance, edge, + employ, endure, + enquire,

face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er

time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, X him(-self), +

honourable, + impudent, + in, it, look(-eth) (- s), X me, +

meet, X more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), X on,

open, + out of, over against, the partial, person, + please,

presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, + regard, right

forth, + serve, X shewbread, sight, state, straight, + street,

X thee, X them(-selves), through (+ - out), till, time(-s)

Read the full entry →
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face: before.

: before/to/front

1) face

1a) face, faces

1b) presence, person

1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)

1d) face (of animals)

1e) face, surface (of ground)

1f) as adv of loc/temp

1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before

1g) with prep

1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of

פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face.

: face

1) face

1a) face, faces

1b) presence, person

1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)

1d) face (of animals)

1e) face, surface (of ground)

1f) as adv of loc/temp

1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before

1g) with prep

1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from…

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Prep | N-cp | Suff — Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HC/R/Ncmpc/Sp1bs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
they abhor me they are distant from me and from face my not they have withheld spittle
לֹא־lo'- not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
they abhor me they are distant from me and from face my not they have withheld spittle
חָ֥שְׂכוּCha.se.khu they have withheld H2820 Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
28× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to withhold or restrain something. It can also mean to spare, preserve, or observe. In the Bible, it is used to describe holding back or keeping something for oneself.
Amplified meaning
spare not, withhold not
Tyndale gloss
to withhold
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָשַׂךְ (chasak) is a Hebrew verb meaning to withhold or refrain. It encompasses actions like restraining, keeping back, and sparing, with nuances of preserving and holding in check. The word appears in various forms, including Qal and Niphal, indicating both active and passive meanings. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its definitions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חָשַׂךְ vb. withhold, refrain

Qal

withhold, keep back, keep for oneself

keep one from evil, calamity

hold in check

refrain

spare

reserve for

(abs.) restrain, check (pain) i.e. assuage

Niph. at the day of calamity the wicked is spared

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2820 חָשַׂךְ withhold, refrain

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2820 chasak khaw-sak'

a primitive root; to restrain or (reflex.) refrain; by

implication, to refuse, spare, preserve; also (by interch.

with 2821) to observe:--assuage, X darken, forbear, hinder,

hold back, keep (back), punish, refrain, reserve, spare,

withhold.

see HEBREW for 02821

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָשַׂךְ (cha.sakh) — to withhold.

1) to withhold, restrain, hold back, keep in check, refrain

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to withhold, keep back, keep for oneself, keep from, hold in check, refrain, spare, reserve

1a2) to restrain, check

1b) (Niphal) to assuage, be spared

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
HVqp3cp
they abhor me they are distant from me and from face my not they have withheld spittle
רֹֽק׃Rok spittle H7536 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word refers to spittle, like in Matthew 27:30 where the soldiers spat on Jesus. It's a literal, physical thing.
Amplified meaning
spittle, saliva
Tyndale gloss
spittle
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רֹק (roq) means 'spittle' or 'spit' in Hebrew. It is derived from the root word associated with the act of spitting. The entries consistently define it as a noun referring specifically to spittle.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רֹק n.[m.] spittle

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7536 רֹק spittle

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7536 roq roke

from 7556; spittle:--spit(-ting, -tle).

see HEBREW for 07556

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רֹק (roq) — spittle.

spittle

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

Everything we make is available for free because of a generous community of supporters.

Donate