Job 18:20 — Word Study
WLCעַל־ י֭וֹמוֹ נָשַׁ֣מּוּ אַחֲרֹנִ֑ים וְ֝קַדְמֹנִ֗ים אָ֣חֲזוּ שָֽׂעַר׃
BSAThose in the westʼachărôwn [last, western regions] are appalledshâmêm■ [shocked, astonished] atʻal his fateyôwm [day, circumstances] ◂while those in the eastqadmôwnîy [eastern, ancient ones] tremble in horrorsaʻar [are overcome with fear, affrighted, shuddering, terror]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| עַל־ | on | Preposition |
| י֭וֹמוֹ | day his | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| נָשַׁ֣מּוּ | they are appalled | Verb, Niphal, perfect third person common plural |
| אַחֲרֹנִ֑ים | [those] behind | Adj |
| וְ֝קַדְמֹנִ֗ים | and [those] before | Conjunction |
| אָ֣חֲזוּ | they take hold of | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| שָֽׂעַר׃ | a shudder | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Those in the west are appalled at his fate, while those in the east tremble in horror. |
| KJV | They that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted. |
| ASV | They that come after shall be astonished at his day, As they that went before were affrighted. |
| YLT | At this day westerns have been astonished And easterns have taken fright. |
| WEB | Those who come after will be astonished at his day, as those who went before were frightened. |
| BBE | At his fate those of the west are shocked, and those of the east are overcome with fear. |
Where they part company is נָשַׁ֣מּוּ — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence consists of a main clause followed by a subordinate clause, illustrating the reactions of two different groups.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאַחֲרוֹן
verbשָׁמֵם
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Job 18:20
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Job's Reflection on the Wickedgenerated
Job 18:20 illustrates the stark reactions of people from the west and east to the fate of the wicked. Job emphasizes that both regions are affected by the consequences of evil, highlighting a shared sense of horror and astonishment. This reflection is part of a broader discourse on justice and divine retribution found throughout the book of Job.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deuteronomy 29:23–24 | All its soil will be a burning waste of sulfur and salt, unsown and unproductive, with no plant growing on it, just like the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, which the LORD overthrew in His fierce anger. |
| 2 | 1 Kings 9:8 | And when this temple has become a heap of rubble, all who pass by it will be appalled and will hiss and say, ‘Why has the LORD done such a thing to this land and to this temple?’ |
| 3 | Jeremiah 18:16 | They have made their land a desolation, a perpetual object of scorn; all who pass by will be appalled and shake their heads. |
| 4 | Psalm 37:13 | but the Lord laughs, seeing that their day is coming. |
| 5 | Psalm 137:7 | Remember, O LORD, the sons of Edom on the day Jerusalem fell: “Destroy it,” they said, “tear it down to its foundations!” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 10 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — נָשַׁ֣מּוּ, na.Sha.mugenerated
The verb נָשַׁ֣מּוּ (na.Sha.mu) is in the perfect tense, third person plural, indicating that the subjects (those in the west) have already been appalled. The root conveys a sense of desolation or devastation, which aligns with the emotional impact of witnessing the fate of the wicked.
This word captures the intensity of their reaction, suggesting that the people are not just surprised but deeply shocked and affected by the circumstances surrounding the wicked's fate.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb נָשַׁ֣מּוּ governs the subject אַחֲרֹנִ֑ים (those in the west) and is paired with the conjunction וְ introducing the second subject קַדְמֹנִ֗ים (those in the east). The structure emphasizes a parallel response from both groups.
The prepositional phrase עַל־ י֭וֹמוֹ (at his fate) sets the context for their reactions, indicating that the horror they experience is directly related to the fate of the wicked.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates נָשַׁ֣מּוּ as ἐστέναχαν, which means 'they groaned' or 'they sighed.' This choice suggests a slightly different emotional response, focusing more on a deep, internal reaction rather than outright shock.
This translation indicates a narrowing of meaning, emphasizing a more profound sense of sorrow or lamentation rather than mere astonishment.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Job 18:20 shows that people in the west are shocked by the fate of the wicked, while those in the east are terrified. This reflects a universal reaction to the consequences of evil, highlighting the seriousness of the situation.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It means that people from the western regions are deeply shocked and disturbed by the fate of the wicked.
Those in the east tremble because they are overcome with fear regarding the consequences faced by the wicked.
The reactions from both the west and the east emphasize that the fate of the wicked is a matter of universal concern and horror.
This verse highlights the theme of divine justice and the consequences of wickedness, which is a central focus throughout the book of Job.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What are some examples of wickedness that have shocked you in the world today?
- How can understanding the fate of the wicked influence our own choices and actions?
- In what ways do you think people today respond to the consequences of evil?
- How does this verse challenge your understanding of justice and retribution?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Gregory the Dialogist references this verse to discuss the reactions of people to the fate of the wicked, emphasizing the astonishment and horror experienced.
In his days the last shall be astonied, and horror shall seize on the first. For he will then let himself loose against the righteous with such a measure of iniquity,Early Church Fathers on Job 18 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Job 18:20 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThey that come after [him] shall be astonished at his day,.... At the day of his calamity and distress, ruin and destruction, see Psalms 37:13; it would be extremely amazing to them how it should be,
Read John Gill on Job 18 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThey that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.
Read Robert Jamieson on Job 18 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleAt his day, i.e. at the day of his destruction, as the word day is used, 137:7 . They shall be amazed at the suddenness, and dreadfulness, and prodigiousness of it, as Job’ s friends were at his calamities, ,13. They that went before, i.e. before the persons last mentioned; those who lived in the time and place where this judgment was inflicted. Affrighted; or, filled with horror; partly through humanity and compassion, and partly for fear, lest the judgment should overtake them also.
Read Matthew Poole on Job 18 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsJob 18:20 They that come after [him] shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.Ver. 20. They that come after him shall be astonied at his day] Future ages, hearing the relation of his dismal destruction, shall stand aghast, as if they beheld the dirty ruins of some once beautiful city. Happy they, if in good earnest they could make that good use of it which Herodotus, the historian, saith men should make of the overthrow of Troy; viz. to take notice thereby that great sinners must look for great punishments from God, Tωνμεγαλωναδικηματωνμεγαλιεεισικαιαιτιμωριαιπαρατου Yεου (Herod.). But Ham and his posterity were little the better for the deluge in their days…
Read John Trapp on Job 18 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(20) Shall be astonied at his day.—That is, his doom, or destiny. He shall stand forth as a warning and monument to all.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Job 18 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 20. They that come after him] The young shall be struck with astonishment when they hear the relation of the judgments of God upon this wicked man. As they that went before. The aged who were his contemporaries, and who saw the judgments that fell on him, were affrighted, אחזו שער achazu saar, seized with horror - were horrified; or, as Mr. Good has well expressed it, were panic-struck.
Read AdamClarke on Job 18 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges20. They that come after him] The word “him” must be omitted; the expression refers to the later generations of men, as they that went before does to the earlier, those nearer the sinner’s day, but, of course, both expressions describe generations living after the wicked man. Others take the two phrases to mean, they of the West, and they of the East. In the one case the idea is that men’s horror of his memory and fate is eternal, lasting through all generations; in the other that it is universal,—both in the West and in the East. His day is the day of his downfall, Psalms 37:13; Jeremiah 50:27. Job had complained that he was made a “byword of the peoples” ch. Job 17:6; Bildad, with a…
Read Cambridge on Job 18 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThey that come after him - Future ages; they who may hear of his history and of the manner in which he was cut off from life. So the passage has been generally rendered; so, substantially, it is by Dr. Good, Dr.
Read Albert Barnes on Job 18 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Those in the west are appalled at his fate, while those in the east tremble in horror.
Those who come after will be astonished at his day, as those who went before were frightened.
Those in the west are appalled at his fate, while those in the east tremble in horror.
People of the west are appalled at his fate; people of the east are seized with horror, saying,
Tyndale line
They that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.
They that come after shall be astonished at his day, As they that went before were affrighted.
They that come after shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.
They that come after him shall be astonished at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.
The posteritie shalbe astonied at his day, and feare shall come vpon the ancient.
Strictly literal
They that come after shall be astonished at his day, as they that went before [them] were affrighted.
At this day westerns have been astonished And easterns have taken fright.
At this day, those [in the] west have been astonished, || And those [in the] east have taken fright.
Because of his [calamitous] day are they that come after him astonished, and they that went before are seized with shuddering.
Those who live in the west will be horrified at what happens to him one day; those who live in the east will be frightened by it.
From the Latin
They that come after him shall be astonished at his day, and horror shall fall upon them that went before.
Simplified
People of the west are appalled at what happens to them. People of the east are shocked.
At his fate those of the west are shocked, and those of the east are overcome with fear.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of Job 18:20, with all seven words matched. This indicates a consistent understanding of the verse across these texts.
עַל־ י֭וֹמוֹ נָשַׁ֣מּוּ אַחֲרֹנִ֑ים וְ֝קַדְמֹנִ֗ים אָ֣חֲזוּ שָֽׂעַר׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Job 18:20
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep — PrepositionHR
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
יוֹם (yowm) means 'day' and refers to a division of time, contrasting with night. It can denote a literal 24-hour period, a general time span, or even a year. The term is used in various contexts, including the 'day of Yahweh,' which signifies a time of divine judgment. It also appears in phrases indicating temporal references like today, yesterday, and tomorrow.
יוֹם 2285 n.m. day
day, opp. night
Day as division of time
יוֹם י׳ day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment, involving often blessedness for righteous
Pl. days of anyone
Days
יוֹם = time
Phrases
base
H3117 יוֹם day . day, opp. night
. Day as division of time
. יוֹם י׳ day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment, involving often blessedness for righteous
. Pl. days of anyone
. Days
. יוֹם = time
. Phrases
3117 yowm yome
from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm
hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one
sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by
an associated term), (often used adverb):--age, + always, +
chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to)
day, (now a, two) days (agone), + elder, X end, + evening, +
(for) ever(-lasting, -more), X full, life, as (so) long as
(... live), (even) now, + old, + outlived, + perpetually,
presently, + remaineth, X required, season, X since, space,
then, (process of) time, + as at other times, + in trouble,
weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), X whole
(+ age), (full) year(-ly), + younger.
יוֹם (yom) — day.
: day/when/time/period
1) day, time, year
1a) day (as opposed to night)
1b) day (24 hour period)
1b1) as defined by evening and morning in Genesis 1
1b2) as a division of time
1b2a) a working day, a day's journey
1c) days, lifetime (pl.)
1d) time, period (general)
1e) year
1f) temporal references
1f1) today
1f2) yesterday
1f3) tomorrow
יוֹם (yom) — day: old.
: old/(full/many)[days]
1) day, time, year
1a) day (as opposed to night)
1b) day (24 hour period)
1b1) as defined by evening and morning in Genesis 1
1b2) as a division of time
1b2a) a working day, a day's journey
1c) days, lifetime (pl.)
1d) time, period (general)
1e) year
1f) temporal references
1f1) today
1f2) yesterday
1f3) tomorrow
יוֹם (yom) — day: year.
: year[of_days]
1) day, time, year
1a) day (as opposed to night)
1b) day (24 hour period)
1b1) as defined by evening and morning in Genesis 1
1b2) as a division of time
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3ms
שָׁמֵם (shamem) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be desolated or appalled. It is built from a primitive root and encompasses a range of meanings including to stun, devastate, and cause horror. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances like being made desolate or causing desolation.
[שָׁמֵם] vb. be desolated, appalled
Qal
be desolated
be appalled, awestruck
Niph.
be desolated
be appalled
Pō‛.
I sat appalled
transit. appalling, causing horror
Hiph.
devastate, ravage
appal
inwardly trans., shewing horror
Hoph. all the days of (its) being desolate
Hithpō‛.
be appalled, astounded
cause oneself desolation, ruin
base
H8074 [שָׁמֵם] be desolated, appalled
8074 shamem shaw-mame'
a primitive root; to stun (or intransitively, grow numb),
i.e. devastate or (figuratively) stupefy (both usually in a
passive sense):--make amazed, be astonied, (be an)
astonish(-ment), (be, bring into, unto, lay, lie, make)
desolate(-ion, places), be destitute, destroy (self), (lay,
lie, make) waste, wonder.
שָׁמֵם (sha.mem) — be desolate: destroyed.
: destroyed/deserted
1) to be desolate, be appalled, stun, stupefy
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be desolated, be deflowered, be deserted, be appalled
1a2) to be appalled, be awestruck
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be desolated, be made desolate
1b2) to be appalled
1c) (Polel)
1c1) to be stunned
1c2) appalling, causing horror (participle)
1c2a) horror-causer, appaller (subst)
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to devastate, ravage, make desolated
1d2) to appal, show horror
1e) (Hophal) to lay desolate, be desolated
1f) (Hithpolel)
1f1) to cause to be desolate
1f2) to be appalled, be astounded
1f3) to cause oneself desolation, cause oneself ruin
שָׁמֵם (sha.mem) — be desolate: appalled.
: appalled
1) to be desolate, be appalled, stun, stupefy
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be desolated, be deflowered, be deserted, be appalled
1a2) to be appalled, be awestruck
1b) (Niphal)
V-Niphal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Niphal · perfect third person common pluralHVNp3cp
The Hebrew word אַחֲרוֹן (*acharown*) means 'last' or 'coming after.' It can refer to both spatial and temporal contexts, indicating something that is behind or subsequent. The entries highlight its use in describing location (e.g., western) and time (e.g., latter). There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
אַחֲרוֹן 61 f. אַחֲרוֹנָה, pl. אַחֲרֹנִים (also אַחֲרוֹנִים), adj. from אַחַר, coming after or behind
of place, behind, hindermost
of time, latter or last
base
H314 אַחֲרוֹן f. אַחֲרוֹנָה, pl. אַחֲרֹנִים (also אַחֲרוֹנִים), coming after or behind
314 'acharown akh-ar-one'
or (shortened) ;acharon {akh-ar-one'}; from 309; hinder;
generally, late or last; specifically (as facing the east)
western:--after (-ward), to come, following,
hind(-er, -ermost, -most), last, latter, rereward,
ut(ter)most.
see HEBREW for 0309
אַחֲרוֹן (a.cha.ron) — last.
1) behind, following, subsequent, western
1a) behind, hindermost, western (of location)
1b) later, subsequent, latter, last (of time)
Adj — AdjHAampa
קַדְמֹנִי (qadmowniy) means 'former' or 'eastern,' indicating something that is ancient or anterior in time or place. It is derived from the root word for 'east' and can refer to things of old or those that went before. The entries consistently highlight its meanings related to age and direction.
קַדְמֹנִי adj. former, eastern
base
H6931 קַדְמֹנִי former, eastern
6931 qadmowniy kad-mo-nee'
or qadmoniy {kad-mo-nee'}; from 6930; (of time) anterior or
(of place) oriental:--ancient, they that went before, east,
(thing of) old.
see HEBREW for 06930
קַדְמֹנִי (qad.mo.ni) — eastern.
: eastern
1) former, ancient, eastern
1a) former, ancient
1b) eastern
Also means: qad.mo.ni (קַדְמֹנִי ": older" H6931H)
קַדְמֹנִי (qad.mo.ni) — eastern: older.
: older
1) former, ancient, eastern
1a) former, ancient
1b) eastern
Conj | Adj — ConjunctionHC/Aampa
be-for': The translation of a great variety of Hebrew and Greek words. "Haran died before (the English Revised Version "in the presence of," literally "before the face of") his father Terah" (Ge 11:28). To be "before" God is to enjoy His favor (Ps 31:22). "The Syrians before" (Isa 9:12 the Revised Version, margin "on the east," as "behind," owing to the position of Canaan, relative to Syria, implies the west).
The Hebrew word אָחַז (achaz) means to grasp, take hold of, or seize. It has various forms, including Qal (to grasp), Niphal (to be caught), Piel (to enclose), and Hophal (to be fastened). The entries highlight its use in contexts of possession and holding, but do not provide specific verse references.
אָחַז 68 vb. grasp, take hold of, take possession
Qal grasp, take hold of
Niph. be caught
Pi. enclose, overlay
Hoph. fastened
base
H270 אָחַז grasp, take hold of, take possession .grasp, take hold of
. be caught
. enclose, overlay
270 'achaz aw-khaz'
a primitive root; to seize (often with the accessory idea of
holding in possession):--+ be affrighted, bar, (catch, lay,
take) hold (back), come upon, fasten, handle, portion, (get,
have or take) possess(-ion).
אָחַז (a.chaz) — to grasp.
1) grasp, take hold, seize, take possession
1a) (Qal) to grasp, take hold of
1b) (Niphal) to be caught, grasped, be settled
1c) (Piel) to enclose, overlay
1d) (Hophal) fastened
HVqp3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
שַׂ֫עַר (sa'ar) refers to both 'horror' and 'storm' or 'tempest.' It is derived from a root meaning to shudder. The term appears in contexts related to fear and violent weather, with a specific mention in Isaiah 28:2. The lexicons consistently define it in these two ways without significant disagreement.
ref
H8178a שַׂ֫עַר horror H8178b שַׂ֫עַר storm
8178 sa`ar sah'-ar
from 8175; a tempest; also a terror:--affrighted, X
horribly, X sore, storm. See 8181.
see HEBREW for 08175
see HEBREW for 08181
שַׂ֫עַר (sa.ar) — shuddering.
terror, horror
שַׂ֫עַר (sa.ar) — storm.
storm, tempest,
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa