Isaiah 32:16 — Word Study
WLCוְשָׁכַ֥ן בַּמִּדְבָּ֖ר מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּצְדָקָ֖ה בַּכַּרְמֶ֥ל תֵּשֵֽׁב׃
BSAThen justicemishpâṭ [righteous judgment] will inhabitshâkan [dwell, reside] the wildernessmidbâr [desert, open field] ◂and righteousnesstsᵉdâqâh [virtue, moral integrity] will dwellyâshab▸ [remain, abide] in the fertile fieldkarmel [fruitful, productive, plantation, garden-land]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְשָׁכַ֥ן | and it will dwell | Verb, Qal, sequential perfect third person masculine singular |
| בַּמִּדְבָּ֖ר | in the wilderness | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| מִשְׁפָּ֑ט | justice | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וּצְדָקָ֖ה | and righteousness | Conjunction, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| בַּכַּרְמֶ֥ל | in the orchard | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| תֵּשֵֽׁב׃ | it will remain | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person feminine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Then justice will inhabit the wilderness, and righteousness will dwell in the fertile field. |
| KJV | Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness remain in the fruitful field. |
| ASV | Then justice shall dwell in the wilderness; and righteousness shall abide in the fruitful field. |
| YLT | And dwelt in the wilderness hath judgment, And righteousness in the fruitful field remaineth. |
| WEB | Then justice will dwell in the wilderness; and righteousness will remain in the fruitful field. |
| BBE | Then in the waste land there will be an upright rule, and righteousness will have its place in the fertile field. |
Where they part company is in their rendering of מִשְׁפָּט and צְדָקָה — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has one main clause with two subjects and several phrases indicating location and action.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectמִשְׁפָּט
verbשָׁכַן
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 32:16
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Vision of Justice and Righteousnessgenerated
Isaiah 32:16 presents a prophetic vision where justice and righteousness are depicted as residing in the wilderness and fertile fields, suggesting a transformation of desolate areas into places of moral integrity and order. This verse is part of a larger passage that describes the effects of God's Spirit being poured out, leading to peace and security for His people, as seen in verses 15-18.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 35:8 | And there will be a highway called the Way of Holiness. The unclean will not travel it— only those who walk in the Way— and fools will not stray onto it. |
| 2 | Isaiah 42:4 | He will not grow weak or discouraged before He has established justice on the earth. In His law the islands will put their hope.” |
| 3 | Isaiah 56:6–8 | And the foreigners who join themselves to the LORD to minister to Him, to love the name of the LORD, and to be His servants— all who keep the Sabbath without profaning it and who hold fast to My covenant— |
| 4 | Isaiah 60:21 | Then all your people will be righteous; they will possess the land forever; they are the branch of My planting, the work of My hands, so that I may be glorified. |
| 5 | Psalm 94:14–15 | For the LORD will not forsake His people; He will never abandon His heritage. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 10 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — מִשְׁפָּ֑ט, mish.Patgenerated
The Hebrew word מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) means justice or judgment, encompassing legal rights and decisions. It is derived from a root that signifies pronouncing a verdict, thus covering both divine and human law. This word is often used in contexts that emphasize God's righteous judgment, as well as the establishment of justice in society.
In this verse, מִשְׁפָּט signifies a foundational aspect of God's governance, indicating that true justice will inhabit the wilderness, a place typically devoid of order. This highlights the transformative power of divine justice in restoring and establishing righteousness.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb וְשָׁכַ֥ן (and it will dwell) governs the structure, with two subjects, מִשְׁפָּ֑ט and צְדָקָ֖ה, both indicating what will dwell in the specified locations. The prepositional phrases בַּמִּדְבָּ֖ר and בַּכַּרְמֶ֥ל specify the locations of this dwelling.
The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the subjects of justice and righteousness, indicating their importance in the context of the wilderness and the orchard. This structure highlights the contrast between desolation and fertility.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates וְשָׁכַ֥ן as ἀναπαύσεται, which means 'will rest' or 'will dwell.' This choice suggests a nuanced understanding of the dwelling of justice as not just a physical presence but also a state of peace and rest.
The term for justice in the Septuagint is κρίμα, indicating a focus on judgment, which aligns with the Hebrew meaning but may emphasize the legal aspect more than the relational aspect found in the Hebrew.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 32:16 describes a time when justice and righteousness will be present in the wilderness and fertile fields. This means that even in places that seem desolate, God's justice will bring order and goodness. The passage emphasizes the transformation of the land and the people through God's influence.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It signifies that God's justice will bring order and righteousness even to desolate or neglected places, transforming them into areas of moral integrity.
Righteousness in the fertile field indicates that moral integrity and virtue will thrive in productive and fruitful areas, reflecting God's blessings.
The wilderness symbolizes desolation and lack of life, making the promise of justice and righteousness inhabiting it a powerful image of hope and restoration.
The orchard represents abundance and productivity, suggesting that where justice and righteousness dwell, there will be life, growth, and peace.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what areas of my life do I need to invite God's justice and righteousness?
- How can I be a source of justice and righteousness in my community?
- What does it mean for me to dwell in a place of righteousness?
- How can I encourage others to seek justice and righteousness in their lives?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 32:16 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThen judgment shall dwell in the wilderness,.... In the desert part of the world, inhabited by Pagans, Papists, and Mahometans; where the Scriptures, the rule of judgment, and where the Gospel,
Read John Gill on Isaiah 32 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThen judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness remain in the fruitful field. Judgment - justice. Shall dwell in the wilderness - then reclaimed.
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 32 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleJudgment; just judgment, as the next clause explains it. Justice shall be executed in all the parts of the land, both in the barren and fruitful places, and shall be practised by all my people; which agrees with that promise, , Thy people shall be all righteous, &c.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 32 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 32:16 Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness remain in the fruitful field.Ver. 16. Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness.] In this and the next verse, he setteth forth the sweet effects of God’ s Spirit in the saints, in hypocrites also, when once they come to be converted; these are "righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost." By "righteousness" and "judgment" there is to be understood the righteousness of faith, together with all those good works, the fruits thereof - obedience, I mean, which Luther was wont to call fidem incarnatam Faith incarnate.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 32 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(16) Then judgment shall dwell . . .—Outward blessings, themselves symbols of something beyond themselves, are followed by spiritual. Over the whole country, from the one extreme of cultivation to the other, the judgment and righteousness which had been so lacking should now find a home, and bring their blessed fruits of peace, and confidence, and calm. The whole picture is that of a smiling land, a God-fearing and contented people, all in striking contrast with the panic and unrest with which the people had been but too familiar.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 32 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges16. “Judgment” and “righteousness,” the foundations of social order (ch. Isaiah 1:21; Isaiah 1:26 f., Isaiah 28:17), shall then be established throughout the land. The “wilderness” (i.e. untilled pasture-land) is not annihilated, only pushed further into the desert proper; even there the reign of right extends.
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 32 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThen judgment shall dwell - Or, justice shall make its appropriate dwelling-place there. In the wilderness - In the place that was a wilderness, but that shall now be turned to a fruitful field.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 32 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible15-17. Until the Spirit be poured upon us — Then shall begin the dispensation of the great moral changes referred to in Isaiah 32:1-8. The captivity will sift the just from the unjust and disobedient. The remnant shall return.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Isaiah 32 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Then justice will inhabit the wilderness, and righteousness will dwell in the fertile field.
Then justice will dwell in the wilderness; and righteousness will remain in the fruitful field.
Then justice will inhabit the wilderness, and righteousness will dwell in the fertile field.
Justice will settle down in the desert and fairness will live in the orchard.
Tyndale line
Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness remain in the fruitful field.
Then justice shall dwell in the wilderness; and righteousness shall abide in the fruitful field.
Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness shall abide in the fruitful field.
Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness remain in the fruitful field.
And iudgement shall dwel in the desert, and iustice shall remaine in the fruitfull fielde.
Strictly literal
And judgment shall inhabit the wilderness, and righteousness dwell in the fruitful field.
And dwelt in the wilderness hath judgment, And righteousness in the fruitful field remaineth.
And judgment has dwelt in the wilderness, || And righteousness remains in the fruitful field.
Then shall justice dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness abide in the fruitful field.
Then justice will reside in the wilderness; and righteousness will live in the fruitful field.
From the Latin
And judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and justice shall sit in charmel.
Simplified
Then people living in the desert will practice justice, and those living among the fields will do what is right.
Then in the waste land there will be an upright rule, and righteousness will have its place in the fertile field.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text (MT) of Isaiah 32:16 reads, "וְשָׁכַ֥ן בַּמִּדְבָּ֖ר מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּצְדָקָ֖ה בַּכַּרְמֶ֥ל תֵּשֵֽׁב׃" The Septuagint (LXX) aligns closely with the MT, matching all six words in a word-by-word correspondence, although its word order and articles differ due to its translation style. The Dead Sea Scrolls (1Qisaa) also agree with the MT, preserving the same wording: "ושכן במדבר משפט וצדקה בכרמל תשב." This agreement among the MT, LXX, and the Dead Sea Scrolls indicates a strong textual consistency for this verse across these ancient witnesses.
וְשָׁכַ֥ן בַּמִּדְבָּ֖ר מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּצְדָקָ֖ה בַּכַּרְמֶ֥ל תֵּשֵֽׁב׃
6 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
ושכן במדבר משפט וצדקה בכרמל תשב
6 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 32:16
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
שָׁכַן (shakan) is a Hebrew verb meaning to settle down, abide, or dwell. It encompasses various forms of residing, both literally and figuratively, and includes nuances of establishing or causing to dwell. The entries indicate its use in different grammatical forms, such as Qal, Piel, and Hiphil, which express actions related to dwelling and establishing habitation.
שָׁכַן, שָׁכֵ֑ן 129 vb. settle down, abide, dwell
Qal
settle down to abide
abide, dwell
Pi.
make settle down, establish
make to dwell
Hiph.
lay
cause birds to settle
cause to dwell
base
H7931 שָׁכַן, שָׁכֵ֑ן settle down, abide, dwell
7931 shakan shaw-kan'
a primitive root (apparently akin (by transmission) to 7901
through the idea of lodging; compare 5531, 7925); to reside or
permanently stay (literally or figuratively):--abide,
continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-er), have habitation,
inhabit, lay, place, (cause to) remain, rest, set (up).
see HEBREW for 05531
see HEBREW for 07925
שָׁכַן (sha.khan) — to dwell.
1) to settle down, abide, dwell, tabernacle, reside
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to settle down to abide
1a2) to abide, dwell, reside
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to make settle down, establish
1b2) to make or cause to dwell
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to lay, place, set, establish, settle, fix
1c2) to cause to dwell or abide
Aramaic equivalent: she.khan (שְׁכֵן "to dwell" H7932)
Conj | V-Qal-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqq3ms
dwel:
(1) In the Old Testament "dwell" is a translation of 9 words, of which by far the most frequent is yashabh, "to sit down," translated "dwell" over 400 times (Ge 4:20; Jos 20:4; 1Ch 17:1,4,5, etc.); also very frequently "sit," and sometimes "abide," "inhabit," "remain." Another word often rendered "dwell" is shakhan or shakhen ("to settle down"), from which is derived the rabbinic word shekhinah (literally, "that which dwells"), the light on the mercy-seat which symbolized the Divine presence (Ex 25:8, etc.). In order to avoid appearing to localize the Divine Being, wherever God is said to "dwell" in a place, the Targum renders that He "causes His Shekinah to dwell"…
Dwell
Tents were in primitive times the common dwellings of men. Houses were afterwards built, the walls of which were frequently of mud (Job 24:16; Matt. 6:19, 20) or of sun-dried bricks.
God “dwells in light” (1 Tim. 6:16; 1 John 1:7), in heaven (Ps. 123:1), in his church (Ps. 9:11; 1 John 4:12). Christ dwelt on earth in the days of his humiliation (John 1:14). He now dwells in the hearts of his people (Eph.…
מִדְבָּר (midbar) primarily means 'mouth' in the sense of an organ of speech, but it also refers to 'wilderness' or 'desert.' The word is derived from a root meaning to drive, suggesting open fields for pasturing cattle. It encompasses various forms of uninhabited land and is notably used in contexts related to the wilderness, such as the Wilderness of Sinai.
[מִדְבָּר] n.m. mouth, as organ of speech, Ct 4:3
ref
מִדְבָר 270 n.m. wilderness
tracts of land, used for the pasturage of flocks and herds
uninhabited land
large tracts of such land bearing various names, in certain districts of which there might be towns and cities
fig.
base
H4057a מִדְבָּר mouth, as organ of speech H4057b מִדְבָר wilderness
4057 midbar mid-bawr'
from 1696 in the sense of driving; a pasture (i.e. open
field, whither cattle are driven); by implication, a desert;
also speech (including its organs):--desert, south, speech,
wilderness.
see HEBREW for 01696
מִדְבָּר (mid.bar) — mouth.
1) mouth
1a) mouth (as organ of speech)
מִדְבָּר (mid.bar) — wilderness.
1) wilderness
1a) pasture
1b) uninhabited land, wilderness
1c) large tracts of wilderness (around cities)
1d) wilderness (fig.)
מִדְבָּר (mid.bar) — Wilderness (of Sinai).
This name means wilderness, uninhabited land
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
wil'-der-nes.
See DESERT; JUDAEA, WILDERNESS OF; WANDERINGS OF ISRAEL.
Wilderness
(1.) Heb. midhbar, denoting not a barren desert but a district or region suitable for pasturing sheep and cattle (Ps. 65:12; Isa. 42:11; Jer. 23:10; Joel 1:19; 2:22); an uncultivated place. This word is used of the wilderness of Beersheba (Gen. 21:14), on the southern border of Palestine; the wilderness of the Red Sea (Ex. 13:18); of Shur (15:22), a portion of the Sinaitic peninsula; of Sin (17:1), Sinai (Lev. 7:38), Moab (Deut. 2:8), Judah (
See DESERT.
The Hebrew word מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) primarily means judgment or justice and encompasses various aspects such as legal rights, ordinances, and decisions. It is derived from a root meaning to pronounce a verdict, covering both human and divine law. The entries highlight its application in legal contexts, including the act of deciding cases and the attributes of justice and rectitude.
מִשְׁפָּט 422 n.m. judgment
judgment
justice, right, rectitude
ordinance
decision
one's (legal) right, privilege, due
proper, fitting, measure
custom, manner
what manner of
plan
base
H4941 מִשְׁפָּט judgment . judgment
. justice, right, rectitude
. ordinance
. decision
. one's (legal) right, privilege, due
. . proper, fitting, measure
. custom, manner
. what manner of
. plan
4941 mishpat mish-pawt'
from 8199; properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable)
pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree
(human or (participant's) divine law, individual or
collective), including the act, the place, the suit, the
crime, and the penalty; abstractly, justice, including a
participant's right or privilege (statutory or customary), or
even a style:--+ adversary, ceremony, charge, X crime,
custom, desert, determination, discretion, disposing, due,
fashion, form, to be judged, judgment, just(-ice, -ly),
(manner of) law(-ful), manner, measure, (due) order,
ordinance, right, sentence, usest, X worthy, + wrong.
see HEBREW for 08199
מִשְׁפָּט (mish.pat) — justice: judgement.
: judgement/punishment
1) judgment, justice, ordinance
1a) judgment
1a1) act of deciding a case
1a2) place, court, seat of judgment
1a3) process, procedure, litigation (before judges)
1a4) case, cause (presented for judgment)
1a5) sentence, decision (of judgment)
1a6) execution (of judgment)
1a7) time (of judgment)
1b) justice, right, rectitude (attributes of God or man)
1c) ordinance
1d) decision (in law)
1e) right, privilege, due (legal)
1f) proper, fitting, measure, fitness, custom, manner, plan
מִשְׁפָּט (mish.pat) — justice.
: justice/right/righteousness
1) judgment, justice, ordinance
1a) judgment
1a1) act of deciding a case
1a2) place, court, seat of judgment
1a3) process, procedure, litigation (before judges)
1a4) case, cause (presented for judgment)
1a5) sentence, decision (of judgment)
1a6) execution (of judgment)
1a7) time (of judgment)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
jus'-tis (tsedhaqah; tsedheq; dikaiosune): The original Hebrew and Greek words are the same as those rendered "righteousness." This is the common rendering, and in about half the cases where we have "just" and "justice" in the King James Version, the American Standard Revised Version has changed to "righteous" and "righteousness." It must be constantly borne in mind that the two ideas are essentially the same.
See RIGHTEOUSNESS.
1. Human Justice:
Justice had primarily to do with conduct in relation to others, especially with regard to the rights of others. It is applied to business, where just weights and measures are demanded (Le 19:35,36; De 25:13-16; Am 8:5; Pr 11:1; 16:11…
Justice
Is rendering to every one that which is his due. It has been distinguished from equity in this respect, that while justice means merely the doing what positive law demands, equity means the doing of what is fair and right in every separate case.
A principle of righteousness and equity, controlling our conduct, and securing a due regard to all the rights of others-their persons, property, character, and interests. It has to do, not with pecuniary transactions alone, but with all our intercourse with society. It forms a chief element of the character approved in God’s word; and a truly just man has but to "love mercy, and walk humbly with God," to fulfil all righteousness. Justice in magistrates, rulers, and judges, must be fearless and impartial, and all its decisions such as will bear revision before the court of heaven, De 1:16,17 2Sa 23:3 2Ch 19:6-10. Judgement is peculiarly the prerogative of God, and every earthly tribunal lies under the shadow of the "great white…
→ General scriptures concerning Ex 23:1-3,6-8; Le 19:13-15; De 16:18-20; 25:1-4; Ezr 7:26; Ps 72:1,2; 82:2-4; Pr 17:15,26; 18:5,17; 20:8; 22:27; 24:23; 28:21; 29:26; Ec 3:16,17; 5:8; 7:7; Isa 1:17; 56:1; 59:14,15; Jer 22:1-4; La 3:35,36; Am 5:7,11,12;
צְדָקָה (tsdaqah) means 'righteousness' and encompasses various aspects such as justice, truthfulness, and ethical rightness. It can refer to God's attribute of sovereignty, righteousness in governance, and even justification or salvation. The term also implies righteous acts and has an Aramaic equivalent, צִדְקָה (tsid.qah).
צְדָקָה 157 n.f. righteousness
righteousness, in government
God's attribute as sovereign
righteousness, in a case or cause
righteousness = truthfulness
righteousness, as ethically right
righteousness as vindicated, justification, salvation, etc.
pl. righteous acts
base
H6666 צְדָקָה righteousness . righteousness, in government
. God's attribute as sovereign
. righteousness, in a case or cause
. righteousness = truthfulness
. righteousness, as ethically right
. righteousness as vindicated, justification, salvation, etc.
. pl. righteous acts
6666 tsdaqah tsed-aw-kaw'
from 6663; rightness (abstractly), subjectively (rectitude),
objectively (justice), morally (virtue) or figuratively
(prosperity):--justice, moderately, right(-eous)
(act, -ly, -ness).
see HEBREW for 06663
צְדָקָה (tse.da.qah) — righteousness.
1) justice, righteousness
1a) righteousness (in government)
1a1) of judge, ruler, king
1a2) of law
1a3) of Davidic king Messiah
1b) righteousness (of God's attribute)
1c) righteousness (in a case or cause)
1d) righteousness, truthfulness
1e) righteousness (as ethically right)
1f) righteousness (as vindicated), justification, salvation
1f1) of God
1f2) prosperity (of people)
1g) righteous acts
Aramaic equivalent: tsid.qah (צִדְקָה "righteousness" H6665)
Conj | N-fs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Ncfsa
ri'-chus-nes (tsaddiq, adjective, "righteous," or occasionally "just" tsedheq, noun, occasionally = "riahteousness," occasionally = "justice"; dikaios, adjective, dikaiosune, noun, from dike, whose first meaning seems to have been "custom"; the general use suggested conformity to a standard: righteousness, "the state of him who is such as he ought to be" (Thayer)):
1. Double Aspect of Righteousness: Changing and Permanent
2. Social Customs and Righteousness
3. Changing Conception of Character of God: Obligations of Power
4. Righteousness as Inner
5. Righteousness as Social
6. Righteousness as Expanding in Content with Growth in Ideals of Human Worth
LITERATURE
1. Double Aspect of Righteousness: Changing and Permanent:
In Christian thought the idea of righteousness contains both a permanent and a changing element. The fixed element is the will to do right; the changing factor is the conception of…
Righteousness
See JUSTIFICATION.
Rectitude, justice, holiness; an essential perfection of God’s character, Job 36:3; Isa 51:5-8; Joh 17:25; and of his administration, Ge 18:25; Ro 3:21,22; 10:3. It is the wonder of grace that as the righteous guardian of the law, he can acquit the unrighteous. "The righteousness of Christ" includes his spotless holiness, his perfect obedience the law demands; and "the righteousness of faith" is that imputed to the sinner who believes in Christ. With reference to personal character, righteousness is used both for uprightness between man and man, and for true religion,
כַּרְמֶל (karmel) refers to a plantation or garden-land, encompassing orchards and fruitful fields. It denotes both the land itself and the produce that comes from it, such as fruits and grains. The word is built from the root associated with planting, highlighting its agricultural significance.
כַּרְמֶל n.m. 1. plantation, garden-land. 2. fruit, garden-growth
base
H3759 כַּרְמֶל 1. plantation, garden-land. 2. fruit, garden-growth
3759 karmel kar-mel'
from 3754; a planted field (garden, orchard, vineyard or
park); by implication, garden produce:--full (green) ears (of
corn), fruitful field (place), plentiful (field).
see HEBREW for 03754
כַּרְמֶל (kar.mel) — plantation.
1) plantation, garden-land, orchard, fruit orchard
2) fruit, garden-growth (meton)
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
or'-cherd:
(1) pardec, from Old Persian, "a walled-in enclosure"; paradeisos, a word in classical Greek applied to the garden of Babylon (Diodorus Siculus xi.10) and to a game park (Xenophon, Anab. i.2, 7). See Ne 2:8, "forest," margin "park"; So 4:13, "orchard," margin "paradise" (of pomegranates); Ec 2:5, "parks," the King James Version "orchards"; see PARADISE.
(2) kepos, "garden" or "orchard": "a white thorn in an orchard" (Baruch 6:71).
[GARDEN]
יָשַׁב (yashab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to sit, remain, or dwell. It encompasses a range of actions from simply sitting down to more complex ideas like establishing a home or causing a place to be inhabited. The entries indicate various forms, including Qal (to sit), Niphal (to be inhabited), and Hiphil (to cause to dwell). There is an Aramaic equivalent, יְתִב (ye.tiv), meaning 'to dwell'.
יָשַׁב 1090 vb. sit, remain, dwell
Qal
sit
sit, sit down
sit down
sit = be set (as a jewel)
remain, stay, tarry
with special emphasis of qualifying phr.
dwell, have one’s abode
of a land or city, sit, abide, seated in its place, fig. for be inhabited
Niph. be inhabited, of land
Pi. and they shall set their encampments in thee
Hiph.
cause to sit
cause to abide
cause to dwell
cause cities to be inhabited
marry (prop. give a dwelling to)
Hoph. and ye be made to dwell alone in the midst of the land
base
H3427 יָשַׁב sit, remain, dwell
3427 yashab yaw-shab'
a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as
judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to
remain; causatively, to settle, to marry:--(make to)
abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease
self, endure, establish, X fail, habitation, haunt, (make to)
inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, X marry(-ing),
(bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(- tle),
(down-)sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate),
take, tarry.
יָשַׁב (ya.shav) — to dwell.
1) to dwell, remain, sit, abide
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to sit, sit down
1a2) to be set
1a3) to remain, stay
1a4) to dwell, have one's abode
1b) (Niphal) to be inhabited
1c) (Piel) to set, place
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to cause to sit
1d2) to cause to abide, set
1d3) to cause to dwell
1d4) to cause (cities) to be inhabited
1d5) to marry (give an dwelling to)
1e) (Hophal)
1e1) to be inhabited
1e2) to make to dwell
Aramaic equivalent: ye.tiv (יְתִב "to dwell" H3488)
V-Qal-Imperf-3fs — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person feminine singularHVqi3fs