Daniel 7:17 — Word Study
WLCאִלֵּין֙ חֵיוָתָ֣א רַבְרְבָתָ֔א דִּ֥י אִנִּ֖ין אַרְבַּ֑ע אַרְבְּעָ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין יְקוּמ֥וּן מִן־ אַרְעָֽא׃
BSATheseʼillêyn [specific, previously mentioned] fourʼarbaʻ [a quantity of four] greatrabrab [large, powerful, majestic] beastschêyvâʼ [animals, kingdoms] areʼinnûwn fourʼarbaʻ [the same quantity, emphasizing unity] kingsmelek [rulers, monarchs, leaders] [who] will ariseqûwm [be established, come to power] frommin [out of, originating in] the earthʼăraʻ [the world, the physical realm]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אִלֵּין֙ | these | Particle |
| חֵיוָתָ֣א | beasts the | Noun common feminine plural determined, particle |
| רַבְרְבָתָ֔א | great | Particle |
| דִּ֥י | which | Conjunction |
| אִנִּ֖ין | they | Pronoun |
| אַרְבַּ֑ע | [are] four | Adj |
| אַרְבְּעָ֥ה | four | Adj |
| מַלְכִ֖ין | kings | Noun common, masculine plural absolute |
| יְקוּמ֥וּן | they will arise | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine plural |
| מִן־ | from | Preposition |
| אַרְעָֽא׃ | earth the | Noun common both singular determined, particle |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | ‘These four great beasts are four kings who will arise from the earth. |
| KJV | These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth. |
| ASV | These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, that shall arise out of the earth. |
| YLT | 'These great beasts, that [are] four, [are] four kings, they rise up from the earth; |
| WEB | ‘These great animals, which are four, are four kings, who will arise out of the earth. |
| BBE | These great beasts are four kings who will be cut off from the earth. |
Where they part company is מִן־ — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence consists of a main clause followed by a relative clause that provides additional information about the kings.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאִנִּין
verbקוּם
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Daniel 7:17
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Vision of Four Beastsgenerated
Daniel 7:17 presents a vision where Daniel learns about four great beasts representing four kings that will rise from the earth. This vision is part of a larger narrative in which Daniel seeks to understand the implications of these kingdoms for the people of God. The surrounding verses provide context about the interpretation of the vision, emphasizing the contrast between earthly kingdoms and the everlasting kingdom of the Most High, as seen in verse 18.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Daniel 7:3–4 | Then four great beasts came up out of the sea, each one different from the others: |
| 2 | Daniel 2:37–40 | You, O king, are the king of kings, to whom the God of heaven has given sovereignty, power, strength, and glory. |
| 3 | Daniel 8:19–22 | and said, “Behold, I will make known to you what will happen in the latter time of wrath, because it concerns the appointed time of the end. |
| 4 | Daniel 7:3 | Then four great beasts came up out of the sea, each one different from the others: |
| 5 | Psalm 17:14 | from such men, O LORD, by Your hand— from men of the world whose portion is in this life. May You fill the bellies of Your treasured ones and satisfy their sons, so they leave their abundance to their children. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 7 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — חֵיוָתָא, chei.va.Ta'generated
The word חֵיוָתָא (chei.va.Ta') refers to 'beasts' or 'animals' and is used here in a figurative sense to represent kingdoms or empires. It is a feminine plural noun, indicating multiple entities of significant power.
This term is derived from the root associated with living creatures, and in this context, it emphasizes the grandeur and might of the kingdoms that these beasts symbolize. The use of this word in the plural form enhances the idea of multiple powerful rulers arising from the earth.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against. The BSB has kings, and so do the KJV and the ASV: all three maintain the royal significance of מַלְכִ֖ין.
Where others part company with the BSB they differ over the translation of מִן־. The KJV and others use out of, while the BSB and others prefer from, indicating a subtle distinction in how the origin of the kings is viewed.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb of the verse is יְקוּמ֥וּן, they will arise, which governs the subject אִנִּ֖ין, they, and the complement אַרְבַּ֑ע, four. The structure emphasizes the emergence of the four kings as the focal point of the sentence.
The noun phrases are arranged to highlight the beasts and their significance, with the adjective רַבְרְבָתָ֔א modifying the noun חֵיוָתָא, illustrating their greatness and importance in the vision.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, חֵיוָתָא is rendered as θηρία, which translates to 'wild beasts'. This choice suggests a focus on the ferocity and power of the kingdoms represented, aligning with the imagery of beasts in the vision.
The Greek translation captures the essence of the original Aramaic term while also emphasizing the chaotic nature of the kingdoms that will arise.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Daniel 7:17 explains that the four great beasts symbolize four kings that will come from the earth. This vision highlights the rise of powerful kingdoms and sets the stage for the eventual triumph of God's everlasting kingdom.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The four beasts represent four kingdoms that will arise, as interpreted in the context of Daniel's vision.
The term 'beasts' conveys the power and ferocity of these kingdoms, illustrating their significant influence and impact on the world.
The number four often symbolizes completeness or universality in biblical numerology, indicating that these kingdoms encompass a full range of earthly power.
The vision reassures the saints that despite the rise of these kingdoms, they will ultimately receive the kingdom and possess it forever.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How do the kingdoms represented by the beasts reflect the challenges faced by believers today?
- In what ways can we recognize the influence of earthly powers in our lives?
- What does it mean for the saints to receive the kingdom, and how does that shape our understanding of God's sovereignty?
- How can we remain hopeful in the face of powerful forces that seem to dominate our world?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators like Ephrem the Syrian and Jerome interpret this verse to explain the significance of the four beasts as representing four earthly kingdoms.
The secret meaning of that vision had been disclosed to him by the angel, and the expression “four beasts” indicated the four empires: the Babylonian, which flourished at that time, the Mede, the Persian and the Greek.Early Church Fathers on Daniel 7 →
Verses 17, 18. "These four great beasts are the four kingdoms which shall arise from the earth. But the saints of the Most High God shall take the kingdom." The four kingdoms of which we have spoken above were earthly in character.Early Church Fathers on Daniel 7 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Daniel 7:17 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThese great beasts, which are four, are four kings,.... Or kingdoms, as the Septuagint, Vulgate Latin, and Arabic versions; and so Jarchi, Aben Ezra, and Saadiah; so the fourth beast is called the
Read John Gill on Daniel 7 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThese great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth. These great beasts, which are four, are four kings i:e., kingdoms.
Read Robert Jamieson on Daniel 7 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleMen of the earth, of earthly principles, idolatrous, ambitious, sensual, tyrannical; who, after they have acted their parts, shall be driven off the stage into the tiring rooms of death and destruction.
Read Matthew Poole on Daniel 7 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsDaniel 7:17 These great beasts, which are four, [are] four kings, [which] shall arise out of the earth. Ver. 17. These great beasts … are four kings,] i.e., A succession of kings, all of them truculent and savage towards the saints. Which shall arise out of the earth.] And as toads, strive who shall die with most earth in their mouths.
Read John Trapp on Daniel 7 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(17) Four kings.—Kingdoms are frequently represented by their heads or founders; hence kings and kingdoms are occasionally used synonymously. (Comp. Daniel 8:21.)
Read Charles John Ellicott on Daniel 7 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 17. These great beasts - are four kings] See the preceding verses, where the following explanations are inserted and illustrated.
Read AdamClarke on Daniel 7 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges17. The four beasts represent four kings, or (Daniel 7:23) four kingdoms, the ‘king’ in each case being not an individual king, but a typical king, embodying the characteristics of the empire ruled by him. The angel does not however dwell more fully on the ‘beasts,’ or interpret their symbolism; but hastens (Daniel 7:18) to explain the nature of the kingdom which is to succeed theirs.
Read Cambridge on Daniel 7 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThese great beasts, which are four, are four kings - Four kings or four dynasties.
Read Albert Barnes on Daniel 7 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
‘These four great beasts are four kings who will arise from the earth.
‘These great animals, which are four, are four kings, who will arise out of the earth.
‘These four great beasts are four kings who will arise from the earth.
‘These large beasts, which are four in number, represent four kings who will arise from the earth.
Tyndale line
These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth.
These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, that shall arise out of the earth.
These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth.
These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth.
These great beastes which are foure, are foure Kings, which shall arise out of the earth,
Strictly literal
These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, [that] shall arise out of the earth.
'These great beasts, that [are] four, [are] four kings, they rise up from the earth;
These great beasts, that [are] four, [are] four kings, they rise up from the earth;
These great beasts, of which there are four, are four kings, who are to arise on the earth.
'These large animals, four in number, are four kings that will arise from the earth.
From the Latin
These four great beasts are four kingdoms, which shall arise out of the earth.
Simplified
“These four large beasts symbolize four kingdoms that will rise to power on the earth.
These great beasts are four kings who will be cut off from the earth.
Word by word, the decisions they made
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with the Septuagint providing a Greek equivalent for most of the Hebrew terms. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration, but the core message remains consistent with the Masoretic Text, indicating a strong preservation of the original meaning.
אִלֵּין֙ חֵיוָתָ֣א רַבְרְבָתָ֔א דִּ֥י אִנִּ֖ין אַרְבַּ֑ע אַרְבְּעָ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין יְקוּמ֥וּן מִן־ אַרְעָֽא׃
9 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
[אלין] [חות] [א] [רברבת] [א] די אנין ארבע ארבעה [מלכין] [יקומון] [מן] [ארע] [א]
3 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 10 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Daniel 7:17
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אִלֵּין (illeyn) is an Aramaic demonstrative pronoun meaning 'these' or 'those.' It is derived from the root associated with the Hebrew word for 'these' and is used in the plural form. The entries consistently identify its function as a pronoun without significant disagreement.
אִלֵּין demonstr.pron.pl. these
base
H459 אִלֵּין
459 'illeyn il-lane'
(Aramaic) or shorter oillen {il-lane'}; prolonged from 412;
these:--the, these.
see HEBREW for 0412
אִלֵּין (il.len) — these.
these, those
Aramaic of el (אֵל "these" H0411)
Adj — ParticleATm
חֵיוָא (cheyva') is an Aramaic word meaning 'beast' or 'animal.' It derives from the root related to living things, specifically חַיָּה (chay.yah). The entries consistently define it as a type of animal without significant disagreement.
חֵיוָא, חֵיוָה n.f. beast
base
H2423 חֵיוָא, חֵיוָה
2423 cheyva' khay-vaw'
(Aramaic) from 2418; an animal:--beast.
see HEBREW for 02418
חֵיוָא (che.va) — beast.
beast, animal
Aramaic of chay.yah (חַיָּה "living thing" H2416C)
Adj | Art — Noun common feminine plural determined · particleANcfpd/Ta
This word, used in contradistinction to man, denotes all animals besides, Ps 36:6, sometimes it means quadrupeds, and not creeping things, Le 11:2-7; and sometimes domestic cattle, in distinction from wild creatures, Ge 1:25. They were all brought to Adam to be named. Few are mentioned in the Bible but such as lived in Palestine and the countries adjacent. Beasts suffer with man under the penalties of the fall, Ge 3:14 Ex 9:6 3:15 Eze 38:20 Ho 4:3. Yet various merciful provision for them were made in the Jewish law…
→ See ANIMALS
- Created by God
Ge 1:24,25; 2:19
- Creation of, exhibits God's power
- Made for the praise and glory of God
- Differ in flesh from birds and fishes
- Herb of the field given to, for food
רַבְרַב (rabrab) is an Aramaic word derived from a root meaning 'huge' or 'great.' It describes something that is very large in size or domineering in character, and can also refer to a captain or chief. The entries emphasize its use as an adjective for greatness, both literal and figurative.
H7260 רַב, רַבְרַב
7260 rabrab rab-rab'
(Aramaic) from 7229; huge (in size); domineering (in
character):--(very) great (things).
see HEBREW for 07229
רַבְרַב (rav.rav) — great.
adj
1) great
1a) great
1b) great (fig. of power)
n
2) captain, chief
Adj | Art — ParticleAAafpd/Ta
דִּי (diy) is an Aramaic word meaning 'that,' functioning as a relative conjunction and a preposition in various contexts. It can indicate relationships such as 'who,' 'which,' or 'because,' and is used in adverbial phrases. The entries highlight its role in connecting clauses and marking possession.
דִּי part. of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of gen. and conj. that, because
base
H1768 דִּי
1768 diy dee
(Aramaic) apparently for 1668; that, used as relative
conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial
phrases; also as preposition of:--X as, but, for(-asmuch +), +
now, of, seeing, than, that, therefore, until, + what
(-soever), when, which, whom, whose.
see HEBREW for 01668
דִּי (di) — that.
part of relation
1) who, which, that
mark of genitive
2) that of, which belongs to, that
conj
3) that, because
AC — ConjunctionAC
אִנּוּן (*innuwn*) is an Aramaic word meaning 'they' or 'those,' used in the masculine plural. It has a feminine form, אִנִּין (*inniyn*), also meaning 'they.' The entries indicate its usage in contexts similar to the Hebrew word for 'they' (H1992), with a specific reference to Daniel 7:17.
ref
H581a אִנּוּן pr. 3 mpl. they, those H581b אִנִּין they
581 'innuwn in-noon'
(Aramaic) or (feminine) inniyn (Aramaic) {in- neen'};
corresponding to 1992; they:--X are, them, these.
see HEBREW for 01992
אִנּוּן (in.nun) — they.
these, those, they
Aramaic of hem.mah (הֵ֫מָּה "they(masc.)" H1992)
אִנִּין (in.nin) — they(fem.).
they
Aramaic of hem.mah (הֵ֫מָּה "they(masc.)" H1992)
Adj — PronounAPp3fp
אַרְבַּע (arba) means 'four' in Hebrew and is used as both a masculine and feminine noun. It corresponds to the Aramaic word for 'four' as well, which is noted in relation to another Hebrew word, אַרְבַּע (ar.ba, H0702). The entries consistently define the word without significant disagreement.
אַרְבַּע, אַרְבְּעָה n.m. et f. four
base
H703 אַרְבַּע, אַרְבְּעָה four
703 'arba` ar-bah'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 702:--four.
see HEBREW for 0702
אַרְבַּע (ar.ba) — four.
four
Aramaic of ar.ba (אַרְבַּע "four" H0702)
Adj — AdjAAcbsa
for ('arba`; tessares): "Four" (cardinal number) was a sacred and complete number with the Hebrews, as well as with several other peoples. It occurs very frequently in the Old Testament and the New Testament.
(1) It indicates completeness. We have the four rivers of Paradise (Ge 2:10); the four winds of heaven (Eze 37:9; Da 7:2; 8:8; 11:4; Zec 6:5, the Revised Version, margin "spirits"; /APC 2Esdras 13:5); "the four winds" (Mt 24:31; Mr 13:27); "the four corners of the earth" (Isa 11:12;
אַרְבַּע (arba) means 'four' in Hebrew and is used as both a masculine and feminine noun. It corresponds to the Aramaic word for 'four' as well, which is noted in relation to another Hebrew word, אַרְבַּע (ar.ba, H0702). The entries consistently define the word without significant disagreement.
אַרְבַּע, אַרְבְּעָה n.m. et f. four
base
H703 אַרְבַּע, אַרְבְּעָה four
703 'arba` ar-bah'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 702:--four.
see HEBREW for 0702
אַרְבַּע (ar.ba) — four.
four
Aramaic of ar.ba (אַרְבַּע "four" H0702)
Adj — AdjAAcbsa
for ('arba`; tessares): "Four" (cardinal number) was a sacred and complete number with the Hebrews, as well as with several other peoples. It occurs very frequently in the Old Testament and the New Testament.
(1) It indicates completeness. We have the four rivers of Paradise (Ge 2:10); the four winds of heaven (Eze 37:9; Da 7:2; 8:8; 11:4; Zec 6:5, the Revised Version, margin "spirits"; /APC 2Esdras 13:5); "the four winds" (Mt 24:31; Mr 13:27); "the four corners of the earth" (Isa 11:12;
מֶ֫לֶךְ (melek) means 'king' in Hebrew and is also noted in Aramaic. The entries confirm its singular meaning related to royalty, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
מֶ֫לֶךְ 178 n.m. king
base
H4430 מֶ֫לֶךְ
4430 melek meh'-lek
(Aramaic) corresponding to 4428; a king:--king, royal.
see HEBREW for 04428
מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — king.
king
Aramaic of me.lekh (מֶ֫לֶךְ "king" H4428)
§ 1) king
Adj — Noun common · masculine plural absoluteANcmpa
of Judah and Israel. For the list see table at the end of this volume.
קוּם (qum) means to rise or stand, and encompasses a range of actions such as establishing, appointing, and enduring. It can denote both physical rising and figurative actions like coming on the scene or being made to stand. The entries reflect various grammatical forms, including P'al, Pael, Aphel, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreement among lexicographers.
[קוּם] vb. arise, stand
Pe.
lit. arise
fig. = come on the scene of history
arise (out of inaction), and build
stand
Pa. set up, establish an ordinance
Haph.
set up
lift up one side
establish
appoint
Hoph. be made to stand
base
H6966 קוּם
6966 quwm koom
(Aramaic) corresponding to 6965:--appoint, establish, make,
raise up self, (a-)rise (up), (make to) stand, set (up).
see HEBREW for 06965
קוּם (qum) — to stand: rise.
: rise/get_going
1) to arise, stand
1a) (P'al)
1a1) to arise from
1a2) to come on the scene (fig)
1a3) to arise (out of inaction)
1a4) to stand
1a5) to endure
1b) (Pael) to set up, establish
1c) (Aphel)
1c1) to set up
1c2) to lift up
1c3) to establish
1c4) to appoint
1d) (Hophal) to be made to stand
קוּם (qum) — to stand: raise.
: raise
1) to arise, stand
1a) (P'al)
1a1) to arise from
1a2) to come on the scene (fig)
1a3) to arise (out of inaction)
1a4) to stand
1a5) to endure
1b) (Pael) to set up, establish
1c) (Aphel)
1c1) to set up
1c2) to lift up
1c3) to establish
1c4) to appoint
1d) (Hophal) to be made to stand
קוּם (qum) — to stand: establish.
: establish/stand_firm/confirm/fulfill/fix
1) to arise, stand
1a) (P'al)
1a1) to arise from
1a2) to come on the scene (fig)
1a3) to arise (out of inaction)
1a4) to stand
1a5) to endure
1b) (Pael) to set up, establish
1c) (Aphel)
Adj — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine pluralAVqi3mp
מִן (min) is a preposition meaning 'from' or 'out of,' and it covers a range of uses including source, reason, and comparison. It can indicate physical origin, temporal aspects, or causation. The entries agree on its various applications, with no significant disagreement noted.
מִן prep. from, out of, by, by reason of, at, more then
base
H4481 מִן
4481 min min
(Aramaic) corresponding to 4480:--according, after, +
because, + before, by, for, from, X him, X more than, (out)
of, part, since, X these, to, upon, + when.
see HEBREW for 04480
מִן־ (min) — from.
1) from, out of, by, by reason of, at, more than
1a) from, out of (of place)
1b) from, by, as a result of, by reason of, at, according to, (of source)
1c) from (of time)
1d) beyond, more than (in comparisons)
Adj — PrepositionAR
אֲרַע (ara) refers to the earth or soil, with implications of being low or inferior. It is an Aramaic term corresponding to the Hebrew word for earth, אֶ֫רֶץ (erets). The entries suggest a range of meanings including earth, ground, and planet.
[אֲרַע] 21 n.[f.] earth
base
H772 אֲרַע
772 'ara` ar-ah'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 776; the earth; by implication
(figuratively) low:--earth, interior.
see HEBREW for 0776
אֲרַע (a.ra) — earth: soil.
: soil
earth, world, ground
Aramaic of e.rets (אֶ֫רֶץ ": soil" H0776H)
אֲרַע (a.ra) — earth: inferior.
: inferior
earth, world, ground
Aramaic of e.rets (אֶ֫רֶץ ": soil" H0776H)
אֲרַע (a.ra) — earth: planet.
: planet
earth, world, ground
Aramaic of e.rets (אֶ֫רֶץ ": soil" H0776H)
Adj | Art — Noun common both singular determined · particleANcbsd/Ta