Deuteronomy 24:6 — Word Study
WLCלֹא־ יַחֲבֹ֥ל רֵחַ֖יִם וָרָ֑כֶב כִּי־ נֶ֖פֶשׁ ה֥וּא חֹבֵֽל׃ ס
BSADo notlôʼ [under no circumstances] take a pair of millstonesrêcheh [grinding stones, nether millstone] or even an upper millstonerekeb [rider, upper stone] as security for a debtchâbal▸ [pledge, guarantee, loan, obligation] becausekîy ◂that would behûwʼ ◂taking one’s livelihoodnephesh [life, soul] as securitychâbal [pledge, for he taketh a man's life to pledge]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| לֹא־ | not | Particle |
| יַחֲבֹ֥ל | anyone will take as pledge | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| רֵחַ֖יִם | a hand-mill | Noun common, masculine dual absolute |
| וָרָ֑כֶב | and an upper millstone | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| כִּי־ | for | Particle |
| נֶ֖פֶשׁ | a life | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| ה֥וּא | that | Pronoun |
| חֹבֵֽל׃ ס | [is] taking as pledge | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security. |
| KJV | ¶ No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man’s life to pledge. |
| ASV | No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge; for he taketh a man’s life to pledge. |
| YLT | 'None doth take in pledge millstones, and rider, for life it [is] he is taking in pledge. |
| WEB | No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone as a pledge, for he takes a life in pledge. |
| BBE | No one is to take, on account of a debt, the stones with which grain is crushed: for in doing so he takes a man's living. |
Where they part company is חָבַל — see How Translations Differ.
The verse contains a main clause followed by a reason clause, explaining the rationale behind the prohibition.







8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectהוּא
verbחָבַל
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Deuteronomy 24:6
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Laws about Personal Conductgenerated
Deuteronomy 24:6 is part of a broader legal framework that addresses social justice among the Israelites. These laws emphasize the importance of protecting individuals' livelihoods and ensuring fair treatment in economic transactions. The surrounding verses discuss various responsibilities and rights, highlighting the need for compassion and justice in community life.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Exodus 22:26–27 | If you take your neighbor’s cloak as collateral, return it to him by sunset, |
| 2 | Revelation 18:22 | And the sound of harpists and musicians, of flute players and trumpeters, will never ring out in you again. Nor will any craftsmen of any trade be found in you again, nor the sound of a millstone be heard in you again. |
| 3 | Deuteronomy 20:19 | When you lay siege to a city for an extended time while fighting against it to capture it, you must not destroy its trees by putting an axe to them, because you can eat their fruit. You must not cut them down. Are the trees of the field human, that you should besiege them? |
| 4 | Genesis 44:30 | So if the boy is not with us when I return to your servant, and if my father, whose life is wrapped up in the boy’s life, |
| 5 | Luke 12:15 | And He said to them, “Watch out! Guard yourselves against every form of greed, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — חָבַל, ya.cha.Volgenerated
The verb חָבַל (chabal) means to pledge or bind, often in the context of taking something as security. It conveys a sense of obligation and is used here to indicate the act of taking millstones as collateral for a debt.
In this verse, the use of חָבַל emphasizes the seriousness of taking a person's means of livelihood. The action not only binds the debtor but also risks their very existence, as millstones are essential for grinding grain, a staple for life.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb יַחֲבֹ֥ל (ya.cha.Vol), meaning 'anyone will take as pledge,' governs the entire verse, with the object being the pair of millstones and the upper millstone. The structure emphasizes the prohibition against taking these items as security.
The sentence begins with a negation, לֹא (lo'), setting a clear directive. The word order highlights the importance of the millstones, emphasizing their role in sustaining life.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates חָבַל as ἐνεξυράσεις, which means 'to take as a pledge.' This choice reflects a similar understanding of the act of taking collateral, though it may carry a slightly different nuance in Greek.
The Greek word for millstone, μύλον, indicates the physical object being referred to, maintaining the focus on the necessity of these tools for daily survival.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Deuteronomy 24:6 instructs not to take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt. Doing so would threaten a person's livelihood, as these stones are essential for grinding grain.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Taking millstones as a pledge jeopardizes a person's ability to provide for themselves and their family, as these tools are essential for food preparation.
This verse shows God's concern for the well-being of individuals, ensuring that their means of survival are protected in economic dealings.
We learn that we must act with integrity and compassion in our dealings with others, especially regarding their livelihoods.
In modern contexts, this law reminds us to consider the impact of our financial decisions on others' lives and to act justly in our economic interactions.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways can I ensure that my financial decisions do not harm others?
- How can I apply the principle of protecting livelihoods in my daily life?
- What are some examples of how society can better support those in financial distress?
- How does this verse challenge me to think about fairness and justice in my community?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Paterius comments on this verse to illustrate the importance of justice in economic dealings, emphasizing the moral implications of taking security.
To take (accipere) means “to take away.” Thus those birds that are eager to seize other birds are called hawks (accipiter).Early Church Fathers on Deuteronomy 24 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Deuteronomy 24:6 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleNo man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge,.... The first word being of the dual number takes in both stones, wherefore Vatablus renders the words, "ye shall not take for a pledge
Read John Gill on Deuteronomy 24 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryNo man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge. No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone.
Read Robert Jamieson on Deuteronomy 24 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe nether or the upper millstone, used in their handmills; of which see . Under this one kind he understands all other things necessary to get a livelihood, the taking away whereof is against the laws both of charity and prudence, seeing by those things alone he can be enabled both to subsist and to pay his debts. A man’ s life, i.e. his livelihood, or the necessary supports of his life.
Read Matthew Poole on Deuteronomy 24 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsDeuteronomy 24:6 No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh [a man’ s] life to pledge. Ver. 6. A man’ s life.] That is, his livelihood. A poor man in his house is like a snail in his shell, crush that and you kill him. See Luke 8:43 Mark 12:44. All her life, ολοντουβιον, that is, all her living.
Read John Trapp on Deuteronomy 24 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(6) The nether or the upper millstone.—Literally, the two millstones, or even the upper one.A man’s life.—Literally, a soul. This word connects the two verses (6, 7).
Read Charles John Ellicott on Deuteronomy 24 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 6. The nether or the upper mill-stone] Small hand-mills which can be worked by a single person were formerly in use among the Jews, and are still used in many parts of the East. As therefore the day's meal was generally ground for each day, they keeping no stock beforehand, hence they were forbidden to take either of the stones to pledge, because in such a case the family must be without bread. On this account the text terms the millstone the man's life.
Read AdamClarke on Deuteronomy 24 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges6. Mill or Upper Millstone not to be taken in Pledge. This would be to pledge life itself. Milling (as largely still in Palestine) was mainly domestic, the first indispensable duty of the day; the sound of the millstones as sure a sign of a living family as the light of the candle (Jeremiah 25:10, Revelation 18:22; see Jerus. i. 375 f.). The mill, like the Western ‘quern,’ consisted of two stones, as the dual form of the Heb. name indicates (reḥ ?aim, cp. Ar. raḥ ?β, Baldensperger, PEFQ, 1904, 263), of which the upper, Heb. rηkeb, rider, LXX ἐπιμύλιον, was the lighter and more easily lifted (Judges 9:53). This law is peculiar to D, and related to the next but two (10–13), which however is…
Read Cambridge on Deuteronomy 24 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible6. No man shall take the… millstone to pledge — The handmill of the people consisted of two stones. It was necessary for preparing the ordinary food of the family, and was therefore exempt from execution for debt. Comp.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Deuteronomy 24 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security.
No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone as a pledge, for he takes a life in pledge.
Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security.
One must not take either lower or upper millstones as security on a loan, for that is like taking a life itself as security.
Tyndale line
¶ No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man’s life to pledge.
No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge; for he taketh a man’s life to pledge.
No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man’s life to pledge.
No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone for a pledge: for he taketh a man's life for a pledge.
No man shall take the nether nor the vpper milstone to pledge: for this gage is his liuing.
Strictly literal
No man shall take the hand-mill or the upper millstone in pledge; for it would be taking life in pledge.
'None doth take in pledge millstones, and rider, for life it [is] he is taking in pledge.
No one takes millstones and rider in pledge, for it [is one’s] life he is taking in pledge.
No man shall take to pledge the nether or the upper millstone; for he taketh a man's life to pledge.
No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge, for that would be taking a person's life as a pledge.
From the Latin
Thou shalt not take the nether, nor the upper millstone to pledge: for he hath pledged his life to thee.
Simplified
Don't accept a pair of millstones, or even just an upper millstone, as security for a debt, because that would put the borrower's life in danger.
No one is to take, on account of a debt, the stones with which grain is crushed: for in doing so he takes a man's living.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text states, 'לֹא־ יַחֲבֹ֥ל רֵחַ֖יִם וָרָ֑כֶב כִּי־ נֶ֖פֶשׁ ה֥וּא חֹבֵֽל׃ ס', which translates to 'Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security.' The Septuagint agrees with the Masoretic Text in meaning, though its word order differs due to translation. The Samaritan Pentateuch also agrees with the Masoretic Text word for word. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain variations, with 4Q28 using 'לא תחבל' instead of 'לא יחבל', which is a slight difference in wording but retains the same meaning. 4Q33 has even more restoration and supplied text, but the core message aligns with the Masoretic Text and the other witnesses.
לֹא־ יַחֲבֹ֥ל רֵחַ֖יִם וָרָ֑כֶב כִּי־ נֶ֖פֶשׁ ה֥וּא חֹבֵֽל׃ ס
8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
לא יחבל רחים ורכב כי נפשׁ הוא חבל
Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.
לא תחבל רחים ורכב כי נפש הוא חבל
5 words on the leather — 3 partly restored.
[לא] [יחבל] [רחים] [ורכב] כי [נפש] [הוא] [חבל]
nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 7 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Deuteronomy 24:6
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'
לֹא or לוֹא adv. not
base
H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not
3808 lo' lo
or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often
used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,
ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,
no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out
of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +
of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.
לֹא (lo) — not.
1) not, no
1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)
1b) not (with modifier-negation)
1c) nothing (subst)
1d) without (with particle)
1e) before (of time)
Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)
Part — ParticleHTn
חָבַל (chabal) is a Hebrew root meaning to bind or pledge, often in the context of taking a pledge. It also conveys the ideas of destruction or corruption, as well as the physical act of writhing or travailing, particularly in childbirth. The lexicons note its use in various forms, including to spoil or be ruined, but do not indicate significant disagreement among them.
[חָבַל] vb. bind, pledge
Qal
bind
bind by taking a pledge of
Niph. Impf. becometh pledged to it
Pi. writhe, twist, hence travail
base
חָבַל vb. act (ruinously) corruptly
Qal act corruptly against
Niph. Impf. shall be ruined
Pi. ruin, destroy
Pu. be ruined, broken
base
H2254a חָבַל bind, pledge .. bind
. bind by taking a pledge of
. Impf. becometh pledged to it
H2254b חָבַל act (ruinously) corruptly .act corruptly against
. Impf. shall be ruined
. ruin, destroy
. be ruined, broken
H2254c חָבַל bind, pledge . writhe, twist, hence travail
2254 chabal khaw-bal'
a primitive root; to wind tightly (as a rope), i.e. to bind;
specifically, by a pledge; figuratively, to pervert, destroy;
also to writhe in pain (especially of parturition):--X at all,
band, bring forth, (deal) corrupt(-ly), destroy, offend, lay
&Š to (take a) pledge, spoil, travail, X very, withhold.
חָבַל (cha.val) — to pledge.
1) to bind
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to bind
2) to take a pledge, lay to pledge
2a) (Qal) to hold by a pledge, take in pledge, hold in pledge
2b) (Niphal) to give a pledge, become pledged
חָבַל (cha.val) — to destroy.
1) to destroy, spoil, deal corruptly, offend
1a) (Qal) to spoil, corrupt, offend
1b) (Niphal) to be ruined
1c) (Piel) to destroy, ruin
1d) (Pual) to be ruined, be broken
Aramaic equivalent: cha.val (חֲבַל "to destroy" H2255)
חָבַל (cha.val) — be in labour.
1) to bring forth, travail
1a) (Piel) to writhe, twist, travail
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVqi3ms
plej (verbs chabhal (10 times), `arabh (2Ki 18:23 equals Isa 36:8); nouns chahal (Eze 18:12,16; 33:15), chabcholah (Eze 18:7), `arubbah), (1Sa 17:18), erabhon (Ge 38:17,18,20); also abhoT (De 24:10-13) and (the Revised Version (British and American) only) abhTiT (Hab 2:6)): All these words have about the same meaning.
(1) The "pledge" is, as in modern English, security given for future payment (Ge…
Pledge
See LOAN.
[LOAN]
The Jewish law protected the poor who were obliged to give security for a loan or the fulfillment of a contract. If a man pawned his robe, the usual covering of the cool nights, it must be returned on the same day, Ex 22:26-27. The creditor could not enter a house and take what he pleased; and the millstone being a necessary of life, could not be taken, De 24:6,10,11. Compare Job 22:6 24:3,7. Idolaters sometimes disregarded these prohibitions, Am 2:6-8. See LOANS. Pledges are necessary from the vicious, who cannot be trusted, Pr 20:16.
רֵחֶה (recheh) refers to a hand mill, specifically a pair of millstones used for grinding. The term is derived from a root meaning to pulverize. All entries consistently define it as relating to millstones, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
[רֵחֶה] n.[m.] only du. (hand-)mill (prob. = two mill-stones)
base
H7347 רֵחֶה only du. (hand-)mill (prob. = two mill-stones)
7347 recheh ray-kheh'
from an unused root meaning to pulverize; a
mill-stone:--mill (stone).
רֵחֶה (re.cheh) — millstone.
1) handmills
1a) a pair of millstones for grinding
N-md — Noun common · masculine dual absoluteHNcmda
Mill
For grinding corn, mentioned as used in the time of Abraham (Gen. 18:6). That used by the Hebrews consisted of two circular stones, each 2 feet in diameter and half a foot thick, the lower of which was called the “nether millstone” (Job 41:24) and the upper the “rider.” The upper stone was turned round by a stick fixed in it as a handle. There were then no public mills, and thus each family required to be provided with a hand-mill. The corn was ground daily, generally by the women of the house (Isa. 47:1, 2; Matt. 24:41). It was with the upper stone of a hand-mill that “a certain woman” at Thebez broke Abimelech’s skull (
The mills of the ancient Hebrews probably differed but little from those at present in use in the East. These consist of two circular stones, each about eighteen inches or two feet in diameter, the lower of which is fixed, and has its upper surface slightly convex, fitting into a corresponding concavity in the upper stone. In the latter is a hole thorough which the grain passes, immediately above a pivot or shaft which rises from the centre of the lower stone, and about which the upper stone is turned by means of an upright handle fixed near the edge. It is worked by women, sometimes singly and sometimes two together, who are usually seated on the bare ground. (Isaiah 47:1,2) "facing each other; both have hold of the handle by which the upper is turned round on the ’nether’ millstone. The one whose right hand is disengaged throws in the grain as occasion requires through the hole in the…
See CORN.
רֶ֫כֶב (rekeb) refers to a chariot or vehicle, and can also denote a team of horses, cavalry, or riders. It is associated with the upper millstone, implying a connection to movement or transport. The term encompasses various meanings, including chariotry, individual chariots, and groups of horsemen.
רֶ֫כֶב 120 n.m. chariotry, chariot, mill-stone; appar. also riders
base
H7393 רֶ֫כֶב chariotry, chariot, mill-stone; appar. also riders
7393 rekeb reh'-keb
from 7392; a vehicle; by implication, a team; by extension,
cavalry; by analogy a rider, i.e. the upper
millstone:--chariot, (upper) millstone, multitude (from the
margin), wagon.
see HEBREW for 07392
רֶ֫כֶב (re.khev) — chariot.
: chariot
1) a team, chariot, chariotry, mill-stone, riders
1a) chariotry, chariots
1b) chariot (single)
1c) upper millstone (as riding on lower millstone)
1d) riders, troop (of riders), horsemen, pair of horsemen, men riding, ass-riders, camel-riders
Also means: re.khev (רֶ֫כֶב ": millstone" H7393H)
רֶ֫כֶב (re.khev) — chariot: millstone.
: millstone
1) a team, chariot, chariotry, mill-stone, riders
1a) chariotry, chariots
1b) chariot (single)
1c) upper millstone (as riding on lower millstone)
1d) riders, troop (of riders), horsemen, pair of horsemen, men riding, ass-riders, camel-riders
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'
כִּי conj. that, for, when
that
Of time, when, of the past
elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
Because, since
base
כִּי אם־
each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:
that if
for if
(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—
limiting the prec. clause, except
the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
after an oath, surely
base
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that
. . Of time, when, of the past
. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
. Because, since
H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if
. for if
. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except
. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
. after an oath, surely
H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
3588 kiy kee
a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional
prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent
or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative
conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by
other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,
where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,
even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +
nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,
therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,
whether, while, whom, yea, yet.
כִּי (ki) — for.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if
1f) but rather, but
1g) except that
1h) only, nevertheless
1i) surely
1j) that is
1k) but if
1l) for though
1m) forasmuch as, for therefore
כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.
1) except if
1a) but if
1b) even though
כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
Conj — ParticleHTc
for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.
In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…
The Hebrew word נֶ֫פֶשׁ (*nephesh*) broadly means 'soul' or 'living being,' encompassing concepts like life, self, person, desire, and emotion. It is derived from the root meaning 'to breathe' and signifies both physical and mental aspects of existence. The lexicons note its use in various contexts, including as the seat of appetites and emotions, though its application to will and character is uncertain.
נֶ֫פֶשׁ 756 n.f. soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion
= that which breathes, the breathing substance or being
The נפשׁ becomes a living being
The נפשׁ is specif.
The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself
נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)
נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions
נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts
נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.
נפשׁ = character is still more dub.
נ׳ in D
base
H5315 נֶ֫פֶשׁ soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion . = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being
. The נפשׁ becomes a living being
. The נפשׁ is specif.
. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself
. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)
. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions
. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts
. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.
. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.
. נ׳ in D
5315 nephesh neh'-fesh
from 5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of
(abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal,
accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental):--any,
appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead(-ly), desire,
X (dis-)contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart(-y),
(hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me,
mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-,
thy-)self, them (your)-selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they,
thing, (X she) will, X would have it.
see HEBREW for 05314
נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul.
1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion
1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man
1b) living being
1c) living being (with life in the blood)
1d) the man himself, self, person or individual
1e) seat of the appetites
1f) seat of emotions and passions
1g) activity of mind
1g1) uncertain
1h) activity of the will
1h1) uncertain
1i) activity of the character
1i1) uncertain
נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul: life.
1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion
1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man
1b) living being
1c) living being (with life in the blood)
1d) the man himself, self, person or individual
1e) seat of the appetites
1f) seat of emotions and passions
1g) activity of mind
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
lif (chayyim, nephesh, ruach, chayah; zoe, psuche, bios, pneuma):
I. THE TERMS
II. THE OLD TESTAMENT TEACHING
1. Popular Use of the Term
2. Complexity of the Idea
III. IN THE APOCRYPHA
IV. IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
1. In the Synoptic Gospels
2. In the Fourth Gospel
3. In the Ac of the Apostles
4. In the Writings of Paul
5. In the Writings of John
6. In the Other Books of the New Testament
LITERATURE
I. The Terms.
Of the Hebrew terms, chayah is the verb which means "to live," "to have life," or the vital principle, "to continue to live," or "to live prosperously." In the Piel it signifies "to give life, or preserve, or quicken and restore life." The Hiphil is much like the Piel. The noun hayyim generally used in the plural is an abstract noun meaning "life," i.e. the possession of the vital principle with its energies and activities. Nephesh often means "living being" or "creature." Sometimes it has the…
Life
Generally of physical life (Gen. 2:7; Luke 16:25, etc.); also used figuratively (1) for immortality (Heb. 7:16); (2) conduct or manner of life (Rom. 6:4); (3) spiritual life or salvation (John 3:16, 17, 18, 36); (4) eternal life (Matt. 19:16, 17; John 3:15); of God and Christ as the absolute source and cause of all life (John 1:4; 5:26, 39; 11:25; 12:50).
In the Bible, is either natural, Ge 3:17; spiritual, that of the renewed soul, Ro 8:6; or eternal, a holy and blissful immortality, Joh 3:36 Ro 6:23. Christ is the great Author of natural life, Col 1:16; and also of spiritual and eternal life; Joh 14:6 6:47. He has purchased these by laying down his own life; and gives them freely to his people, Joh 10:11,28. He is the spring of all their spiritual life on earth, Ga 2:20; will raise them up at the last day; and…
הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.
הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it
an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)
It resumes the subj. with emph.
Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible
It anticipates (as it seems) the subject
As an emph. predicate, of God
In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)
With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.
base
H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)
. It resumes the subj. with emph.
. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible
. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject
. As an emph. predicate, of God
. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)
. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.
1931 huw' hoo
of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a
primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or
it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also
(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;
sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally
(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),
it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,
this, those, which (is), who.
הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.
pron 3p s
1) he, she, it
1a) himself (with emphasis)
1b) resuming subj with emphasis
1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)
1d) (anticipating subj)
1e) (emphasising predicate)
1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron
2) that (with article)
Pron — PronounHPp3ms
חָבַל (chabal) is a Hebrew root meaning to bind or pledge, often in the context of taking a pledge. It also conveys the ideas of destruction or corruption, as well as the physical act of writhing or travailing, particularly in childbirth. The lexicons note its use in various forms, including to spoil or be ruined, but do not indicate significant disagreement among them.
[חָבַל] vb. bind, pledge
Qal
bind
bind by taking a pledge of
Niph. Impf. becometh pledged to it
Pi. writhe, twist, hence travail
base
חָבַל vb. act (ruinously) corruptly
Qal act corruptly against
Niph. Impf. shall be ruined
Pi. ruin, destroy
Pu. be ruined, broken
base
H2254a חָבַל bind, pledge .. bind
. bind by taking a pledge of
. Impf. becometh pledged to it
H2254b חָבַל act (ruinously) corruptly .act corruptly against
. Impf. shall be ruined
. ruin, destroy
. be ruined, broken
H2254c חָבַל bind, pledge . writhe, twist, hence travail
2254 chabal khaw-bal'
a primitive root; to wind tightly (as a rope), i.e. to bind;
specifically, by a pledge; figuratively, to pervert, destroy;
also to writhe in pain (especially of parturition):--X at all,
band, bring forth, (deal) corrupt(-ly), destroy, offend, lay
&Š to (take a) pledge, spoil, travail, X very, withhold.
חָבַל (cha.val) — to pledge.
1) to bind
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to bind
2) to take a pledge, lay to pledge
2a) (Qal) to hold by a pledge, take in pledge, hold in pledge
2b) (Niphal) to give a pledge, become pledged
חָבַל (cha.val) — to destroy.
1) to destroy, spoil, deal corruptly, offend
1a) (Qal) to spoil, corrupt, offend
1b) (Niphal) to be ruined
1c) (Piel) to destroy, ruin
1d) (Pual) to be ruined, be broken
Aramaic equivalent: cha.val (חֲבַל "to destroy" H2255)
חָבַל (cha.val) — be in labour.
1) to bring forth, travail
1a) (Piel) to writhe, twist, travail
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singularHVqrmsa
plej (verbs chabhal (10 times), `arabh (2Ki 18:23 equals Isa 36:8); nouns chahal (Eze 18:12,16; 33:15), chabcholah (Eze 18:7), `arubbah), (1Sa 17:18), erabhon (Ge 38:17,18,20); also abhoT (De 24:10-13) and (the Revised Version (British and American) only) abhTiT (Hab 2:6)): All these words have about the same meaning.
(1) The "pledge" is, as in modern English, security given for future payment (Ge…
Pledge
See LOAN.
[LOAN]
The Jewish law protected the poor who were obliged to give security for a loan or the fulfillment of a contract. If a man pawned his robe, the usual covering of the cool nights, it must be returned on the same day, Ex 22:26-27. The creditor could not enter a house and take what he pleased; and the millstone being a necessary of life, could not be taken, De 24:6,10,11. Compare Job 22:6 24:3,7. Idolaters sometimes disregarded these prohibitions, Am 2:6-8. See LOANS. Pledges are necessary from the vicious, who cannot be trusted, Pr 20:16.
