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Isaiah 37:25 — Word Study

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WLCאֲנִ֥י קַ֖רְתִּי וְשָׁתִ֣יתִי מָ֑יִם וְאַחְרִב֙ בְּכַף־ פְּעָמַ֔י כֹּ֖ל יְאֹרֵ֥י מָצֽוֹר׃

BSAIʼănîy [the Assyrian king, personally] have dug wellsqûwr [excavated, made water-holes] and drunk [foreign]shâthâh [feasted on, enjoyed, distant, exotic] watersmayim [sources of refreshment] With the soleskaph [palm, underside] of my feetpaʻam I have dried upchârab [desolated, destroyed] allkôl [every single one, the entirety] the streamsyᵉʼôr [rivers, watercourses, like the Nile] of Egyptmâtsôwr [the land of the Nile, a place of siege]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 37
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 25 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ma.Tzor) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 37:25quick helps
In a sentenceThe Assyrian king boasts of his conquests, claiming control over foreign waters and the streams of Egypt.
Who is speakingThe Assyrian king, asserting his power and achievements.
Where we areThe king is responding to taunts made against the Lord, detailing his perceived victories.
The hard wordחָרֵב
Take awayThe king's words reflect a sense of dominance over nature and nations.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Ellicott, AdamClarke & more — read them › clause subjectאֲנִי verbקוּר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 37:25

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Assyrian King's Tauntgenerated

24Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest heights, the densest of its forests.
25I have dug wells and drunk foreign waters. With the soles of my feet I have dried up all the streams of Egypt.”
26Have you not heard? Long ago I ordained it; in days of old I planned it. Now I have brought it to pass, that you should crush fortified cities into piles of rubble.
27Therefore their inhabitants, devoid of power, are dismayed and ashamed. They are like plants in the field, tender green shoots, grass on the rooftops, scorched before it is grown.

Isaiah 37:25 is part of a larger narrative where the Assyrian king boasts about his military conquests and power over nations, particularly targeting the people of Israel. This verse highlights his arrogance as he claims to have dug wells and drunk from foreign waters, suggesting he has taken control of distant lands. The context reveals the king's intent to intimidate and belittle those who oppose him, especially the people of God.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 36:12But the Rabshakeh replied, “Has my master sent me to speak these words only to you and your master, and not to the men sitting on the wall, who are destined with you to eat their own dung and drink their own urine?”
21 Kings 20:10Then Ben-hadad sent another message to Ahab: “May the gods deal with me, and ever so severely, if enough dust remains of Samaria for each of my men to have a handful.”
32 Kings 19:23–24Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest outposts, the densest of its forests.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 3 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word אֲנִי, 'a.Nigenerated

The word אֲנִי (aniy) is a first-person singular pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me.' It emphasizes the speaker's personal involvement and authority, as seen in the king's declaration of his actions. This word is fundamental in Hebrew, often used to assert identity and agency.

In this verse, the use of אֲנִי signifies the king's pride and self-importance as he recounts his achievements, reinforcing his claim to power over the lands he has conquered.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations agree on the meaning of the verse, with all versions reflecting the Assyrian king's claims of conquest and control over Egyptian waters.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb קַ֖רְתִּי (Kar.ti), meaning 'I have dug,' governs the main clause, with additional phrases detailing the actions taken by the king. The structure emphasizes the king's direct involvement in these feats.

The sentence is constructed with a series of actions linked by conjunctions, showcasing the king's accomplishments in a boastful manner. The use of the prepositional phrase 'with the soles of my feet' adds a vivid image of his dominance over the land.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates מָ֑יִם as ὕδατα (hudata), indicating a direct correspondence to the Hebrew term for water, maintaining the focus on the king's claim of control over water sources.

This choice reflects the importance of water in the context of conquest and power, emphasizing the king's assertion of dominance over Egypt's vital resources.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 37:25 shows the Assyrian king declaring his power by stating he has dug wells and drunk from foreign waters, and that he has dried up all the streams of Egypt. This verse illustrates his arrogance and the extent of his conquests.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the Assyrian king mean by 'foreign waters'?

The term refers to water sources from lands he has conquered, symbolizing his control over distant territories.

Why does the king boast about drying up the streams of Egypt?

This boast signifies his perceived power and dominance over Egypt, a land known for its vital waterways.

How does this verse reflect the king's attitude?

The king's words reveal a sense of pride and arrogance, as he attributes his victories to his own strength and abilities.

What is the significance of the phrase 'with the soles of my feet'?

This phrase emphasizes the king's physical dominance and control over the land, suggesting he has walked over and claimed it.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does this verse reveal about the Assyrian king's view of his power?
  2. How can we understand the significance of water in the context of conquest?
  3. What does the king's boast tell us about the nature of pride and arrogance?
  4. In what ways can we see similar attitudes reflected in leaders today?

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 37:25 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

I have digged, and drunk water,.... In places where he came, and found no water for his army, he set his soldiers to work, to dig cisterns, as the Targum, or wells, so that they had water sufficient

Read John Gill on Isaiah 37 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

I have digged, and drunk water; and with the sole of my feet have I dried up all the rivers of the besieged places. I have digged, and drunk water.

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 37 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(25) I have digged, and drunk water . . .—This, again, was one of the common boasts of the Assyrian conquerors. It was Sennacherib’s special glory, as recorded in his inscriptions, that he had provided cities with water which were before scantily supplied, that he had made wells even in the deserts (Records of the Past, i. 29, 31, 9:23). All the rivers of the besieged places.—As the words stand, they suggest the thought that the Assyrian army could cut off the supply of water as well as provide it, and so connect themselves with the Rabshakeh’s taunt in Isaiah 36:12. Their true meaning, however, is probably, as in Isaiah 19:6; Micah 7:12, “the rivers or canals of Egypt,” a form being used…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 37 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 25. Water - "Strange waters"] The word זרים zarim, strange, lost out of the Hebrew text in this place, is supplied from the other copy. A MS. supplies the word רבים rabbim, many, instead of it. With the sole of my feet] With my infantry. All the rivers of the besieged places - "All the canals of fenced places."] The principal cities of Egypt, the scene of his late exploits, were chiefly defended by deep moats, canals, or large lakes, made by labour and art, with which they were surrounded. See Harmer's Observ. ii. p. 304. Claudian introduces Alaric boasting of his conquests in the same extravagant manner: - "Subsidere nostris Sub pedibus montes; arescere vidimus amnes.__ Fregi Alpes…

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 37 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

25. I have digged … water] I (again emphatic) dig and drink foreign waters. The word “foreign” is to be supplied from 2 Kings 19:24. For the expression cf. Proverbs 9:17; Proverbs 5:15. all the rivers of the besieged places] Render with R.V. all the rivers (lit. “Nile-streams”) of Egypt. See on ch. Isaiah 19:6. The extravagant hyperbole covers an empty boast; no Assyrian army had ever yet set foot in Egypt, and Sennacherib was not destined to see his dream fulfilled.

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 37 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

I have digged - That is, I have digged wells. This was regarded among eastern nations as an important achievement.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 37 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

25. Each verse along here shows a strophical character — parties speaking in turn. Sennacherib is now the speaker.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Isaiah 37 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

I have dug wells and drunk foreign waters. With the soles of my feet I have dried up all the streams of Egypt.”

WEBWorld English Bible2000

I have dug and drunk water, and with the sole of my feet I will dry up all the rivers of Egypt.”

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

I have dug wells and drunk foreign waters. With the soles of my feet I have dried up all the streams of Egypt.”

NETBNew English Translation2006

I dug wells and drank water. With the soles of my feet I dried up all the rivers of Egypt.’

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

I have digged, and drunk water; and with the sole of my feet have I dried up all the rivers of the besieged places.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

I have digged and drunk water, and with the sole of my feet will I dry up all the rivers of Egypt.

RVARevised Version, American1894

I have digged and drunk water, and with the sole of my feet will I dry up all the rivers of Egypt.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

I have digged, and drank water; and with the sole of my feet have I dried up all the rivers of the besieged places.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

I haue digged and drunke the waters, and with the plant of my feete haue I dryed all the riuers closed in.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

I have digged and drunk water; and with the sole of my feet have I dried up all the streams of Matsor.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

I — I have dug and drunk waters, And I dry up with the sole of my steps All floods of a bulwark.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

I have dug and drunk waters, || And I dry up with the sole of my steps || All floods of a bulwark.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

I have dug, and drunk water; and I will dry up with the sole of my feet all the streams of besieged places.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

I have dug wells and drunk water; I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet.'

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

I have digged, and drunk water, and have dried up with the sole of my foot, all the rivers shut up in banks.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

I have dug wells and drunk water in foreign lands. With the soles of my feet I dried up all the rivers in Egypt.’”

BBEBible in Basic English1949

I have made water-holes and taken their waters, and with my foot I have made all the rivers of Egypt dry.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausesubjectאֲנִ֥יIverbקַ֖רְתִּיI.have.dugוְandclauseverbשָׁתִ֣יתִיI.have.drunkobjectמָ֑יִםwaterוְandclauseverbאַחְרִב֙I.have.dried.upprepositional phrase · prepositionalבְּwithnoun phraseכַףthe.solenoun phraseפְּעָמַ֔my.feetיmynoun phrase · objectכֹּ֖לallnoun phraseיְאֹרֵ֥יthe.canalsמָצֽוֹרof.Egypt

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls align closely, with both versions preserving the core message of the Assyrian king's boast. The Septuagint, while differing in word order, captures the essence of the claims made in the Hebrew text.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

אֲנִ֥י קַ֖רְתִּי וְשָׁתִ֣יתִי מָ֑יִם וְאַחְרִב֙ בְּכַף־ פְּעָמַ֔י כֹּ֖ל יְאֹרֵ֥י מָצֽוֹר׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
מָ֑יִםὕδαταכֹּ֖לπᾶσανיְאֹרֵ֥יσυναγωγὴνמָצֽוֹר׃ὕδατος

4 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

אני קראתי ושתיתי מים זרים ואחריבה בכפ פעמ׳י כול יארי מצור

11 words on the leather.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 37:25אֲנִיIIאֲנִיקוּרI have dugI have dugקוּרשָׁתָהand I have and I have drunשָׁתָהמַיwaterwaterמַיחָרֵבso I may drso I may dry upחָרֵבכַּףwith [the] with [the] soleכַּףפַּ֫עַםfeet myfeet myפַּ֫עַםכֹּלallallכֹּליְאֹר[the] canal[the] canals ofיְאֹרמָצוֹרEgyptEgyptמָצוֹראָֽנֹכִ֫יIIאָֽנֹכִ֫יקִירwallwallקִירכָּפַףto bendto bendכָּפַףפָּעַםto troubleto troubleפָּעַםכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלשָׁקָהto water: to water: waterשָׁקָהמָצוֹרsiegesiegeמָצוֹרשָׁתָהto drinkto drinkשָׁתָהנְאֻםutteranceutteranceנְאֻםיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַעבְּאֵרwellwellבְּאֵרשֵׁכָרstrong dristrong drinkשֵׁכָריַ֫יִןwinewineיַ֫יִןרָחַץto wash: wto wash: washרָחַץיָשַׁםbe desolatbe desolateיָשַׁםיָבֵשׁto witherto witherיָבֵשׁפָּרַשׂto spreadto spreadפָּרַשׂרֶ֫גֶלfootfootרֶ֫גֶל
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 37:25

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
אֲנִ֥י'a.Ni I H589 Pronoun
874× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is a simple way of saying 'I' or 'me', often used for emphasis. It is used by people like David in the Psalms to express their thoughts and feelings. The word is a basic part of the Hebrew language.
Amplified meaning
the Assyrian king, personally
Tyndale gloss
I
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֲנִי, transliterated as aniy, is a first-person singular pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me.' It is often used for emphasis and can also imply possession, as in 'mine' or 'myself.' The word is derived from a form that indicates self-reference, and it appears in various contexts throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֲנִי, אָ֑נִי pron. 1s. comm. I

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H589 אֲנִי, אָ֑נִי I

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

589 'aniy an-ee'

contracted from 595; I:--I, (as for) me, mine, myself, we, X

which, X who.

see HEBREW for 0595

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֲנִי (a.ni) — I.

I (first pers. sing. -usually used for emphasis)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp1bs
I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
קַ֖רְתִּיKar.ti I have dug H6979 Verb · Qal · perfect first person common singular
6× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to destroy or break down something, whether physical or metaphorical. It can also mean to dig or throw something out. The KJV translates it as 'break down' or 'destroy'.
Amplified meaning
excavated, made water-holes
Tyndale gloss
to dig
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קוּר (quwr) is a Hebrew root meaning primarily 'to dig' or 'to bore,' often in the context of digging for water. It also has implications of breaking down or destroying, as seen in its various forms. The related word קָרַר (qa.rar) means 'to be cold' or 'to cool,' and can also imply destruction in certain contexts, such as in Isaiah 22:5.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[קוּר] vb. bore, dig

base

[קָרַר] vb. be cold;—Hiph. make or keep cool

base

[קָרַר] vb. Pilp. tear down(?);—only Is 22:5

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6979a קוּר bore, dig H6979b קָרַר be cold H6979c קָרַר Pilp. tear down(?)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6979 quwr koor

a primitive root; to trench; by implication, to throw forth;

also (denominative from 7023) to wall up, whether literal (to

build a wall) or figurative (to estop):--break down, cast

out, destroy, dig.

see HEBREW for 07023

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קוּר (qur) — to dig.

(Qal) to bore, dig, dig for water

קָרַר (qa.rar) — to cool.

to be cold

קָרַר (qa.rar) — to destroy.

(Pilpel) destroy, break down

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-1cs — Verb · Qal · perfect first person common singular
HVqp1cs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
וְשָׁתִ֣יתִיve.sha.Ti.ti and I have drunk H8354 Conjunction · verb qal perfect first person common singular
217× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to drink, and it's used in many ways, like drinking from a cup or feasting. It's also used to describe being drunk or taking part in a big celebration. We see it in stories like the Last Supper in Matthew 26:27.
Amplified meaning
feasted on, enjoyed, distant, exotic
Tyndale gloss
to drink
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁתָה (shathah) means 'to drink' and can refer to both literal drinking and figurative uses, such as feasting or experiencing God's wrath. It is a primitive root that appears in various forms, including Qal and Niphal, indicating actions like drinking and being drunk. The lexicons note its connection to the Aramaic equivalent שְׁתָה (she.tah), but do not present significant disagreements.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁתָה 217 vb. drink

Qal 216

Niph. all which is (may be) drunk

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8354 שָׁתָה drink

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8354 shathah shaw-thaw'

a primitive root; to imbibe (literally or figuratively):--X

assuredly, banquet, X certainly, drink(-er, -ing), drunk

(X -ard), surely. (Prop. intensive of 8248.)

see HEBREW for 08248

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁתָה (sha.tah) — to drink.

1) to drink

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to drink

1a1a) of drinking cup of God's wrath, of slaughter, of wicked deeds (fig)

1a2) to feast

1b) (Niphal) to be drunk

Aramaic equivalent: she.tah (שְׁתָה "to drink" H8355)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-Perf-1cs — Conjunction · verb qal perfect first person common singular
HC/Vqp1cs
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Drunk

The first case of intoxication on record is that of Noah (Gen. 9:21). The sin of drunkenness is frequently and strongly condemned (Rom. 13:13; 1 Cor. 6:9, 10; Eph. 5:18; 1 Thess. 5:7, 8). The sin of drinking to excess seems to have been not uncommon among the Israelites.

The word is used figuratively, when men are spoken of as being drunk with sorrow, and with the wine of God’s wrath (Isa. 63:6; Jer. 51:57; Ezek. 23:33). To “add drunkenness to thirst” (

I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
מָ֑יִםMa.yim water H4325 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
581× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means water, referring to a liquid or a source of refreshment. It appears in the Bible as a literal and figurative term, including references to wasting or urine. The word is used in various contexts, such as in Genesis and Leviticus.
Amplified meaning
sources of refreshment
Tyndale gloss
Water (Gate)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַי (mayim) is a Hebrew word meaning 'water' and is used in the plural form. It encompasses various meanings, including literal water, urine, and metaphorical uses related to refreshment or danger. The entries indicate it is derived from a primitive noun and is primarily referenced in contexts involving water.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מַי] 580 n.m. only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4325 מַי only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4325 mayim mah'-yim

dual of a primitive noun (but used in a singular sense);

water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen:--+

piss, wasting, water(-ing, (-course, -flood, -spring)).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַי (ma.yim) — water.

1) water, waters

1a) water

1b) water of the feet, urine

1c) of danger, violence, transitory things, refreshment (fig.)

מַי (ma.yim) — Water (Gate).

This name means water, refreshment

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

wo'-ter (mayim; hudor):

(1) The Greek philosophers believed water to be the original substance and that all things were made from it. The Koran states, "From water we have made all things." In the story of the creation (Ge 1:2) water plays an elemental part.

(2) Because of the scarcity of water in Palestine it is especially appreciated by the people there. They love to go and sit by a stream of running water. Men long for a taste of the water of their native village (1Ch 11:17). A town or village is known throughout the country for the quality of its water, which is described by many adjectives, such as "light," "heavy," etc.

(3) The rainfall is the only source of supply of water for Palestine. The moisture is carried up from the sea in clouds and falls on the hills as rain or snow.…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See CISTERN and WELLS.

In Isa 35:7, the Hebrew word for "parched ground" that shall become a pool of water, is the same with the Arabic term for the mirage, a peculiar optical illusion by which travelers in hot and dry deserts think they see broad lakes and flowing waters; they seem to discern the very ripple of the waves, and the swaying of tail trees on the margin in the cool breeze; green hills and houses and city ramparts rise before the astonished sight, recede as the traveler advances, and at length melt away in the hot haze. Not so the blessings of the gospel; they are no alluring mockery, but real waters of everlasting life, Isa 55:1 Joh 4:14 Re 22:1. Compare

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Creation of Ps 148:4,5

→ Covered the whole earth Ge 1:9

→ Daily allowance of Eze 4:11

→ City waterworks 2Ki 20:20

→ Vision of, by Ezekiel Eze 47:1-5

→ Of separation Nu 19:2-22

→ Libation of 1Sa 7:6

→ Irrigation with

See IRRIGATION

→ Miraculously supplied

To the Israelites Ex 17:1,6; Nu 20:11

To Samson Jud 15:19

Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- One of the elements of the world

Ge 1:2

- GOD ORIGINALLY

. Created the firmament to divide

Ge 1:6,7

. Collected into one place

Ge 1:9

. Created fowls and fishes, &c from

Ge 1:20,21

- Necessary to vegetation

Ge 2:5,6; Job 14:9; Isa 1:30

- Some plants particularly require

Job 8:11

- Necessary to the comfort and happiness of man

Isa 41:17; Zec 9:11

- COLLECTED IN

. Springs

I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
וְאַחְרִב֙ve.'ach.Riv so I may dry up H2717 Conjunction · verb hiphil first person common singular
40× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To slay or destroy is the meaning of this Hebrew word, which can also mean to dry up or desolate something. It is used to describe fighting, attacking, or laying waste.
Amplified meaning
desolated, destroyed
Tyndale gloss
to dry
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָרֵב (charab) is a Hebrew verb with meanings related to dryness and destruction. It can refer to being dry or dried up, as well as to making something waste or desolate. Additionally, it can mean to attack or slay. The entries indicate a range of uses, from physical desiccation to metaphorical desolation, but do not present any significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[חָרֵב] vb. be dry, dried up

Qal be dry, dried up

Pu. of fresh bow-strings

Hiph. of י׳ drying up rivers

base

[חָרֵב] be waste, desolate

Qal be waste, desolate

Niph. as adj., desolate city

Hiph. lay waste, make desolate

Hoph. she is laid waste

base

[חָרַב] vb. (Aram. and rare) attack, smite down

Qal attack

Niph. the kings have attacked one another, fought together

Hoph. 2 K 3:23

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2717a חָרֵב be dry, dried up H2717b חָרֵב be waste, desolate H2717c חָרַב attack, smite down

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2717 charab khaw-rab'

or chareb {khaw-rabe'}; a primitive root; to parch (through

drought) i.e. (by analogy,) to desolate, destroy, kill:--

decay, (be) desolate, destroy(-er), (be) dry (up), slay, X

surely, (lay, lie, make) waste.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָרֵב (cha.rev) — to dry.

1) to be dry, be dried up

1a) (Qal) to be dried, be dried up

1b) (Pual) to be dried

1c) (Hiphil) to dry up

1d) (Hophal) to be dried up

חָרֵב (cha.rev) — to destroy.

1) to be waste, lay waste, make desolate, be desolate, be in ruins

1a) (Qal) to be waste, be desolate

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be made desolate

1b2) desolate (participle)

1c) (Hiphil) to lay waste, make desolate

1d) (Hophal) to be laid waste

Aramaic equivalent: cha.rav (חֲרַב "be wasted" H2718)

חָרַב (cha.rav) — to slay.

to attack, smite down, slay, fight

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Hiphil-Imperf-1cs — Conjunction · verb hiphil first person common singular
HC/Vhu1cs
I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
בְּכַף־be.khaf- with [the] sole of H3709 Preposition · noun common feminine singular construct
193× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word refers to the palm of the hand, like in Exodus 29 where it describes the priest's hands being filled with offerings. It can also symbolize power or strength, like in Psalm 16. It's about the hand or its shape.
Amplified meaning
palm, underside
Tyndale gloss
palm
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כַּף (kaph) refers to the hollow or flat part of the hand, including the palm and the sole of the foot. It can also denote power and is used to describe various hollow objects, such as bowls or handles. The word encompasses a range of meanings related to the shape and function of hands and feet, as well as items that are hand-shaped.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כַּף 192 n.f. hollow, or flat of the hand, palm, sole of foot, hand

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3709 כַּף hollow, or flat of the hand, palm, sole of foot, hand

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3709 kaph kaf

from 3721; the hollow hand or palm (so of the paw of an

animal, of the sole, and even of the bowl of a dish or sling,

the handle of a bolt, the leaves of a palm-tree);

figuratively, power:--branch, + foot, hand((-ful), -dle,

(-led)), hollow, middle, palm, paw, power, sole, spoon.

see HEBREW for 03721

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כַּף (kaph) — palm.

: palm/hand

1) palm, hand, sole, palm of the hand, hollow or flat of the hand

1a) palm, hollow or flat of the hand

1b) power

1c) sole (of the foot)

1d) hollow, objects, bending objects, bent objects

1d1) of thigh-joint

1d2) pan, vessel (as hollow)

1d3) hollow (of sling)

1d4) hand-shaped branches or fronds (of palm trees)

1d5) handles (as bent)

כַּף (kaph) — palm: sole.

: sole/paw

1) palm, hand, sole, palm of the hand, hollow or flat of the hand

1a) palm, hollow or flat of the hand

1b) power

1c) sole (of the foot)

1d) hollow, objects, bending objects, bent objects

1d1) of thigh-joint

1d2) pan, vessel (as hollow)

1d3) hollow (of sling)

1d4) hand-shaped branches or fronds (of palm trees)

1d5) handles (as bent)

כַּף (kaph) — palm: dish.

: dish/socket

1) palm, hand, sole, palm of the hand, hollow or flat of the hand

1a) palm, hollow or flat of the hand

1b) power

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular construct
HR/Ncfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
פְּעָמַ֔יpe.'a.Mai feet my H6471 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
118× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a beat or stroke, like a footstep or a blow. It can also mean a time or occurrence, and is used in the Bible to describe things like a single step or a repeated action.
Tyndale gloss
beat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פַּ֫עַם (pa'am) refers to a beat or stroke, and encompasses meanings such as foot, anvil, and occurrence. It can denote a footstep or time, indicating repetitions like once, twice, or thrice. The word is built from a root that suggests various applications related to rhythm and timing.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פַּ֫עַם 118 n.f. beat, foot, anvil, occurrence

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6471 פַּ֫עַם beat, foot, anvil, occurrence

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6471 pa`am pah'-am

or (feminine) pa;amah {pah-am-aw'}; from 6470; a stroke,

literally or figuratively (in various applications, as

follow):--anvil, corner, foot(-step), going, (hundred-)fold,

X now, (this) + once, order, rank, step, + thrice, ((often-)),

second, this, two) time(-s), twice, wheel.

see HEBREW for 06470

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פַּ֫עַם (pa.am) — beat.

1) stroke, beat, foot, step, anvil, occurrence

1a) foot, hoof-beat, footfall, footstep

1b) anvil

1c) occurrence, time, stroke, beat

1c1) one time, once, twice, thrice, as time on time, at this repetition, this once, now at length, now...now, at one time...at another

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp1bs
I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
כֹּ֖לkol all H3605 Noun common · masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
every single one, the entirety
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
יְאֹרֵ֥יye.'o.Rei [the] canals of H2975 Noun common · masculine plural construct
65× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A stream or river, like the Nile, is what this word refers to. It can also mean a canal, watercourse, or even a mining shaft, emphasizing the flow of water.
Amplified meaning
rivers, watercourses, like the Nile
Tyndale gloss
stream
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יְאֹר (ye'or) refers to a stream or canal, specifically associated with the Nile River in Egypt. It encompasses various watercourses, including collateral canals and trenches, and can also denote rivers in general. The term is of Egyptian origin and highlights the significance of the Nile as a primary water source.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יְאֹר, יְאוֹר n.m. stream of the Nile, stream, canal

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2975 יְאֹר, יְאוֹר stream of the Nile, stream, canal

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2975 y`or yeh-ore'

of Egyptian origin; a channel, e.g. a fosse, canal, shaft;

specifically the Nile, as the one river of Egypt, including

its collateral trenches; also the Tigris, as the main river of

Assyria:--brook, flood, river, stream.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יְאֹר (ye.or) — Nile.

This name means river, stream, canal

Also named: shi.chor (שִׁיחוֹר "Nile" H7883H)

יְאֹר (ye.or) — stream.

1) river, stream, canal, Nile, Nile-canal

1a) stream, river (Nile)

1b) Nile-arms, Nile-canals

1c) watercourses

1d) shafts (mining)

1e) river (in general)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural construct
HNcmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

I I have dug and I have drunk water so I may dry up with [the] sole of feet my all [the] canals of Egypt
מָצֽוֹר׃ma.Tzor Egypt H4693 Noun proper
5× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is another name for Egypt, meaning a place of siege or fortified area. It's used in the Bible to describe Egypt's borders, such as in 2 Kings 19:24. It's related to the Hebrew word for Egypt, Mizraim.
Amplified meaning
the land of the Nile, a place of siege
Tyndale gloss
Egypt
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָצוֹר (matsowr) refers to Egypt, often in a poetic context. It is derived from a root meaning 'limit' or 'siege,' and is linked to fortified places or defenses. The term is primarily used as a proper noun for Egypt, indicating its geographical significance.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָצוֹר n.pr.terr. = מִצְרַיִם; only poet.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4693 מָצוֹר only poet.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4693 matsowr maw-tsore'

the same as 4692 in the sense of a limit; Egypt (as the

border of Palestine):--besieged places, defense, fortified.

see HEBREW for 04692

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָצוֹר (ma.tsor) — Egypt.

"Matsor", a name for Egypt

Another spelling of mits.ra.yim (מִצְרַ֫יִם "Egypt" H4714G)

This name means siege, entrenchment

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

e'-jipt:

I. THE COUNTRY

1. The Basis of the Land 2. The Nile Valley 3. Earliest Human Remains 4. Climate 5. Conditions of Life 6. The Nile 7. The Fauna 8. The Flora 9. The Prehistoric Races

II. THE HISTORY

1. 1st and 2nd Ages: Prehistoric 2. 3d Age: Ist and IInd Dynasties 3. 4th Age: IIIrd through VIth Dynasties 4. 5th Age: VIIth through XIVth Dynasties 5. 6th Age: XVth through XXIVth Dynasties 6. 7th Age: XXVth Dynasty to Roman Times 7. 8th Age: Arabic 8. Early Foreign Connections

III. THE OLD TESTAMENT CONNECTIONS

1. Semitic Connections 2. Abramic Times 3. Circumcision 4. Joseph 5. Descent into Egypt 6. The Oppression 7. The Historic Position 8. The Plagues 9. Date of the Exodus 10. Route of the Exodus 11. Numbers of the Exodus 12. Israel in Canaan 13. Hadad 14. Pharaoh's Daughter 15. Shishak 16. Zerakh 17. The Ethiopians 18. Tahpanhes 19. Hophra 20. The Jews of Syene 21. The New Jerusalem…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Egypt

The land of the Nile and the pyramids, the oldest kingdom of which we have any record, holds a place of great significance in Scripture.

The Egyptians belonged to the white race, and their original home is still a matter of dispute. Many scholars believe that it was in Southern Arabia, and recent excavations have shown that the valley of the Nile was originally inhabited by a low-class population, perhaps belonging to the Nigritian stock, before the Egyptians of history entered it. The ancient Egyptian language, of which the latest form is Coptic, is distantly connected with the Semitic family of speech.

Egypt consists geographically of two halves, the northern being the Delta, and the southern Upper Egypt, between Cairo and the First Cataract. In the Old Testament, Northern or Lower Egypt is called Mazor, “the fortified land” (Isa.…

A celebrated country in the north of Africa, at the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Hebrews called it Mizraim, Ge 10:6, and hence it is now called by the Arabs, Mizr. The Greeks and Romans called it Aegyptus, whence Egypt; but the origin of this name is unknown.

The habitable land of Egypt is for the most part a great valley, through which the river Nile pours its waters, extending in a straight line from north to south, and skirted on the east and west by ranges of mountains, which approach and recede from the river more or less in different parts. Where this valley terminates, towards the north, the Nile divides itself, about forty or fifty miles from the seacoast, into several arms, which inclose the so-called Delta. The ancients numbered seven arms and mouths; the eastern was that of Pelusium, now that of Tineh; and the…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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