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Isaiah 1:14 — Word Study

Depth

WLCחָדְשֵׁיכֶ֤ם וּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם֙ שָׂנְאָ֣ה נַפְשִׁ֔י הָי֥וּ עָלַ֖י לָטֹ֑רַח נִלְאֵ֖יתִי נְשֹֽׂא׃

BSAInephesh hatesânêʼ [detest, intensely dislike] your New Moonschôdesh [lunar cycles, celebrations of each new moon] and your appointed feastsmôwʻêd [sacred seasons, festivals] They have becomehâyâh [been, come to be] a burdenṭôrach [trouble, weight] to Meʻal I am wearylâʼâh [tired, disgusted] of bearing themnâsâʼ [lifting, carrying]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 1
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 14 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ne.So') — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 1:14quick helps
In a sentenceGod expresses His disdain for the rituals of Israel, indicating they have become burdensome.
Who is speakingThe Lord, addressing the people of Israel about their worship practices.
Where we areIn a prophetic declaration concerning the people's worship and its true meaning.
The hard wordשָׂנְאָ֣ה
Take awayThe rituals have lost their meaning and have become a source of weariness.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them › clause verbשָׂנֵא The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 1:14

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — God's Rejection of Empty Ritualsgenerated

13Bring your worthless offerings no more; your incense is detestable to Me— your New Moons, Sabbaths, and convocations. I cannot endure iniquity in a solemn assembly.
14I hate your New Moons and your appointed feasts. They have become a burden to Me; I am weary of bearing them.
15When you spread out your hands in prayer, I will hide My eyes from you; even though you multiply your prayers, I will not listen. Your hands are covered with blood.
16Wash and cleanse yourselves. Remove your evil deeds from My sight. Stop doing evil!

Isaiah 1:14 reveals God's strong feelings against the empty rituals of the Israelites. He is not pleased with their New Moons and appointed feasts, which have turned into mere burdens rather than meaningful acts of worship. This passage is part of a larger message where God calls His people to genuine repentance and a return to authentic worship, as seen in the surrounding verses, particularly Isaiah 1:13 and Isaiah 1:15.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 61:8For I, the LORD, love justice; I hate robbery and iniquity; in My faithfulness I will give them their recompense and make an everlasting covenant with them.
2Amos 5:21“I hate, I despise your feasts! I cannot stand the stench of your solemn assemblies.
3Isaiah 43:24You have not bought Me sweet cane with your silver, nor satisfied Me with the fat of your sacrifices. But you have burdened Me with your sins; you have wearied Me with your iniquities.
4Amos 2:13Behold, I am about to crush you in your place as with a cart full of grain.
5Zechariah 11:8And in one month I dismissed three shepherds. My soul grew impatient with the flock, and their souls also detested me.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 6 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word שָׂנְאָ֣ה, sa.ne.'Ahgenerated

The verb שָׂנְאָ֣ה (sane') means 'to hate' and conveys a strong sense of aversion or intense dislike. It is used here in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action of hatred. This reflects God's ongoing rejection of the rituals that do not stem from genuine devotion.

The use of this word emphasizes the severity of God's feelings towards the empty practices of His people, indicating that their actions are not merely displeasing but are fundamentally opposed to His nature and intentions.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

In this study, we reference the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), which uses the word hate for שָׂנְאָ֣ה.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb of the verse is שָׂנְאָ֣ה, it hates, which governs the overall sentiment expressed. The structure follows a straightforward pattern: the subject (God) expresses His feelings towards the objects (the rituals) through the verb.

The sentence is constructed with a series of noun phrases that detail what God hates, followed by a clause describing the state of those rituals, emphasizing the burdensome nature of these practices on God.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates שָׂנְאָ֣ה as μισεῖ (misei), which also means 'to hate.' This choice reflects a direct alignment with the Hebrew meaning, reinforcing the intensity of God's rejection of the rituals.

The Greek term carries a similar weight of aversion, suggesting that the translators understood the depth of God's displeasure as expressed in the Hebrew text.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 1:14 shows that God hates the rituals of the New Moons and appointed feasts because they have become burdensome to Him. He expresses weariness over having to bear these empty practices, calling His people to a more genuine form of worship.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does God mean by hating the New Moons and appointed feasts?

God is expressing His rejection of rituals that are performed without true devotion and sincerity, indicating that these practices have become meaningless to Him.

Why has God become weary of bearing these rituals?

The rituals have turned into a burden rather than a source of joy or worship, leading God to feel tired and disgusted by their insincerity.

How can this verse apply to modern worship practices?

This verse serves as a reminder to ensure that worship is genuine and heartfelt, rather than merely following traditions or rituals without understanding their significance.

What does it mean to have a burden in the context of worship?

A burden in worship refers to practices that feel heavy or obligatory rather than joyful and meaningful, indicating a disconnect between the worshiper and God.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways might my own worship practices have become routine or burdensome?
  2. How can I ensure that my expressions of faith are sincere and not just rituals?
  3. What steps can I take to deepen my understanding of the significance behind my worship?
  4. How does this passage challenge me to reflect on my relationship with God?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Church Fathers referenced this verse to discuss the nature of worship and God's expectations, highlighting the importance of sincerity in worship practices.

Epistle of BarnabasThe Epistle of Barnabas, Chapter II c. 130
Fear and patience, then, are helpers of our faith; and long-suffering and continence are things which fight on our side. While these remain pure in what respects the Lord, Wisdom, Understanding, Science,
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 1 →
TertullianAN ANSWER TO THE JEWS 4 c. 155–220
Through this arises the question for us, what sabbath God willed us to keep? For the Scriptures point to an eternal sabbath and a temporal sabbath.
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 1 →
TertullianAGAINST MARCION 1. c. 155–220
God has here expressed an aversion to certain sabbaths. By calling them “your sabbaths” he means that the sabbaths he rejects are humanity’s, and not his.
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 1 →

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 1:14 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth,.... The Targum is, "my Word abhorreth;'' the Messiah, the essential Word. These are the same as before.

Read John Gill on Isaiah 1 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear them. Your appointed feasts - the Sabbath, Passover, Pentecost, Day of Atonement, and Feast of Tabernacles.

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 1 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 1:14 Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear [them].Ver. 14. Your new moons.] These were commanded to be kept, to mind them of God’ s governing of all things, as from whom come all alterations and changes, and so to teach them to rely on his providence at all times and turns. This they thought not on, and are therefore turned off with contempt. Your appointed feasts.] Or rather your set meetings, whether for feasts or fasts. My soul hateth.] Not all his senses only were offended, but his very soul also, which is an emphatic speech, and an argument of his hearty detestation. Hypocrisy is hateful to men, much more to the…

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 1 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(14) Your new moons and your appointed feasts.—The latter word included the sabbaths (Leviticus 23:3). The words add nothing to what had been said before, but they come with all the emphasis of iteration. My soul.—The words are in one sense anthropomorphic. With man the “soul” expresses the full intensity of life and consciousness, and so, in the language of the prophets, it does with God.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 1 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

14. appointed feasts] the stated festivals dependent on the season of the year; see Genesis 1:14. trouble is literally burden.

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 1 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Your appointed feasts - That is, your assemblies convened on regular set times - מועד mô‛êd, from יעד yâ‛ad, to fix, to appoint. Hengstenberg (Chris. iii. p.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 1 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

14, 15. My soul hateth — The “soul” is the seat of emotions, affections, etc. God’s hatred, or anger, however, is different from men’s, in that it means an ethical intention to punish. Romans 1:18.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Isaiah 1 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

I hate your New Moons and your appointed feasts. They have become a burden to Me; I am weary of bearing them.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

My soul hates your New Moons and your appointed feasts. They are a burden to me. I am weary of bearing them.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

I hate your New Moons and your appointed feasts. They have become a burden to Me; I am weary of bearing them.

NETBNew English Translation2006

I hate your new moon festivals and assemblies; they are a burden that I am tired of carrying.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear them.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth; they are a trouble unto me; I am weary of bearing them.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear them.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble to me; I am weary to bear them .

GNVGeneva Bible1599

My soule hateth your newe moones and your appointed feastes: they are a burden vnto me: I am weary to beare them.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Your new moons and your set feasts my soul hateth: they are a burden to me; I am wearied of bearing [them].

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Your new moons and your set seasons hath My soul hated, They have been upon me for a burden, I have been weary of bearing.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

My soul has hated your new moons and your set seasons, || They have been on Me for a burden, || I have been weary of bearing.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth; they are become a burden unto me; I am weary to bear them,

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

I hate your new moons and your appointed feasts; they are a burden to me; I am tired of enduring them.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

My soul hateth your new moons, and your solemnities: they are become troublesome to me, I am weary of bearing them.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

I detest your new moon and yearly festivals with my whole being! They've become just a burden to me—I can't bear them anymore!

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Your new moons and your regular feasts are a grief to my soul: they are a weight in my spirit; I am crushed under them.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · objectnoun phraseחָדְשֵׁיmoonsכֶ֤םyour.newוּandnoun phraseמוֹעֲדֵיyour.appointedכֶם֙feastsverbשָׂנְאָ֣הit.hatesnoun phrase · subjectנַפְשִׁ֔selfיmyclauseverbהָי֥וּthey.have.becomeprepositional phrase · prepositionalעָלַ֖onיmeprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָ(into).aטֹ֑רַחburdenclauseverbנִלְאֵ֖יתִיI.am.wearyobjectנְשֹֽׂאto.bear.[them]

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely, with all nine words matched in the Hebrew and Greek versions. The Dead Sea Scrolls also support the Masoretic Text, with minor variations in the restoration of words, but the core message remains consistent across these witnesses.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

חָדְשֵׁיכֶ֤ם וּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם֙ שָׂנְאָ֣ה נַפְשִׁ֔י הָי֥וּ עָלַ֖י לָטֹ֑רַח נִלְאֵ֖יתִי נְשֹֽׂא׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
חָדְשֵׁיכֶ֤םὑμῶνוּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם֙ὑμῶνשָׂנְאָ֣הμισεῖנַפְשִׁ֔יμουהָי֥וּἐγενήθητέעָלַ֖יμοιלָטֹ֑רַחπλησμονήνנִלְאֵ֖יתִיοὐκέτιנְשֹֽׂא׃ἀνήσω

9 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

חודשי׳כם ומועדי׳כם שנאה נפש׳י היו על׳י לטרח נלאיתי נשוא

9 words on the leather.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q60a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[חדשי׳כם] [ומועדי׳כם] שנאה נפש׳י [היו] [על׳י] [לטרח] [נלאיתי] [נשא]

2 words on the leather — 7 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — Mur3a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[חדשי׳כם] [ומועדי׳כם] [שנאה] נפש׳י [היו] [על׳י] [לטרח] [נלאיתי] [נשא]

nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 8 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 1:14חֹ֫דֶשׁnew moons ynew moons yourחֹ֫דֶשׁמוֹעֵדand appointand appointed fמוֹעֵדשָׂנֵאit hatesit hatesשָׂנֵאנֶ֫פֶשׁself myself myנֶ֫פֶשׁהָיָהthey have bthey have becomהָיָהעַלon meon meעַלטֹ֫רַחa burdena burdenטֹ֫רַחלָאָהI am wearyI am wearyלָאָהנָשָׂאto bear [thto bear [them]נָשָׂאחָדַשׁto renewto renewחָדַשׁיָעַדto appointto appointיָעַדנָפַשׁbe refreshbe refreshedנָפַשׁטָרַחto burdento burdenטָרַחהָוָאto fallto fallהָוָאעַלheightheightעַלאֵבfruitfruitאֵבאָבַדto perishto perishאָבַדשְׁבִיעִיseventhseventhשְׁבִיעִיאֹ֫הֶלtenttentאֹ֫הֶלפֶּ֫תַחentranceentranceפֶּ֫תַחאָהֵבto love: lto love: loverאָהֵבשֶׁ֫קֶרdeceptiondeceptionשֶׁ֫קֶרבָּקַשׁto seekto seekבָּקַשׁחַיalivealiveחַיכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאכּוּלto sustainto sustainכּוּל
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 1:14

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
חָדְשֵׁיכֶ֤םcha.de.shei.Khem new moons your H2320 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
285× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew term for month, specifically referring to the new moon and the lunar cycle, as described in the book of Exodus and the festivals of Israel. It marks the beginning of a new month in the Hebrew calendar.
Amplified meaning
lunar cycles, celebrations of each new moon
Tyndale gloss
month
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֹ֫דֶשׁ (chodesh) refers to the concept of newness, specifically the new moon and the month. It denotes both the lunar month and the first day of that month. The entries consistently emphasize its connection to timekeeping in the Hebrew calendar.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֹ֫דֶשׁ 282 n.m. (newness), new moon, month

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2320 חֹ֫דֶשׁ (newness), new moon, month

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2320 chodesh kho'-desh

from 2318; the new moon; by implication, a

month:--month(-ly), new moon.

see HEBREW for 02318

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֹ֫דֶשׁ (cho.desh) — month.

: month

1) the new moon, month, monthly

1a) the first day of the month

1b) the lunar month

חֹ֫דֶשׁ (cho.desh) — month: new moon.

: new_moon

1) the new moon, month, monthly

1a) the first day of the month

1b) the lunar month

Also means: cho.desh (חֹ֫דֶשׁ ": month" H2320)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp2mp
new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
וּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם֙u.mo.'a.dei.Khem and appointed feasts your H4150 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
223× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to a meeting or appointed time, often for a sacred season or festival, like the tent of meeting in Exodus. It can also mean an assembly or congregation. In the Bible, it is used to describe the Israelites' gatherings and celebrations.
Amplified meaning
sacred seasons, festivals
Tyndale gloss
meeting
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוֹעֵד (mo'ed) refers to an appointed time, place, or meeting, often associated with festivals and sacred seasons. It can denote a specific appointment or assembly, and is linked to the concept of a tent of meeting. The word is derived from a root meaning to appoint, and encompasses a range of meanings related to scheduled gatherings and designated locations.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מוֹעֵד 223 n.m. appointed time, place, meeting

appointed time

appointed meeting

appointed place

appointed sign, signal

tent of meeting

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4150 מוֹעֵד appointed time, place, meeting . appointed time

. appointed meeting

. appointed place

. appointed sign, signal

. tent of meeting

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4150 mow`ed mo-ade'

or moled {mo-ade'}; or (feminine) moweadah (2 Chronicles

8:13) {mo-aw-daw'}; from 3259; properly, an appointment, i.e.

a fixed time or season; specifically, a festival;

conventionally a year; by implication, an assembly (as

convened for a definite purpose); technically the

congregation; by extension, the place of meeting; also a

signal (as appointed beforehand):--appointed (sign, time),

(place of, solemn) assembly, congregation, (set, solemn)

feast, (appointed, due) season, solemn(-ity), synogogue, (set)

time (appointed).

see HEBREW for 03259

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוֹעֵד (mo.ed) — meeting: time appointed.

: time_appointed

1) appointed place, appointed time, meeting

1a) appointed time

1a1) appointed time (general)

1a2) sacred season, set feast, appointed season

1b) appointed meeting

1c) appointed place

1d) appointed sign or signal

1e) tent of meeting

מוֹעֵד (mo.ed) — meeting: festival.

: festival

1) appointed place, appointed time, meeting

1a) appointed time

1a1) appointed time (general)

1a2) sacred season, set feast, appointed season

1b) appointed meeting

1c) appointed place

1d) appointed sign or signal

1e) tent of meeting

מוֹעֵד (mo.ed) — meeting.

: meeting

1) appointed place, appointed time, meeting

1a) appointed time

1a1) appointed time (general)

1a2) sacred season, set feast, appointed season

1b) appointed meeting

1c) appointed place

1d) appointed sign or signal

1e) tent of meeting

מוֹעֵד (mo.ed) — meeting: signal appointed.

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-mp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HC/Ncmpc/Sp2mp
new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
שָׂנְאָ֣הsa.ne.'Ah it hates H8130 Verb · Qal · perfect third person feminine singular
146× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To hate means to feel intense dislike or hostility, as seen in the actions of enemies or foes in the Bible. It can also describe God's hatred of sin.
Amplified meaning
detest, intensely dislike
Tyndale gloss
to hate
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׂנֵא (sane') is a primitive root meaning 'to hate.' It covers various forms of hatred, including personal animosity and enmity, and can refer to both humans and God. The word appears in different grammatical forms, with uses in Qal, Niphal, and Piel, indicating actions of hating or being hated. Its Aramaic equivalent is שְׂנָא.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׂנֵא 145 vb. hate

Qal 128 hate

Niph. is hated

Pi. enemy

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8130 שָׂנֵא hate

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8130 sane' saw-nay'

a primitive root; to hate (personally):--enemy, foe, (be)

hate(-ful, -r), odious, X utterly.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׂנֵא (sa.ne) — to hate.

1) to hate, be hateful

1a) (Qal) to hate

1a1) of man

1a2) of God

1a3) hater, one hating, enemy (participle) (subst)

1b) (Niphal) to be hated

1c) (Piel) hater (participle)

1c1) of persons, nations, God, wisdom

Aramaic equivalent: se.ne (שְׂנָא "to hate" H8131)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3fs — Verb · Qal · perfect third person feminine singular
HVqp3fs
new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
נַפְשִׁ֔יnaf.Shi self my H5315 Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
754× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for soul or living being, used in the Bible to describe the essence of a person or animal. It encompasses the ideas of life, breath, and vitality, and is translated as 'soul' or 'creature' in the KJV. This word is central to biblical concepts of humanity and existence.
Tyndale gloss
soul
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נֶ֫פֶשׁ (*nephesh*) broadly means 'soul' or 'living being,' encompassing concepts like life, self, person, desire, and emotion. It is derived from the root meaning 'to breathe' and signifies both physical and mental aspects of existence. The lexicons note its use in various contexts, including as the seat of appetites and emotions, though its application to will and character is uncertain.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נֶ֫פֶשׁ 756 n.f. soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion

= that which breathes, the breathing substance or being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being

The נפשׁ is specif.

The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself

נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)

נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions

נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts

נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.

נפשׁ = character is still more dub.

נ׳ in D

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5315 נֶ֫פֶשׁ soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion . = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being

. The נפשׁ becomes a living being

. The נפשׁ is specif.

. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself

. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)

. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions

. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts

. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.

. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.

. נ׳ in D

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5315 nephesh neh'-fesh

from 5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of

(abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal,

accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental):--any,

appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead(-ly), desire,

X (dis-)contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart(-y),

(hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me,

mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-,

thy-)self, them (your)-selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they,

thing, (X she) will, X would have it.

see HEBREW for 05314

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul.

1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

1b) living being

1c) living being (with life in the blood)

1d) the man himself, self, person or individual

1e) seat of the appetites

1f) seat of emotions and passions

1g) activity of mind

1g1) uncertain

1h) activity of the will

1h1) uncertain

1i) activity of the character

1i1) uncertain

נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul: life.

1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

1b) living being

1c) living being (with life in the blood)

1d) the man himself, self, person or individual

1e) seat of the appetites

1f) seat of emotions and passions

1g) activity of mind

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
HNcfsc/Sp1bs
new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
הָי֥וּha.Yu they have become H1961 Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Amplified meaning
been, come to be
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
HVqp3cp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

be-kum':

(1) Greek ginomai, used in New Testament for a change of state, corresponding to Hebrew hayah of Old Testament. Compare Mt 18:3 with De 27:9.

(2) For what is fitting, suitable, proper, in New Testament: "prepei" (Mt 3:15; Eph 5:3; 1Ti 2:10); in Old Testament, na'awah, na'ah, Ps 93:5: "Holiness becometh thy house." in this sense, the adverb "becomingly" must be interpreted: "Walk becomingly toward them that are without" (1Th 4:12), i.e. in a way that is consistent with your profession.

new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
עָלַ֖י'a.Lai on me H5921 Preposition · suffix
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | Suff — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp1bs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
לָטֹ֑רַחla.To.rach a burden H2960 Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a burden or trouble that weighs someone down. It can be a physical load or a difficult situation. The KJV translates it as cumbrance or trouble.
Amplified meaning
trouble, weight
Tyndale gloss
burden
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

טֹ֫רַח (torach) means 'burden' and is derived from the root word represented by Strong's H2959. The entries consistently describe it as a burden, encumbrance, or trouble, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

טֹ֫רַח n.m. burden

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2960 טֹ֫רַח burden

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2960 torach to'-rakh

from 2959; a burden:--cumbrance, trouble.

see HEBREW for 02959

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

טֹ֫רַח (to.rach) — burden.

burden

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
HR/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

bur'-dn.

1. In the Old Testament:

In the Old Testament more than one word is rendered "burden."

(1) massa', from a root nasa' "he lifted up." Thus literally any load is called massa' (Ex 23:5; Nu 4:15,24,27 ff; 2Ki 5:17; 8:9). Figuratively, people are a burden (Nu 11:11,17; De 1:12; 2Sa 15:33; 19:35). A man may be a burden to himself (Job 7:20). Iniquities are a burden (Ps 38:4). Taxes may be a burden (Ho 8:10).

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Burden

(1.) A load of any kind (Ex. 23:5). (2.) A severe task (Ex. 2:11). (3.) A difficult duty, requiring effort (Ex. 18:22). (4.) A prophecy of a calamitous or disastrous nature (Isa. 13:1; 17:1; Hab. 1:1, etc.).

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A weight or load, on body or soul; often used figuratively, to denote afflictions, failings, sins, Ps 38:4 55:22 Ga 6:2; services under law, Mt 23:4; official responsibilities, Ex 18:22 De 1:12; and especially prophetic messages, not always of a threatening character, Isa 19:1. In this last sense the Hebrew word may be rendered "oracle," "divine declaration," or "prophecy," as in Pr 31:31,1.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ FIGURATIVE

Of oppressions Isa 58:6; Mt 23:4; Lu 11:46; Ga 6:2

Of the prophetic message Isa 13:1; 15:1; 17:1; 19:1

new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
נִלְאֵ֖יתִיnil.'Ei.ti I am weary H3811 Verb · Niphal · perfect first person common singular
19× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Means to be or make weary, disgusted, or tired, like in Psalm 6:8 where David is weary of crying. It can also mean to be impatient or grieved.
Amplified meaning
tired, disgusted
Tyndale gloss
be weary
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לָאָה (la'ah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be weary or impatient. It encompasses various forms, including being tired or grieved, and can describe both the state of weariness and the act of causing weariness in others. The word appears in different stems, such as Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, indicating nuances in its usage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[לָאָה] vb. be weary, impatient

Qal be weary

Niph. be weary of doing a thing, make oneself weary in doing something, weary (i.e. strenuously exert) oneself

Hiph. weary, make weary, exhaust

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3811 לָאָה be weary, impatient

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3811 la'ah law-aw'

a primitive root; to tire; (figuratively) to be (or make)

disgusted:--faint, grieve, lothe, (be, make) weary (selves).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לָאָה (la.ah) — be weary.

1) to be weary, be impatient, be grieved, be offended

1a) (Qal) to be weary, be impatient

1b) (Niphal) to be tired of something, weary oneself

1c) (Hiphil) to weary, make weary, exhaust

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal-Perf-1cs — Verb · Niphal · perfect first person common singular
HVNp1cs
new moons your and appointed feasts your it hates self my they have become on me a burden I am weary to bear [them]
נְשֹֽׂא׃ne.So' to bear [them] H5375 Verb · Qal · infinitive construct common
656× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to lift or raise something, and it's used in many ways, like lifting a burden or raising someone's status. It appears in books like Genesis and Isaiah, often talking about God lifting people up. It's about supporting or carrying something or someone.
Amplified meaning
lifting, carrying
Tyndale gloss
to lift: raise
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָשָׂא (nasa') means to lift, carry, or take, encompassing a wide range of applications both literal and figurative. It can refer to actions like bearing burdens, taking away, or being exalted. The entries indicate various forms and uses, including the ability to lift oneself up or cause others to bear iniquity. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָשָׂא 656 vb. lift, carry, take

Qal

lift, lift up

Bear, carry

Take, take away

Niph.

be lifted up

refl. lift oneself up = rise up, of י׳, to display power in judgment

be borne, carried

be taken away, carried off

Pi.

lift up = exalt

fig. = desire, long

carry, bear continuously

take, take away

Hithp. lift oneself up

Hiph.

cause one to bear iniquity

appar. cause to bring, have brought

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5375 נָשָׂא lift, carry, take .. lift, lift up

. Bear, carry

. Take, take away

. . be lifted up

. refl. lift oneself up = rise up, of י׳, to display power in judgment

. be borne, carried

. be taken away, carried off

. . lift up = exalt

. fig. = desire, long

. carry, bear continuously

. take, take away

. lift oneself up

. . cause one to bear iniquity

. appar. cause to bring, have brought

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5375 nasa' naw-saw'

or nacah (Psalm 4 : 6 (7)) {naw-saw'}; a primitive root; to

lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and

figurative, absol. and rel. (as follows):--accept, advance,

arise, (able to, (armor), suffer to) bear(-er, up), bring

(forth), burn, carry (away), cast, contain, desire, ease,

exact, exalt (self), extol, fetch, forgive, furnish, further,

give, go on, help, high, hold up, honorable (+ man), lade,

lay, lift (self) up, lofty, marry, magnify, X needs, obtain,

pardon, raise (up), receive, regard, respect, set (up), spare,

stir up, + swear, take (away, up), X utterly, wear, yield.

see HEBREW for 04

see HEBREW for 06

see HEBREW for 07

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָשָׂא (na.sa) — to lift: raise.

: raise/take_up

1) to lift, bear up, carry, take

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to lift, lift up

1a2) to bear, carry, support, sustain, endure

1a3) to take, take away, carry off, forgive

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be lifted up, be exalted

1b2) to lift oneself up, rise up

1b3) to be borne, be carried

1b4) to be taken away, be carried off, be swept away

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to lift up, exalt, support, aid, assist

1c2) to desire, long (fig.)

1c3) to carry, bear continuously

1c4) to take, take away

1d) (Hithpael) to lift oneself up, exalt oneself

1e) (Hiphil)

1e1) to cause one to bear (iniquity)

1e2) to cause to bring, have brought

נָשָׂא (na.sa) — to lift: bear.

: look/lift(eyes)

1) to lift, bear up, carry, take

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to lift, lift up

1a2) to bear, carry, support, sustain, endure

1a3) to take, take away, carry off, forgive

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be lifted up, be exalted

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Inf-a — Verb · Qal · infinitive construct common
HVqcc
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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