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Deuteronomy 24:6 — Word Study

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WLCלֹא־ יַחֲבֹ֥ל רֵחַ֖יִם וָרָ֑כֶב כִּי־ נֶ֖פֶשׁ ה֥וּא חֹבֵֽל׃ ס

BSADo notlôʼ [under no circumstances] take a pair of millstonesrêcheh [grinding stones, nether millstone] or even an upper millstonerekeb [rider, upper stone] as security for a debtchâbal [pledge, guarantee, loan, obligation] becausekîy that would behûwʼ taking one’s livelihoodnephesh [life, soul] as securitychâbal [pledge, for he taketh a man's life to pledge]

Word
Listen & take awayDeuteronomy 24
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 6 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (cho.Vel) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Deuteronomy 24:6quick helps
In a sentenceThis verse instructs not to take millstones as collateral for a debt, as it jeopardizes one's means of living.
Who is speakingMoses, conveying God's laws to the Israelites.
Where we arePart of a series of laws regarding social justice and personal conduct.
The hard wordחָבַל
Take awayTaking a millstone as a pledge threatens a person's very life.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectהוּא verbחָבַל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Deuteronomy 24:6

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Laws about Personal Conductgenerated

5If a man is newly married, he must not be sent to war or be pressed into any duty. For one year he is free to stay at home and bring joy to the wife he has married.
6Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security.
7If a man is caught kidnapping one of his Israelite brothers, whether he treats him as a slave or sells him, the kidnapper must die. So you must purge the evil from among you.
8In cases of infectious skin diseases, be careful to diligently follow everything the Levitical priests instruct you. Be careful to do as I have commanded them.

Deuteronomy 24:6 is part of a broader legal framework that addresses social justice among the Israelites. These laws emphasize the importance of protecting individuals' livelihoods and ensuring fair treatment in economic transactions. The surrounding verses discuss various responsibilities and rights, highlighting the need for compassion and justice in community life.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Exodus 22:26–27If you take your neighbor’s cloak as collateral, return it to him by sunset,
2Revelation 18:22And the sound of harpists and musicians, of flute players and trumpeters, will never ring out in you again. Nor will any craftsmen of any trade be found in you again, nor the sound of a millstone be heard in you again.
3Deuteronomy 20:19When you lay siege to a city for an extended time while fighting against it to capture it, you must not destroy its trees by putting an axe to them, because you can eat their fruit. You must not cut them down. Are the trees of the field human, that you should besiege them?
4Genesis 44:30So if the boy is not with us when I return to your servant, and if my father, whose life is wrapped up in the boy’s life,
5Luke 12:15And He said to them, “Watch out! Guard yourselves against every form of greed, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.”

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word חָבַל, ya.cha.Volgenerated

The verb חָבַל (chabal) means to pledge or bind, often in the context of taking something as security. It conveys a sense of obligation and is used here to indicate the act of taking millstones as collateral for a debt.

In this verse, the use of חָבַל emphasizes the seriousness of taking a person's means of livelihood. The action not only binds the debtor but also risks their very existence, as millstones are essential for grinding grain, a staple for life.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb יַחֲבֹ֥ל (ya.cha.Vol), meaning 'anyone will take as pledge,' governs the entire verse, with the object being the pair of millstones and the upper millstone. The structure emphasizes the prohibition against taking these items as security.

The sentence begins with a negation, לֹא (lo'), setting a clear directive. The word order highlights the importance of the millstones, emphasizing their role in sustaining life.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates חָבַל as ἐνεξυράσεις, which means 'to take as a pledge.' This choice reflects a similar understanding of the act of taking collateral, though it may carry a slightly different nuance in Greek.

The Greek word for millstone, μύλον, indicates the physical object being referred to, maintaining the focus on the necessity of these tools for daily survival.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Deuteronomy 24:6 instructs not to take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt. Doing so would threaten a person's livelihood, as these stones are essential for grinding grain.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What is the significance of not taking millstones as a pledge?

Taking millstones as a pledge jeopardizes a person's ability to provide for themselves and their family, as these tools are essential for food preparation.

How does this verse reflect God's concern for justice?

This verse shows God's concern for the well-being of individuals, ensuring that their means of survival are protected in economic dealings.

What can we learn about personal responsibility from this verse?

We learn that we must act with integrity and compassion in our dealings with others, especially regarding their livelihoods.

How does this law apply in modern contexts?

In modern contexts, this law reminds us to consider the impact of our financial decisions on others' lives and to act justly in our economic interactions.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways can I ensure that my financial decisions do not harm others?
  2. How can I apply the principle of protecting livelihoods in my daily life?
  3. What are some examples of how society can better support those in financial distress?
  4. How does this verse challenge me to think about fairness and justice in my community?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Paterius comments on this verse to illustrate the importance of justice in economic dealings, emphasizing the moral implications of taking security.

PateriusEXPOSITION OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT, Deuteronomy 16 6th–7th c.
To take (accipere) means “to take away.” Thus those birds that are eager to seize other birds are called hawks (accipiter).
Early Church Fathers on Deuteronomy 24 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Deuteronomy 24:6 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge,.... The first word being of the dual number takes in both stones, wherefore Vatablus renders the words, "ye shall not take for a pledge

Read John Gill on Deuteronomy 24 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge. No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone.

Read Robert Jamieson on Deuteronomy 24 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

The nether or the upper millstone, used in their handmills; of which see . Under this one kind he understands all other things necessary to get a livelihood, the taking away whereof is against the laws both of charity and prudence, seeing by those things alone he can be enabled both to subsist and to pay his debts. A man’ s life, i.e. his livelihood, or the necessary supports of his life.

Read Matthew Poole on Deuteronomy 24 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Deuteronomy 24:6 No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh [a man’ s] life to pledge. Ver. 6. A man’ s life.] That is, his livelihood. A poor man in his house is like a snail in his shell, crush that and you kill him. See Luke 8:43 Mark 12:44. All her life, ολοντουβιον, that is, all her living.

Read John Trapp on Deuteronomy 24 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(6) The nether or the upper millstone.—Literally, the two millstones, or even the upper one.A man’s life.—Literally, a soul. This word connects the two verses (6, 7).

Read Charles John Ellicott on Deuteronomy 24 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 6. The nether or the upper mill-stone] Small hand-mills which can be worked by a single person were formerly in use among the Jews, and are still used in many parts of the East. As therefore the day's meal was generally ground for each day, they keeping no stock beforehand, hence they were forbidden to take either of the stones to pledge, because in such a case the family must be without bread. On this account the text terms the millstone the man's life.

Read AdamClarke on Deuteronomy 24 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

6. Mill or Upper Millstone not to be taken in Pledge. This would be to pledge life itself. Milling (as largely still in Palestine) was mainly domestic, the first indispensable duty of the day; the sound of the millstones as sure a sign of a living family as the light of the candle (Jeremiah 25:10, Revelation 18:22; see Jerus. i. 375 f.). The mill, like the Western ‘quern,’ consisted of two stones, as the dual form of the Heb. name indicates (reḥ ?aim, cp. Ar. raḥ ?β, Baldensperger, PEFQ, 1904, 263), of which the upper, Heb. rηkeb, rider, LXX ἐπιμύλιον, was the lighter and more easily lifted (Judges 9:53). This law is peculiar to D, and related to the next but two (10–13), which however is…

Read Cambridge on Deuteronomy 24 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

6. No man shall take the… millstone to pledge — The handmill of the people consisted of two stones. It was necessary for preparing the ordinary food of the family, and was therefore exempt from execution for debt. Comp.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Deuteronomy 24 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone as a pledge, for he takes a life in pledge.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security.

NETBNew English Translation2006

One must not take either lower or upper millstones as security on a loan, for that is like taking a life itself as security.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

¶ No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man’s life to pledge.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge; for he taketh a man’s life to pledge.

RVARevised Version, American1894

No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man’s life to pledge.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone for a pledge: for he taketh a man's life for a pledge.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

No man shall take the nether nor the vpper milstone to pledge: for this gage is his liuing.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

No man shall take the hand-mill or the upper millstone in pledge; for it would be taking life in pledge.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

'None doth take in pledge millstones, and rider, for life it [is] he is taking in pledge.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

No one takes millstones and rider in pledge, for it [is one’s] life he is taking in pledge.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

No man shall take to pledge the nether or the upper millstone; for he taketh a man's life to pledge.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge, for that would be taking a person's life as a pledge.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Thou shalt not take the nether, nor the upper millstone to pledge: for he hath pledged his life to thee.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Don't accept a pair of millstones, or even just an upper millstone, as security for a debt, because that would put the borrower's life in danger.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

No one is to take, on account of a debt, the stones with which grain is crushed: for in doing so he takes a man's living.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseadverbialלֹאnotverbיַחֲבֹ֥לanyone.will.take.as.pledgenoun phrase · objectרֵחַ֖יִםa.hand-millוָandרָ֑כֶבan.upper.millstoneכִּי(dm)clauseobjectנֶ֖פֶשׁa.lifesubjectה֥וּאitverbחֹבֵֽל[is].taking.as.pledge

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text states, 'לֹא־ יַחֲבֹ֥ל רֵחַ֖יִם וָרָ֑כֶב כִּי־ נֶ֖פֶשׁ ה֥וּא חֹבֵֽל׃ ס', which translates to 'Do not take a pair of millstones or even an upper millstone as security for a debt, because that would be taking one’s livelihood as security.' The Septuagint agrees with the Masoretic Text in meaning, though its word order differs due to translation. The Samaritan Pentateuch also agrees with the Masoretic Text word for word. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain variations, with 4Q28 using 'לא תחבל' instead of 'לא יחבל', which is a slight difference in wording but retains the same meaning. 4Q33 has even more restoration and supplied text, but the core message aligns with the Masoretic Text and the other witnesses.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

לֹא־ יַחֲבֹ֥ל רֵחַ֖יִם וָרָ֑כֶב כִּי־ נֶ֖פֶשׁ ה֥וּא חֹבֵֽל׃ ס

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
לֹא־οὐκיַחֲבֹ֥לἐνεξυράσειςרֵחַ֖יִםμύλονוָרָ֑כֶבἐπιμύλιονכִּי־ὅτιנֶ֖פֶשׁψυξὴνה֥וּאοὗτοςחֹבֵֽל׃ סἐνεξυράζει

8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

לא יחבל רחים ורכב כי נפשׁ הוא חבל

Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q28a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

לא תחבל רחים ורכב כי נפש הוא חבל

5 words on the leather — 3 partly restored.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q33a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[לא] [יחבל] [רחים] [ורכב] כי [נפש] [הוא] [חבל]

nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 7 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Deuteronomy 24:6לֹאnotnotלֹאחָבַלanyone willanyone will takחָבַלרֵחֶהa hand-milla hand-millרֵחֶהרֶ֫כֶבand an uppeand an upper miרֶ֫כֶבכִּיforforכִּינֶ֫פֶשׁa lifea lifeנֶ֫פֶשׁהוּאthatthatהוּאחָבַל[is] taking[is] taking as חָבַלרָכַבto rideto rideרָכַבנָפַשׁbe refreshbe refreshedנָפַשׁיָתוֹםorphanorphanיָתוֹםיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלעוֹדstillstillעוֹדטָחַןto grindto grindטָחַןקוֹלvoice: souvoice: soundקוֹלפָּרָשׁhorsehorseפָּרָשׁסוּסswallowswallowסוּסיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַעבָּקַשׁto seekto seekבָּקַשׁחַיalivealiveחַיטָמֵאuncleanuncleanטָמֵאעֵתtimetimeעֵת
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Deuteronomy 24:6

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
לֹא־lo'- not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Amplified meaning
under no circumstances
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
יַחֲבֹ֥לya.cha.Vol anyone will take as pledge H2254 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
27× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to be in labor or to twist in pain, like a woman giving birth. It can also mean to corrupt or destroy something. In the KJV, it is translated in various ways, including 'travail' or 'corrupt'.
Amplified meaning
pledge, guarantee, loan, obligation
Tyndale gloss
to pledge
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָבַל (chabal) is a Hebrew root meaning to bind or pledge, often in the context of taking a pledge. It also conveys the ideas of destruction or corruption, as well as the physical act of writhing or travailing, particularly in childbirth. The lexicons note its use in various forms, including to spoil or be ruined, but do not indicate significant disagreement among them.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[חָבַל] vb. bind, pledge

Qal

bind

bind by taking a pledge of

Niph. Impf. becometh pledged to it

Pi. writhe, twist, hence travail

base

חָבַל vb. act (ruinously) corruptly

Qal act corruptly against

Niph. Impf. shall be ruined

Pi. ruin, destroy

Pu. be ruined, broken

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2254a חָבַל bind, pledge .. bind

. bind by taking a pledge of

. Impf. becometh pledged to it

H2254b חָבַל act (ruinously) corruptly .act corruptly against

. Impf. shall be ruined

. ruin, destroy

. be ruined, broken

H2254c חָבַל bind, pledge . writhe, twist, hence travail

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2254 chabal khaw-bal'

a primitive root; to wind tightly (as a rope), i.e. to bind;

specifically, by a pledge; figuratively, to pervert, destroy;

also to writhe in pain (especially of parturition):--X at all,

band, bring forth, (deal) corrupt(-ly), destroy, offend, lay

&Š to (take a) pledge, spoil, travail, X very, withhold.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָבַל (cha.val) — to pledge.

1) to bind

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to bind

2) to take a pledge, lay to pledge

2a) (Qal) to hold by a pledge, take in pledge, hold in pledge

2b) (Niphal) to give a pledge, become pledged

חָבַל (cha.val) — to destroy.

1) to destroy, spoil, deal corruptly, offend

1a) (Qal) to spoil, corrupt, offend

1b) (Niphal) to be ruined

1c) (Piel) to destroy, ruin

1d) (Pual) to be ruined, be broken

Aramaic equivalent: cha.val (חֲבַל "to destroy" H2255)

חָבַל (cha.val) — be in labour.

1) to bring forth, travail

1a) (Piel) to writhe, twist, travail

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVqi3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

plej (verbs chabhal (10 times), `arabh (2Ki 18:23 equals Isa 36:8); nouns chahal (Eze 18:12,16; 33:15), chabcholah (Eze 18:7), `arubbah), (1Sa 17:18), erabhon (Ge 38:17,18,20); also abhoT (De 24:10-13) and (the Revised Version (British and American) only) abhTiT (Hab 2:6)): All these words have about the same meaning.

(1) The "pledge" is, as in modern English, security given for future payment (Ge…

The Jewish law protected the poor who were obliged to give security for a loan or the fulfillment of a contract. If a man pawned his robe, the usual covering of the cool nights, it must be returned on the same day, Ex 22:26-27. The creditor could not enter a house and take what he pleased; and the millstone being a necessary of life, could not be taken, De 24:6,10,11. Compare Job 22:6 24:3,7. Idolaters sometimes disregarded these prohibitions, Am 2:6-8. See LOANS. Pledges are necessary from the vicious, who cannot be trusted, Pr 20:16.

not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
רֵחַ֖יִםre.Cha.yim a hand-mill H7347 Noun common · masculine dual absolute
5× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A millstone was a tool used for grinding grain, often in pairs. It is mentioned in the Bible as a common household item, essential for food preparation. The millstone was typically made of stone and used by hand.
Amplified meaning
grinding stones, nether millstone
Tyndale gloss
millstone
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רֵחֶה (recheh) refers to a hand mill, specifically a pair of millstones used for grinding. The term is derived from a root meaning to pulverize. All entries consistently define it as relating to millstones, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רֵחֶה] n.[m.] only du. (hand-)mill (prob. = two mill-stones)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7347 רֵחֶה only du. (hand-)mill (prob. = two mill-stones)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7347 recheh ray-kheh'

from an unused root meaning to pulverize; a

mill-stone:--mill (stone).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רֵחֶה (re.cheh) — millstone.

1) handmills

1a) a pair of millstones for grinding

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-md — Noun common · masculine dual absolute
HNcmda
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Mill

For grinding corn, mentioned as used in the time of Abraham (Gen. 18:6). That used by the Hebrews consisted of two circular stones, each 2 feet in diameter and half a foot thick, the lower of which was called the “nether millstone” (Job 41:24) and the upper the “rider.” The upper stone was turned round by a stick fixed in it as a handle. There were then no public mills, and thus each family required to be provided with a hand-mill. The corn was ground daily, generally by the women of the house (Isa. 47:1, 2; Matt. 24:41). It was with the upper stone of a hand-mill that “a certain woman” at Thebez broke Abimelech’s skull (

→ General scriptures concerning Jer 25:10

→ Upper and lower stones of De 24:6; Job 41:24; Isa 47:2

→ Used in Egypt Ex 11:5

→ Operated by women Mt 24:41

→ And captives Jud 16:21; La 5:13

→ Manna ground in Nu 11:8

→ Sound of, to cease Re 18:22

→ See MILLSTONE

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
וָרָ֑כֶבva.Ra.khev and an upper millstone H7393 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
119× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for chariot refers to a vehicle, team of horses, or cavalry. It is also used to describe the upper millstone in a grinding mill. Chariots were important in biblical times for transportation and war.
Amplified meaning
rider, upper stone
Tyndale gloss
chariot
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רֶ֫כֶב (rekeb) refers to a chariot or vehicle, and can also denote a team of horses, cavalry, or riders. It is associated with the upper millstone, implying a connection to movement or transport. The term encompasses various meanings, including chariotry, individual chariots, and groups of horsemen.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רֶ֫כֶב 120 n.m. chariotry, chariot, mill-stone; appar. also riders

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7393 רֶ֫כֶב chariotry, chariot, mill-stone; appar. also riders

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7393 rekeb reh'-keb

from 7392; a vehicle; by implication, a team; by extension,

cavalry; by analogy a rider, i.e. the upper

millstone:--chariot, (upper) millstone, multitude (from the

margin), wagon.

see HEBREW for 07392

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רֶ֫כֶב (re.khev) — chariot.

: chariot

1) a team, chariot, chariotry, mill-stone, riders

1a) chariotry, chariots

1b) chariot (single)

1c) upper millstone (as riding on lower millstone)

1d) riders, troop (of riders), horsemen, pair of horsemen, men riding, ass-riders, camel-riders

Also means: re.khev (רֶ֫כֶב ": millstone" H7393H)

רֶ֫כֶב (re.khev) — chariot: millstone.

: millstone

1) a team, chariot, chariotry, mill-stone, riders

1a) chariotry, chariots

1b) chariot (single)

1c) upper millstone (as riding on lower millstone)

1d) riders, troop (of riders), horsemen, pair of horsemen, men riding, ass-riders, camel-riders

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
HC/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

mil'-ston.

See MILL.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Not to be taken as a pledge De 24:6

→ Probably used in executions by drowning Mt 18:6; Mr 9:42; Lu 17:2

→ Abimelech killed by one being of hurled upon him Jud 9:53

→ Figurative of a hard heart Job 41:24

not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
כִּי־ki- for H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj — Particle
HTc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.

In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
נֶ֖פֶשׁNe.fesh a life H5315 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
754× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for soul or living being, used in the Bible to describe the essence of a person or animal. It encompasses the ideas of life, breath, and vitality, and is translated as 'soul' or 'creature' in the KJV. This word is central to biblical concepts of humanity and existence.
Amplified meaning
life, soul
Tyndale gloss
soul
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נֶ֫פֶשׁ (*nephesh*) broadly means 'soul' or 'living being,' encompassing concepts like life, self, person, desire, and emotion. It is derived from the root meaning 'to breathe' and signifies both physical and mental aspects of existence. The lexicons note its use in various contexts, including as the seat of appetites and emotions, though its application to will and character is uncertain.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נֶ֫פֶשׁ 756 n.f. soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion

= that which breathes, the breathing substance or being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being

The נפשׁ is specif.

The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself

נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)

נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions

נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts

נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.

נפשׁ = character is still more dub.

נ׳ in D

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5315 נֶ֫פֶשׁ soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion . = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being

. The נפשׁ becomes a living being

. The נפשׁ is specif.

. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself

. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)

. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions

. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts

. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.

. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.

. נ׳ in D

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5315 nephesh neh'-fesh

from 5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of

(abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal,

accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental):--any,

appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead(-ly), desire,

X (dis-)contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart(-y),

(hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me,

mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-,

thy-)self, them (your)-selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they,

thing, (X she) will, X would have it.

see HEBREW for 05314

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul.

1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

1b) living being

1c) living being (with life in the blood)

1d) the man himself, self, person or individual

1e) seat of the appetites

1f) seat of emotions and passions

1g) activity of mind

1g1) uncertain

1h) activity of the will

1h1) uncertain

1i) activity of the character

1i1) uncertain

נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul: life.

1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

1b) living being

1c) living being (with life in the blood)

1d) the man himself, self, person or individual

1e) seat of the appetites

1f) seat of emotions and passions

1g) activity of mind

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

lif (chayyim, nephesh, ruach, chayah; zoe, psuche, bios, pneuma):

I. THE TERMS

II. THE OLD TESTAMENT TEACHING

1. Popular Use of the Term

2. Complexity of the Idea

III. IN THE APOCRYPHA

IV. IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

1. In the Synoptic Gospels

2. In the Fourth Gospel

3. In the Ac of the Apostles

4. In the Writings of Paul

5. In the Writings of John

6. In the Other Books of the New Testament

LITERATURE

I. The Terms.

Of the Hebrew terms, chayah is the verb which means "to live," "to have life," or the vital principle, "to continue to live," or "to live prosperously." In the Piel it signifies "to give life, or preserve, or quicken and restore life." The Hiphil is much like the Piel. The noun hayyim generally used in the plural is an abstract noun meaning "life," i.e. the possession of the vital principle with its energies and activities. Nephesh often means "living being" or "creature." Sometimes it has the…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Life

Generally of physical life (Gen. 2:7; Luke 16:25, etc.); also used figuratively (1) for immortality (Heb. 7:16); (2) conduct or manner of life (Rom. 6:4); (3) spiritual life or salvation (John 3:16, 17, 18, 36); (4) eternal life (Matt. 19:16, 17; John 3:15); of God and Christ as the absolute source and cause of all life (John 1:4; 5:26, 39; 11:25; 12:50).

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

In the Bible, is either natural, Ge 3:17; spiritual, that of the renewed soul, Ro 8:6; or eternal, a holy and blissful immortality, Joh 3:36 Ro 6:23. Christ is the great Author of natural life, Col 1:16; and also of spiritual and eternal life; Joh 14:6 6:47. He has purchased these by laying down his own life; and gives them freely to his people, Joh 10:11,28. He is the spring of all their spiritual life on earth, Ga 2:20; will raise them up at the last day; and…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ MISCELLANY OF MINOR SUB-TOPICS

Breath of Ge 2:7

Called SPIRIT OF GOD Job 27:3

Tree of Ge 2:9; 3:22,24; Pr 3:18; 13:12; Re 2:7

→ (SACREDNESS OF, an inference from what is taught in the law concerning murder)

See HOMICIDE

Long life promised to obedient children Ex 20:12; De 5:16

To those who keep the commandments De 4:40; 22:7

Vanity of Ec 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7

Hated Ec 2:17

not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
ה֥וּאhu' that H1931 Pronoun
1,879× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.
Tyndale gloss
he/she/it
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it

an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

It resumes the subj. with emph.

Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

As an emph. predicate, of God

In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

. It resumes the subj. with emph.

. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

. As an emph. predicate, of God

. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1931 huw' hoo

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a

primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or

it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also

(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;

sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally

(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),

it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,

this, those, which (is), who.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.

pron 3p s

1) he, she, it

1a) himself (with emphasis)

1b) resuming subj with emphasis

1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)

1d) (anticipating subj)

1e) (emphasising predicate)

1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron

2) that (with article)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
not anyone will take as pledge a hand-mill and an upper millstone for a life that [is] taking as pledge
חֹבֵֽל׃ סcho.Vel [is] taking as pledge H2254 Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
27× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to be in labor or to twist in pain, like a woman giving birth. It can also mean to corrupt or destroy something. In the KJV, it is translated in various ways, including 'travail' or 'corrupt'.
Amplified meaning
pledge, for he taketh a man's life to pledge
Tyndale gloss
to pledge
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָבַל (chabal) is a Hebrew root meaning to bind or pledge, often in the context of taking a pledge. It also conveys the ideas of destruction or corruption, as well as the physical act of writhing or travailing, particularly in childbirth. The lexicons note its use in various forms, including to spoil or be ruined, but do not indicate significant disagreement among them.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[חָבַל] vb. bind, pledge

Qal

bind

bind by taking a pledge of

Niph. Impf. becometh pledged to it

Pi. writhe, twist, hence travail

base

חָבַל vb. act (ruinously) corruptly

Qal act corruptly against

Niph. Impf. shall be ruined

Pi. ruin, destroy

Pu. be ruined, broken

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2254a חָבַל bind, pledge .. bind

. bind by taking a pledge of

. Impf. becometh pledged to it

H2254b חָבַל act (ruinously) corruptly .act corruptly against

. Impf. shall be ruined

. ruin, destroy

. be ruined, broken

H2254c חָבַל bind, pledge . writhe, twist, hence travail

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2254 chabal khaw-bal'

a primitive root; to wind tightly (as a rope), i.e. to bind;

specifically, by a pledge; figuratively, to pervert, destroy;

also to writhe in pain (especially of parturition):--X at all,

band, bring forth, (deal) corrupt(-ly), destroy, offend, lay

&Š to (take a) pledge, spoil, travail, X very, withhold.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָבַל (cha.val) — to pledge.

1) to bind

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to bind

2) to take a pledge, lay to pledge

2a) (Qal) to hold by a pledge, take in pledge, hold in pledge

2b) (Niphal) to give a pledge, become pledged

חָבַל (cha.val) — to destroy.

1) to destroy, spoil, deal corruptly, offend

1a) (Qal) to spoil, corrupt, offend

1b) (Niphal) to be ruined

1c) (Piel) to destroy, ruin

1d) (Pual) to be ruined, be broken

Aramaic equivalent: cha.val (חֲבַל "to destroy" H2255)

חָבַל (cha.val) — be in labour.

1) to bring forth, travail

1a) (Piel) to writhe, twist, travail

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
HVqrmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

plej (verbs chabhal (10 times), `arabh (2Ki 18:23 equals Isa 36:8); nouns chahal (Eze 18:12,16; 33:15), chabcholah (Eze 18:7), `arubbah), (1Sa 17:18), erabhon (Ge 38:17,18,20); also abhoT (De 24:10-13) and (the Revised Version (British and American) only) abhTiT (Hab 2:6)): All these words have about the same meaning.

(1) The "pledge" is, as in modern English, security given for future payment (Ge…

The Jewish law protected the poor who were obliged to give security for a loan or the fulfillment of a contract. If a man pawned his robe, the usual covering of the cool nights, it must be returned on the same day, Ex 22:26-27. The creditor could not enter a house and take what he pleased; and the millstone being a necessary of life, could not be taken, De 24:6,10,11. Compare Job 22:6 24:3,7. Idolaters sometimes disregarded these prohibitions, Am 2:6-8. See LOANS. Pledges are necessary from the vicious, who cannot be trusted, Pr 20:16.

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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