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Ecclesiastes 12:6 — Word Study

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WLCעַ֣ד אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־ יֵרָתֵק֙ חֶ֣בֶל הַכֶּ֔סֶף וְתָרֻ֖ץ גֻּלַּ֣ת הַזָּהָ֑ב וְתִשָּׁ֤בֶר כַּד֙ עַל־ הַמַּבּ֔וּעַ וְנָרֹ֥ץ הַגַּלְגַּ֖ל אֶל־ הַבּֽוֹר׃

BSA[Remember Him] beforeʻad [think much about God, be mindful of His presence] the silverkeçeph [valuable, precious] cordchebel [ribbon, bond] is snappedrâchaq [loosed, severed] and the goldenzâhâb [pure, shining] bowlgullâh [container, fountain] is crushedrâtsats [broken, shattered] [before] the pitcherkad [jar, vessel] is shatteredshâbar [broken, smashed] atʻal the springmabbûwaʻ [fountain, source of life] and the wheelgalgal [circular motion, cycle] is brokenrâtsats [crushed, severed] atʼêl the wellbôwr [cistern, reservoir]

Word
Listen & take awayEcclesiastes 12
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 6 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ha.Bor) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Ecclesiastes 12:6quick helps
In a sentenceThe Teacher urges remembrance of God before life's fleeting moments are irrevocably lost.
Who is speakingThe Teacher, reflecting on the inevitability of mortality.
Where we areA poetic reflection on the fragility of life and the importance of remembering God.
The hard wordיֵרָתֵק
Take awayLife's delicate elements can break, urging us to remember God before it's too late.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectכַּד verbרָתַק The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Ecclesiastes 12:6

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Final Reflections of the Teachergenerated

5when men fear the heights and dangers of the road, when the almond tree blossoms, the grasshopper loses its spring, and the caper berry shrivels— for then man goes to his eternal home and mourners walk the streets.
6Remember Him before the silver cord is snapped and the golden bowl is crushed, before the pitcher is shattered at the spring and the wheel is broken at the well,
7before the dust returns to the ground from which it came and the spirit returns to God who gave it.
8“Futility of futilities,” says the Teacher. “Everything is futile!”

Ecclesiastes 12:6 emphasizes the urgency of remembering God amidst the inevitable decline of life. The verses surrounding it describe the frailty of human existence, likening it to delicate objects that can easily break or shatter. This serves as a reminder to cherish one's relationship with God before life's transience takes its toll, as seen in the preceding verses that portray the fears and vulnerabilities of aging.


Cross References


The Key Word יֵרָתֵק, yi.r.chakgenerated

The verb יֵרָתֵק (yi.r.chak) is in the Niphal form, indicating a passive action, meaning 'it will be snapped'. This word conveys the idea of something being bound or tied that is at risk of being broken. The context here suggests a metaphorical binding of life and its delicate aspects, emphasizing the fragility of existence.

In this verse, the urgency is palpable: the Teacher implores the reader to consider the imminent snapping of the silver cord, representing life itself. The passive construction indicates that this action is beyond human control, reinforcing the need for mindfulness of God before such inevitable events occur.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

Translations generally agree on the urgency conveyed in this verse.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The verse contains multiple clauses, with the main action centered on the finite verb יֵרָתֵק, it will be snapped. This verb is supported by several phrases that describe the objects and actions associated with the breaking of life’s delicate elements.

The structure emphasizes the sequence of events: the cord is snapped, the bowl is crushed, the pitcher is shattered, and the wheel is broken, all illustrating the fragility of life and the importance of remembrance.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates יֵרָתֵק as ἀνατραπῆ, which conveys a similar sense of being overturned or broken. This choice suggests a focus on the finality of the action, aligning with the overall theme of life's fragility.

This translation choice highlights the urgency of the message: the inevitability of loss and the need for remembrance before it is too late.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Ecclesiastes 12:6 reminds us to think about God before life’s delicate aspects are broken or lost. The verse uses vivid imagery of fragile objects to illustrate the urgency of this remembrance, emphasizing that we should not wait until it is too late.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean to remember God before these things happen?

It means to maintain a relationship with God and to be mindful of His presence in our lives, especially before the inevitable decline of life.

Why are these objects described as fragile?

The silver cord, golden bowl, pitcher, and wheel symbolize the delicate nature of life, illustrating how easily they can be broken, just as life can change unexpectedly.

How can I apply this verse to my life?

You can apply this verse by reflecting on your relationship with God and ensuring that you prioritize it before facing life's uncertainties.

What does the imagery in this verse teach us?

The imagery teaches us about the transience of life and the importance of being prepared and mindful of God in our daily lives.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some ways I can remember God in my daily life?
  2. How does the imagery of fragile objects resonate with my own experiences?
  3. In what ways can I prepare myself spiritually for the inevitable changes in life?
  4. How can I encourage others to remember God before life's challenges arise?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Church Fathers reflect on the themes of Ecclesiastes 12:6, interpreting its imagery and implications for understanding life and spirituality.

Gregory of NeocaesareaPARAPHRASE OF Ecclesiastes 12:6 c. 213–270
Neither stored silver nor tested gold will be of any further use. A mighty blow will strike everything, right down to a water pot standing next to a well, and to a carriage wheel which happens to have been left in the ditch,
Early Church Fathers on Ecclesiastes 12 →
Didymus the BlindCOMMENTARY ON Ecclesiastes 360:14 c. 313–398
By “gold” in Scripture one has to understand the spirit; but if one understands by “silver” the spoken word, we have to understand here by “gold” the thought and by bowl the sphere of reason,
Early Church Fathers on Ecclesiastes 12 →
Didymus the BlindCOMMENTARY ON Ecclesiastes 361:9 c. 313–398
Some are able to drink from the fountain without the pitcher. Rebecca, which means steadfastness in the good, stepped down to the fountain and scooped the water with the pitcher in order to give the thirsty servant [of Abraham] to drink;
Early Church Fathers on Ecclesiastes 12 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Ecclesiastes 12:6 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Or ever the silver cord be loosed,.... As the above are the symptoms and infirmities of old age; these in this verse are the immediate symptoms of death, or what attend it, or certainly issue in it.

Read John Gill on Ecclesiastes 12 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern.

Read Robert Jamieson on Ecclesiastes 12 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

This verse is to be understood either, 1. literally, of the ornaments of life, such as chains, and jewels, and vessels of gold and silver, and of the instruments by which the necessary provisions and supports of life are conveyed to us, such as fountains of water, and pitchers, &c.; which may be said to be loosed or broken, because they are neglected as useless things to the dead man. Or rather, 2. Allegorically, of those inward parts of man’ s body which are the chief instruments of life, or sense and motion, and of the vital or animal operations, whether such from which they first proceed, or in which they are first elaborated and contained, which may fitly be compared to a bowl, and…

Read Matthew Poole on Ecclesiastes 12 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Ecclesiastes 12:6 Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern.Ver. 6. Or ever the silver cord be loosed.] Or, Lengthened - i.e., before the marrow of the back (which is of a silver colour) be consumed. From this cord many sinews are derived, which, when they are loosened, the back bendeth, motion is slow, and feeling faileth. Or the golden bowl be broken,] i.e., The heart, say some, or the pericardium; the brain pan, say others, or the pia mater, compassing the brain like a swathing cloth, or inner rind of a tree. Or the pitcher be broken at the fountain.] That is, The veins at the liver (which…

Read John Trapp on Ecclesiastes 12 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 6. Or ever the silver cord be loosed] We have already had all the external evidences of old age, with all its attendant infirmities; next follow what takes place in the body, in order to produce what is called death, or the separation of body and soul. 1. The silver cord. - The medulla oblongata or spinal marrow, from which all the nerves proceed, as itself does from the brain. This is termed a cord, from its exact similitude to one; and a silver cord, from its colour, as it strikingly exhibits the silver gray; and from its preciousness. This is said to be loosed; as the nervous system became a little before, and at the article of death, wholly debilitated. The last loosing being the…

Read AdamClarke on Ecclesiastes 12 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

6. or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken] The figurative character of the whole section, reaches its highest point here. It is clear however that the figures, whatever they may be, are symbolic of nothing less than death. We have had the notes of decay in organs and in functions brought before us one by one. Now we come to the actual dissolution of soul and body. It will help us to a right understanding to begin with the golden bowl. The noun is the same as that used in Zechariah 4:3-4, for the bowl of the golden seven-branched candlestick (better, lamp) of the Temple. It was the vessel, or reservoir, from which the oil flowed into the lamps. The lamp itself was…

Read Cambridge on Ecclesiastes 12 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Be loosed - The termination of life is signified generally by the snapping of the silver cord by which the lamp hangs from the ceiling; by the dashing in pieces of the cup or reservoir of oil; by the

Read Albert Barnes on Ecclesiastes 12 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

6. So far decay of age is depicted; now dissolution itself. We can hardly agree with the commentators who deny that the bowl, the pitcher, and the wheel, must not each be applied to a definite object or part of dying man.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ecclesiastes 12 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Remember Him before the silver cord is snapped and the golden bowl is crushed, before the pitcher is shattered at the spring and the wheel is broken at the well,

WEBWorld English Bible2000

before the silver cord is severed, or the golden bowl is broken, or the pitcher is broken at the spring, or the wheel broken at the cistern,

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Remember Him before the silver cord is snapped and the golden bowl is crushed, before the pitcher is shattered at the spring and the wheel is broken at the well,

NETBNew English Translation2006

before the silver cord is removed, or the golden bowl is broken, or the pitcher is shattered at the well, or the water wheel is broken at the cistern –

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

before the silver cord is loosed, or the golden bowl is broken, or the pitcher is broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern,

RVARevised Version, American1894

or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern;

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Or ever the silver cord shall be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Whiles the siluer coarde is not lengthened, nor the golden ewer broken, nor the pitcher broken at the well, nor the wheele broken at the cisterne:

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

— before the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be shattered at the fountain, or the wheel be broken at the cistern;

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

While that the silver cord is not removed, And the golden bowl broken, And the pitcher broken by the fountain, And the wheel broken at the well.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

While that the silver cord is not removed, || And the golden bowl broken, || And the pitcher broken by the fountain, || And the wheel broken at the well.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

While the silver cord is not yet torn loose, and the golden bowl is not crushed, and the pitcher is not broken at the fountain, and the wheel is not crushed at the cistern;

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Call to mind your Creator before the silver cord is cut, or the golden bowl is crushed, or the pitcher is shattered at the spring, or the water wheel is broken at the well,

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Before the silver cord be broken, and the golden fillet shrink back, and the pitcher be crushed at the fountain, and the wheel be broken upon the cistern,

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Before the silver cord is snapped and the golden bowl is broken; before the water jug is smashed at the spring, or the pulley is broken at the well.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Before ever the silver cord is cut, or the vessel of gold is broken, or the pot is broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the water-hole;

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseעַ֣דuntilclauserelpאֲשֶׁ֤רthatclauseלֹֽאnotclauseclauseverbיֵרָתֵק֙it.will.be.snappednoun phrase · subjectחֶ֣בֶלthe.cordnoun phraseהַof.(the)כֶּ֔סֶףsilverוְandclauseverbתָרֻ֖ץit.will.be.crushednoun phrase · subjectגֻּלַּ֣תthe.bowlnoun phraseהַof.(the)זָּהָ֑בgoldוְandclauseverbתִשָּׁ֤בֶרit.will.be.brokensubjectכַּד֙[the].jarprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלatnoun phraseהַthe.waterמַּבּ֔וּעַspringוְandclauseverbנָרֹ֥ץit.will.be.crushednoun phrase · subjectהַthe.[water]גַּלְגַּ֖לwheelprepositional phrase · prepositionalאֶלtonoun phraseהַtheבּֽוֹרwell

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree in their wording, with all 17 words matched. This consistency underscores the shared understanding of the fragility of life and the need to remember God.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

עַ֣ד אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־ יֵרָתֵק֙ חֶ֣בֶל הַכֶּ֔סֶף וְתָרֻ֖ץ גֻּלַּ֣ת הַזָּהָ֑ב וְתִשָּׁ֤בֶר כַּד֙ עַל־ הַמַּבּ֔וּעַ וְנָרֹ֥ץ הַגַּלְגַּ֖ל אֶל־ הַבּֽוֹר׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
עַ֣דἕωςאֲשֶׁ֤רὅτουלֹֽא־μηיֵרָתֵק֙ἀνατραπῆחֶ֣בֶלσξοινίονהַכֶּ֔סֶףἀργυρίουוְתָרֻ֖ץσυνθλιβῆגֻּלַּ֣תἀνθέμιονהַזָּהָ֑בξρυσίουוְתִשָּׁ֤בֶרσυντριβῆכַּד֙ὑδρίαעַל־ἐπιהַמַּבּ֔וּעַπηγήνוְנָרֹ֥ץσυντροξάσηהַגַּלְגַּ֖לτροξοςאֶל־ἐπιהַבּֽוֹר׃λάκκον

17 of the 17 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Ecclesiastes 12:6עַדuntiluntilעַדאֲשֶׁרthatthatאֲשֶׁרלֹאnotnotלֹארָתַקit will be it will be snapרָתַקחֶ֫בֶל[the] cord [the] cord ofחֶ֫בֶלכֶּ֫סֶףsilversilverכֶּ֫סֶףרָצַץso it may bso it may be crרָצַץגֻּלָּה[the] bowl [the] bowl ofגֻּלָּהזָהָבgoldgoldזָהָבשָׁבַרso it may bso it may be brשָׁבַרכַּד[the] jar[the] jarכַּדעַלatatעַלמַבּוּעַthe water sthe water sprinמַבּוּעַרָצַץand it willand it will be רָצַץגַּלְגַּלthe [water]the [water] wheגַּלְגַּלאֶלtotoאֶלבּוֹרthe wellthe wellבּוֹרגָּלַלto rollto rollגָּלַלחָבַלto pledgeto pledgeחָבַלכָּסַףto longto longכָּסַףנָבַעto bubbleto bubbleנָבַעבּוּרto explainto explainבּוּרעַדperpetuityperpetuityעַדשָׂבַרto inspectto inspectשָׂבַרעַלheightheightעַלמוֹטָהyokeyokeמוֹטָהמַשְׁעֵנָהsupportsupportמַשְׁעֵנָהמָתַיhowhowמָתַיעֶ֫רֶבeveningeveningעֶ֫רֶבצָוָהto commandto commandצָוָהיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלעוֹדstillstillעוֹדאַרְגֹּבArgobArgobאַרְגֹּבמָשַׁךְto drawto drawמָשַׁךְשֶׁ֫קֶלshekelshekelשֶׁ֫קֶל
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Ecclesiastes 12:6

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
עַ֣ד'ad until H5704 Preposition
1,261× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Amplified meaning
think much about God, be mindful of His presence
Tyndale gloss
till
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while

prep.

of space

Of time

Of degree

conj.

until

While

Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus

of space

Of time

Of degree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

. conj. . until

. While

. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5704 `ad ad

properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or

conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,

or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,

while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,

at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),

(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,

till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַד (ad) — till.

prep

1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as

1a) of space

1a1) as far as, up to, even to

1b) in combination

1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)

1c) of time

1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end

1d) of degree

1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like

conj

2) until, while, to the point that, so that even

Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
אֲשֶׁ֤ר'a.Sher that H834 Particle
5,500× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is a conjunction that connects ideas and events in the Bible, like in the book of Genesis, where it's used to describe the relationship between God and His creation.
Tyndale gloss
which
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.

base

בַאֲשֶׁר

in (that) which

adv. in (the place) where

conj. in that, inasmuch as

on account of whom?

base

מֵאֲשֶׁר

from (or than) that which

adv. from (the place) where

conj. from (the fact) that …, since

base

כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when

according to that which, according as, as

with a causal force, in so far as, since

with a temporal force, when

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which

. adv. in (the place) where

. conj. in that, inasmuch as

. on account of whom?

H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which

. adv. from (the place) where

. conj. from (the fact) that …, since

H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as

. with a causal force, in so far as, since

. with a temporal force, when

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

834 'aher ash-er'

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)

when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X

alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +

from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,

wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where

(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +

whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is

indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun

expletively, used to show the connection.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.

A: 1) (relative part.)

1a) which, who

1b) that which

2) (conj)

2a) that (in obj clause)

2b) when

2c) since

2d) as

2e) conditional if

B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

D: Kaph+

1) (conj.), according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since

1c) with a temporal force: when

בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.

1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.

1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.

conj

1) according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTr — Particle
HTr
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
לֹֽא־lo'- not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTn — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
יֵרָתֵק֙yi.r.chak it will be snapped H7576 Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine singular
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to tie or fasten something, like a rope or chain, and is used in the Bible to describe being bound or restricted. It appears in various forms, such as being snapped or broken. In the book of Exodus, it describes the Israelites being bound by slavery.
Tyndale gloss
to bind
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָתַק (rathaq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to bind. It can also imply being snapped or broken in the Niphal form, while the Pual form indicates being bound. The entries suggest a focus on the concept of fastening or binding, with a specific example of binding great ones with fetters.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רָתַק] vb. bind

Pu. her great ones were bound with fetters.

Niph. from context = be snapped, broken

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7576 רָתַק

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7576 rathaq raw-thak'

a primitive root; to fasten:--bind.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָתַק (ra.taq) — to bind.

1) to bind

1a) (Niphal) to be snapped, be broken

1b) (Pual) to be bound

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVNi3ms — Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVNi3ms
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
חֶ֣בֶלChe.vel [the] cord of H2256 Noun common · both singular construct
62× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A cord or rope, also a measured area of land or a group of people tied together. In the Bible, it appears in books like Joshua and Psalms. It can also mean a company or region.
Amplified meaning
ribbon, bond
Tyndale gloss
cord
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word חֶ֫בֶל (*chevel*) encompasses meanings related to a cord or rope, territory, and pain or pangs. It can refer to a measuring line, a company or band, and even destruction. The entries indicate a range of uses, from physical objects like cords to abstract concepts like sorrow. Notably, it is associated with both physical and emotional contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֶ֫בֶל n.m. f. cord, territory, band

cord, rope

measuring-cord, line

measured portion, lot, part, region

band, company of prophets

base

חֵ֫בֶל n.m. pain, pang

pains of travail

of other than birth-pangs

base

חֹבְלִים n.[m.]pl. union (lit. binders) name of Zec.’s second symbolic staff

base

חֶ֫בֶל n.m. destruction—Mi 2:10

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2256a חֶ֫בֶל cord, territory, band H2256b חֵ֫בֶל pain, pang H2256c חֹבְלִים union H2256d חֶ֫בֶל destruction

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2256 chebel kheh'-bel

or chebel {khay'-bel}; from 2254; a rope (as twisted),

especially a measuring line; by implication, a district or

inheritance (as measured); or a noose (as of cords);

figuratively, a company (as if tied together); also a throe

(especially of parturition); also ruin:--band, coast, company,

cord, country, destruction, line, lot, pain, pang, portion,

region, rope, snare, sorrow, tackling.

see HEBREW for 02254

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֶ֫בֶל (che.vel) — Mahalab.

This name means a cord, territory, region

Another name of ach.lav (אַחְלָב "Ahlab" H0303)

חֵ֫בֶל (che.vel) — pain.

1) pain, sorrow, travail, pang

1a) pains of travail

1b) pains, pangs, sorrows

חֹבְלִים (chov.lim) — union.

union

חֶ֫בֶל (che.vel) — destruction.

destruction

חֶ֫בֶל (che.vel) — cord.

1) a cord, rope, territory, band, company

1a) a rope, cord

1b) a measuring-cord or line

1c) a measured portion, lot, part, region

1d) a band or company

§ destruction

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs — Noun common · both singular construct
HNcbsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
הַכֶּ֔סֶףha.Ke.sef silver H3701 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
403× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Silver or money, often referring to payment or wealth, like the silver talents in Matthew 25. It can also describe silver as a valuable metal or ornament.
Amplified meaning
valuable, precious
Tyndale gloss
silver: money
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֶּ֫סֶף (ke.seph) refers to silver and money, derived from a root meaning 'to be pale.' It encompasses various aspects of silver, including its use as a metal, ornament, and a measure of wealth or value. The term appears in contexts related to payment and price, indicating its significance in transactions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֶּ֫סֶף 402 n.m. silver, money

= silver ore, raw silver

silver as bright, shining

silver, as wealth

silver as spoil of war

silver as merchandise

silver as costly gift

silver as material

silver as measure of weight and value

among vbs. and phr.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3701 כֶּ֫סֶף silver, money

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3701 keceph keh'-sef

from 3700; silver (from its pale color); by implication,

money:--money, price, silver(-ling).

see HEBREW for 03700

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֶּ֫סֶף (ke.seph) — silver: money.

: money/payment/silver

1) silver, money

1a) silver

1a1) as metal

1a2) as ornament

1a3) as colour

1b) money, shekels, talents

כֶּ֫סֶף (ke.seph) — silver: price.

: price

1) silver, money

1a) silver

1a1) as metal

1a2) as ornament

1a3) as colour

1b) money, shekels, talents

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sil'-ver (keceph; argurion, arguros): Silver was known in the earliest historic times. Specimens of early Egyptian and Babylonian silver work testify to the skill of the ancient silversmiths. In Palestine, silver objects have been found antedating the occupation of the land by the Hebrews. This metal was used for making all kinds of ornamental objects. In the mound of Gezer were found bowls, vases, ladles, hairpins, rings and bracelets of silver. The rings and settings for scarabs or seals were commonly of this metal. The first mention of silver in the Bible is in Ge 13:2, where it says that Abraham was rich in cattle, in silver and gold. At that time it was commonly used in exchange in the form of bars or other shapes. Coins of that metal were of a much later date (Ge 20:16

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Silver

Used for a great variety of purposes, as may be judged from the frequent references to it in Scripture. It first appears in commerce in Gen. 13:2; 23:15, 16. It was largely employed for making vessels for the sanctuary in the wilderness (Ex. 26:19; 27:17; Num. 7:13, 19; 10:2). There is no record of its having been found in Syria or Palestine. It was brought in large quantities by foreign merchants from abroad, from Spain and India and other countries probably.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

In very early times silver was used for ornaments, (Genesis 24:53) and for vessels of various kinds. Images for idolatrous worship were made of silver or overlaid with it, (Exodus 20:23; Hosea 13:2); Habb 2:19 Bar. 6:39, and the manufacture of silver shrines for Diana was a trade in Ephesus. (Acts 19:24) But its chief use was as a medium of exchange, and throughout the Old Testament we find "silver" used for money, like the French argent . Silver was brought to Solomon from Arabia, (2 Chronicles 9:14) and from Tarshish, (2 Chronicles 9:21) which supplied the markets…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

One of the precious metals and the one most commonly used as coin among all nations. It is first mentioned in Scripture in the history of Abraham, Ge 13:2 20:16 23:16, and was used in constricting the tabernacle, Ex 26:19,32, and afterwards the temple, 1Ch 29:4. In employing it as a medium of trade, the ancient Hebrews weighed it out, instead of having coins. In the times of the New Testament there were coins. See SHEKEL, and MONEY.

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
וְתָרֻ֖ץve.ta.Rutz so it may be crushed H7533 Conjunction · verb qal third person feminine singular
19× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To crush means to break or oppress something or someone, used to describe physical or emotional distress in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
broken, shattered
Tyndale gloss
to crush
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָצַץ (ratsats) means to crush, with various nuances including breaking, bruising, and oppressing. It can describe both literal and figurative actions, such as being crushed or oppressing others. The verb appears in multiple forms, indicating different aspects of crushing or being crushed, including reciprocal actions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רָצַץ] vb. crush

Qal crush

Niph. be crushed, broken

Pi. crush in pieces

Pō‛ēl acc. pers.

Hiph. she crushed his skull

Hithpō‛. recipr., the children crushed (thrust, struck) one another within her.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7533 רָצַץ crush

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7533 ratsats raw-tsats'

a primitive root; to crack in pieces, literally or

figuratively:--break, bruise, crush, discourage, oppress,

struggle together.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָצַץ (ra.tsats) — to crush.

1) to crush, oppress

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to crush, get crushed, be crushed

1a2) to crush, oppress (fig)

1a3) crushed (participle passive)

1b) (Niphal) to be crushed, be broken

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to crush in pieces

1c2) to grievously oppress (fig)

1d) (Poel) to oppress (fig)

1e) (Hiphil) to crush

1f) (Hithpoel) to crush each other

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-Imperf-3fs — Conjunction · verb qal third person feminine singular
HC/Vqu3fs
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
גֻּלַּ֣תgu.Lat [the] bowl of H1543 Noun common · feminine singular construct
15× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a round container, like a bowl or a fountain. It's used to describe the shape of objects, including the bases of pillars in the temple. In the Bible, it's used to describe everyday objects and architectural features.
Amplified meaning
container, fountain
Tyndale gloss
bowl
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גֻּלָּה (gullah) refers to a feminine noun meaning a basin or bowl. It can denote various round objects, such as a bowl for a lamp or the bowl-shaped portions of temple pillars. The entries suggest it is related to the concept of a fountain or spring, though specific verse references are not provided.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גֻּלָּה n.f. basin, bowl

basin (pool, well?)

bowl

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1543 גֻּלָּה basin, bowl

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1543 gullah gool-law'

feminine from 1556; a fountain, bowl or globe (all as

round):--bowl, pommel, spring.

see HEBREW for 01556

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גֻּלָּה (gul.lah) — bowl.

1) bowl, spring, basin

1a) basin

1b) bowl

1b1) of a lamp

1b2) of bowl shaped portion of capitals of pillars of the temple

Also means: gol (גֹּל "bowl" H1531)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular construct
HNcfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
הַזָּהָ֑בha.za.Hav gold H2091 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
389× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Gold is a valuable metal, also used to describe something yellow or brilliant, like oil or a clear sky. It is often mentioned in the Bible as a precious resource.
Amplified meaning
pure, shining
Tyndale gloss
gold
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זָהָב (zahab) means gold and is derived from an unused root that conveys the idea of shimmering. It encompasses various aspects of gold, including its value as a precious metal, its use as a measure of weight, and its figurative brilliance. The term appears in contexts related to wealth, merchandise, and gifts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

זָהָב 385 n.m. gold

= gold-ore, gold in raw state

gold as wealth

gold as spoil of war

gold as merchandise

gold as costly gift

gold as material

gold described by its source

gold defined by var. adj. and pts.

as measure of weight and value

= golden oil, from colour

often named with

the chief vbs. used

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2091 זָהָב gold

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2091 zahab zaw-hawb'

from an unused root meaning to shimmer; gold, figuratively,

something gold-colored (i.e. yellow), as oil, a clear sky:--

gold(-en), fair weather.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זָהָב (za.hav) — gold.

1) gold

1a) as precious metal

1b) as a measure of weight

1c) of brilliance, splendour (fig.)

Aramaic equivalent: de.hav (דְּהַב "gold" H1722)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

gold (zahabh; chrusos):

1. Terms:

No metal has been more frequently mentioned in Old Testament writings than gold, and none has had more terms applied to it. Among these terms the one most used is zahabh. The Arabic equivalent, dhahab, is still the common name for gold throughout Palestine, Syria and Egypt. With zahabh frequently occur other words which, translated, mean "pure" (Ex 25:11), "refined" (1Ch 28:18), "finest" (1Ki 10:18), "beaten" (1Ki 10:17), "Ophir" (Ps 45:9).

Other terms occurring are: paz, "fine gold" (Job 28:17;

Gold

(1.) Heb. zahab, so called from its yellow colour (Ex. 25:11; 1 Chr. 28:18; 2 Chr. 3:5).

(2.) Heb. segor, from its compactness, or as being enclosed or treasured up; thus precious or “fine gold” (1 Kings 6:20; 7:49).

(3.) Heb. paz, native or pure gold (Job 28:17; Ps. 19:10; 21:3, etc.).

(4.) Heb. betzer, “ore of gold or silver” as dug out of the mine (Job 36:19, where it means simply riches).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Gold was known from the very earliest times. (Genesis 2:11) It was at first used chiefly for ornaments, etc. (Genesis 24:22) Coined money was not known to the ancients till a comparatively late period; and on the Egyptian tombs gold is represented as being weighed in rings for commercial purposes. Comp. (Genesis 43:21) Gold was extremely abundant in ancient times, (1 Chronicles 22:14; 2 Chronicles 1:15; 9:9; Daniel 3:1; Nahum 2:9) but this did not depreciate its value, because of the enormous quantities consumed by…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A well-known valuable metal, found in many parts of the world, and obtained anciently in Ophir, Job 28:16; Parvaim, 2Ch 3:6; Sheba, and Raamah, Eze 27:22. Job alludes to gold in various forms, Job 22:24 28:15-19. Abraham was rich in it, and female ornaments were early made of it, Ge 13:2 24:22,35. It is spoken of throughout Scripture; and the use of it among and ancient Hebrews, in its native and mixed state, and for the same purposes as at present, was very common. The Ark of the Covenant was overlaid with pure gold; the mercy seat, the vessels and utensils belonging to the tabernacle, and those also of the house of…

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
וְתִשָּׁ֤בֶרve.ti.Sha.ver so it may be broken H7665 Conjunction · verb niphal third person feminine singular
147× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to break or shatter something, either physically or emotionally. It can also mean to burst or rupture, and is often used to describe intense violence or destruction. In the Bible, it's translated as break or crush.
Amplified meaning
broken, smashed
Tyndale gloss
to break
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁבַר (shabar) means to break or shatter, with various nuances including breaking in pieces, causing to break out (like bringing to birth), and being broken or crushed. It appears in different forms, such as Qal, Niphal, Piel, Hiphil, and Hophal, indicating active and passive meanings. The lexicons do not present any significant disagreements.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁבַר 148 vb. break, break in pieces

Qal 53 break, lit.

Niph. 57 be broken

Pi. 26 shatter, break

Hiph. cause to break out, i.e. bring to the birth

Hoph. be broken, shattered (in heart)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7665 שָׁבַר break, break in pieces .break, lit.

. be broken

. shatter, break

. cause to break out, i.e. bring to the birth

. be broken, shattered (in heart)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7665 shabar shaw-bar'

a primitive root; to burst (literally or

figuratively):--break (down, off, in pieces, up),

broken((-hearted)), bring to the birth, crush, destroy, hurt,

quench, X quite, tear, view (by mistake for 7663).

see HEBREW for 07663

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁבַר (sha.var) — to break.

1) to break, break in pieces

1a) (Qal)

1a1) break, break in or down, rend violently, wreck, crush, quench

1a2) to break, rupture (fig)

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be broken, be maimed, be crippled, be wrecked

1b2) to be broken, be crushed (fig)

1c) (Piel) to shatter, break

1d) (Hiphil) to cause to break out, bring to the birth

1e) (Hophal) to be broken, be shattered

Aramaic equivalent: te.var (תְּבַר "to break" H8406)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Niphal-Imperf-3fs — Conjunction · verb niphal third person feminine singular
HC/VNu3fs
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

bro'-k'-n: Occurs both as past participle of the verb translated "to break" and as an adjective, the former use will be dealt with here only so far as verbs occur which are thus translated but do not present the non-participial forms. Such are: meroach = "bruised," "emasculated" (Le 21:20); chathath = "to frustrate," hence, "to break down" either by violence or by confusion and fear (1Sa 2:10; Jer 48:20,39); dakhah = "to collapse" (Ps 44:19; 51:8); ratsats = "to crack in pieces" "crush" (Ec 12:6); kathath = "to bruise or violently strike," "break in pieces" (Isa…

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
כַּד֙kad [the] jar H3537 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
18× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A jar is a container made of clay, used for storing liquids or foods. In Mark 14:13, Jesus sends His disciples to find a man carrying a jar of water. This word is also used in Luke 22:10 to describe a container for water.
Amplified meaning
jar, vessel
Tyndale gloss
jar
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כַּד (kad) refers to a jar, specifically a large, portable container typically made of earthenware. The word is derived from an unused root meaning to deepen, and it is used in domestic contexts, often indicating a vessel for holding liquids.

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3537 כַּד jar

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3537 kad kad

from an unused root meaning to deepen; properly, a pail; but

generally of earthenware; a jar for domestic

purposes:--barrel, pitcher.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כַּד (kad) — jar.

jar, large jar (portable)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

jar.

See BARREL.

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
עַל־'al- at H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
הַמַּבּ֔וּעַha.ma.Bu.a' the water spring H4002 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a fountain or spring of water, a source of fresh water. It symbolizes life and renewal in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
fountain, source of life
Tyndale gloss
spring
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַבּוּעַ (mabbuwa`) means a spring or fountain of water. It is derived from the root word for 'fountain' and is used to refer specifically to a source of water.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מַבּוּעַ n.[m.] spring of water

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4002 מַבּוּעַ spring of water

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4002 mabbuwa` mab-boo'-ah

from 5042; a fountain:--fountain, spring.

see HEBREW for 05042

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַבּוּעַ (mab.bu.a) — spring.

spring of water

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See FOUNTAIN; WELL.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Spring

(Heb. ‘ain, “the bright open source, the eye of the landscape”). To be carefully distinguished from “well” (q.v.). “Springs” mentioned in Josh. 10:40 (Heb. ‘ashdoth) should rather be “declivities” or “slopes” (R.V.), i.e., the undulating ground lying between the lowlands (the shephelah) and the central range of hills.

Nave's Topical Bible

1. Season of, promised annual return of Ge 8:22

Described Pr 27:25; So 2:11-13

2. Of water

Hot Ge 36:24

→ FIGURATIVE

Corrupt Pr 25:26; Jas 3:11

See WELLS

Thompson Chain Reference topics
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
וְנָרֹ֥ץve.na.Rotz and it will be crushed H7533 Verb · Niphal · sequential perfect third person masculine singular
19× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To crush means to break or oppress something or someone, used to describe physical or emotional distress in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
crushed, severed
Tyndale gloss
to crush
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָצַץ (ratsats) means to crush, with various nuances including breaking, bruising, and oppressing. It can describe both literal and figurative actions, such as being crushed or oppressing others. The verb appears in multiple forms, indicating different aspects of crushing or being crushed, including reciprocal actions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רָצַץ] vb. crush

Qal crush

Niph. be crushed, broken

Pi. crush in pieces

Pō‛ēl acc. pers.

Hiph. she crushed his skull

Hithpō‛. recipr., the children crushed (thrust, struck) one another within her.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7533 רָצַץ crush

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7533 ratsats raw-tsats'

a primitive root; to crack in pieces, literally or

figuratively:--break, bruise, crush, discourage, oppress,

struggle together.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָצַץ (ra.tsats) — to crush.

1) to crush, oppress

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to crush, get crushed, be crushed

1a2) to crush, oppress (fig)

1a3) crushed (participle passive)

1b) (Niphal) to be crushed, be broken

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to crush in pieces

1c2) to grievously oppress (fig)

1d) (Poel) to oppress (fig)

1e) (Hiphil) to crush

1f) (Hithpoel) to crush each other

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Niphal-3ms — Verb · Niphal · sequential perfect third person masculine singular
Hc/VNq3ms
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
הַגַּלְגַּ֖לha.gal.Gal the [water] wheel H1534 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
11× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a wheel or a whirlwind, and is also used to describe dust that is whirled around. In the Bible, it is used to describe the motion of wheels and the power of nature. The word has various translations, including heaven and rolling thing.
Amplified meaning
circular motion, cycle
Tyndale gloss
wheel
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גַּלְגַּל (galgal) refers to a wheel or a whirlwind, with implications of something that rolls or whirls, such as dust or chaff. The word is built from reduplication and connects to the concept of movement. It appears in contexts that involve rolling or whirling, but no specific verses are cited.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גַּלְגַּל n.m. wheel, whirl, whirlwind

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1534 גַּלְגַּל wheel, whirl, whirlwind

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1534 galgal gal-gal'

by reduplication from 1556; a wheel; by analogy, a whirlwind;

also dust (as whirled):--heaven, rolling thing, wheel.

see HEBREW for 01556

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גַּלְגַּל (gal.gal) — wheel.

1) wheel, whirl, whirlwind, whirling

1a) wheel

1b) whirl (of dust, chaff)

Aramaic equivalent: gal.gal (גַּלְגַּל "wheel" H1535)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hwel:

(1) 'ophan, is the usual word (Ex 14:25, etc.). In Pr 20:26; Isa 28:27 the rollers of a threshing wagon are meant (see AGRICULTURE).

(2) galgal, "rolling thing," generally in the sense of "wheel" (Isa 5:28, etc.), but the Revised Version (British and American) in Eze 10:2,6,13 has "whirling wheels," an advantageous change. The "wheel .... broken at the cistern" in Ec 12:6 is the windlass for drawing the water, and by the figure the breakdown of the old man's breathing apparatus is probably meant. In Ps…

Wheel

(Heb. galgal; rendered “wheel” in Ps. 83:13, and “a rolling thing” in Isa. 17:13; R.V. in both, “whirling dust”). This word has been supposed to mean the wild artichoke, which assumes the form of a globe, and in autumn breaks away from its roots, and is rolled about by the wind in some places in great numbers.

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Ps 83:13, translated "rolling thing" in Isa 17:13. Mr. Thomson, for many years a missionary in Syria, thinks the wild artichoke may here be referred to. This plant sends out numerous stalks or branches of equal length in all directions, forming a globe a foot in diameter. These globes become rigid and light as a feather in autumn, and thousands of them fly rolling and bounding over the plains, the sport of every wind. This "rolling thing" furnishes the modern Arabs with a current proverb and a curse.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Potter' s Jer 18:3

→ FIGURATIVE Pr 20:26; Ec 12:6

→ SYMBOLICAL Eze 1:15-21; 3:13; 10:9-19; 11:22

until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
אֶל־'el- to H413 Preposition
5,518× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Tyndale gloss
to(wards)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֶל (el) is primarily a preposition indicating motion towards or direction to a person or place. It can also imply entering a limit, presence at a location, or a hostile direction (against). Additionally, it may express concepts such as concerning, in addition to, or according to. The entries highlight its versatility in both physical and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph),

prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).of motion to or unto a person or place

Where the limit is actually entered, into

Of direction towards anything

Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

Of rule or standard according to (rare)

Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H413 אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), . of motion to or unto a person or place

. Where the limit is actually entered, into

. Of direction towards anything

. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

. Of rule or standard according to (rare)

. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

413 'el ale

(but only used in the shortened constructive form sel {el});

a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but

occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e. near, with or

among; often in general, to:--about, according to ,after,

against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and,

by, concerning, for, from, X hath, in(- to), near, (out) of,

over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether,

with(-in).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶל (el) — to(wards).

1) to, toward, unto (of motion)

2) into (limit is actually entered)

2a) in among

3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion)

4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character)

5) in addition to, to

6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of

7) according to (rule or standard)

8) at, by, against (of one's presence)

9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
until that not it will be snapped [the] cord of silver so it may be crushed [the] bowl of gold so it may be broken [the] jar at the water spring and it will be crushed the [water] wheel to the well
הַבּֽוֹר׃ha.Bor the well H953 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
66× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a cistern or pit, often used to hold water or as a prison. In the Bible, it is used to describe a place of confinement, like a dungeon or well. It is a physical hole in the ground.
Amplified meaning
cistern, reservoir
Tyndale gloss
pit
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בּוֹר (bor) refers to a pit, well, or cistern, often used for water storage or as a dungeon. It can also denote a grave pit. The term appears in various contexts, including the specific location known as the cistern of Sirah, mentioned in 2 Samuel 3:26. The entries consistently emphasize its function as a hole or pit.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בּוֹר n.m. pit, cistern, well

cistern, containing water, made by digging

later appar. well

pit

dungeon

(poet. & late; never c. art.) pit of the grave

base

בּוֹר הַסִּרָה n.pr.loc. 2 S 3:26 (cistern of Sirah)

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H953a בּוֹר pit, cistern, well H953b בּוֹר הַסִּרָה (cistern of Sirah)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

953 bowr bore

from 952 (in the sense of 877); a pit hole (especially one

used as a cistern or a prison):--cistern, dungeon, fountain,

pit, well.

see HEBREW for 0952

see HEBREW for 0877

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בּוֹר (bor) — pit.

pit, well, cistern, dungeon, pit of the grave

בּוֹר (bor) — Cistern.

Cistern of Sirah

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

(1) (be'er; compare Arabic bi'r, "well" or "cistern"; usually artificial: "And Isaac's servants digged (dug) in the valley, and found there a well of springing (margin "living") water" (Ge 26:19); some times covered: "Jacob .... rolled the stone from the well's mouth" (Ge 29:10). Be'er may also be a pit: "The vale of Siddim was full of slime pits" (Ge 14:10); "the pit of destruction" (Ps 55:23).

(2) (bor), usually "pit": "Let us slay him, and cast him into one of the pits" (Ge 37:20); may be "well": "drew water out of the well of Beth-lehem" (2Sa 23:16).

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Well

(Heb. beer), to be distinguished from a fountain (Heb. ‘ain). A “beer” was a deep shaft, bored far under the rocky surface by the art of man, which contained water which percolated through the strata in its sides. Such wells were those of Jacob and Beersheba, etc. (see Gen. 21:19, 25, 30, 31; 24:11; 26:15, 18-25, 32, etc.). In the Pentateuch this word beer, so rendered, occurs twenty-five times.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Wells in Palestine are usually excavated from the solid limestone rock, sometimes with steps to descend into them. (Genesis 24:16) The brims are furnished with a curb or low wall of stone, bearing marks of high antiquity in the furrows worn by the ropes used in drawing water. It was on a curb of this sort that our Lord sat when he conversed with the woman of Samaria, (John 4:6) and it was this, the usual stone cover, which the woman placed on the mouth of the well at Bahurim, (2 Samuel 17:19) where the Authorized Version weakens the sense by omitting the article. The usual methods for raising water are the following: The rope and bucket, or waterskin. (Genesis 24:14-20;

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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