Ezekiel 23:18
Ezekiel 23:18 in Multiple Translations
When Oholibah openly prostituted herself and exposed her nakedness, I turned away from her in disgust, just as I had turned away from her sister.
So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated from her sister.
So she uncovered her whoredoms, and uncovered her nakedness: then my soul was alienated from her, like as my soul was alienated from her sister.
So her loose behaviour was clearly seen and her shame uncovered: then my soul was turned from her as it had been turned from her sister.
When Oholibah so blatantly prostituted herself, exposing herself naked, I turned away from her in disgust, just as I had done to her sister.
So she discouered her fornication, and disclosed her shame: then mine heart forsooke her, like as mine heart had forsaken her sister.
And she revealeth her whoredoms, And she revealeth her nakedness, And alienated is My soul from off her, As alienated was My soul from off her sister.
So she uncovered her prostitution and uncovered her nakedness. Then my soul was alienated from her, just like my soul was alienated from her sister.
So she disclosed her lewd deeds, and exposed her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, as my mind was alienated from her sister.
And she discovered her fornications, and discovered her disgrace: and my soul was alienated from her, as my soul was alienated from her sister.
But when she continued to openly/boldly act like a prostitute [DOU], I became disgusted with her, and I rejected her like I had rejected herolder sister.
Berean Amplified Bible — Ezekiel 23:18
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Ezekiel 23:18 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
וַ/תְּגַל֙
תַּזְנוּתֶ֔י/הָ
וַ/תְּגַ֖ל
אֶת
עֶרְוָתָ֑/הּ
וַ/תֵּ֤קַע
נַפְשִׁ/י֙
מֵֽ/עָלֶ֔י/הָ
כַּ/אֲשֶׁ֛ר
נָקְעָ֥ה
נַפְשִׁ֖/י
מֵ/עַ֥ל
אֲחוֹתָֽ/הּ
וַ/תְּגַל֙
gâlâh
H1540
to reveal
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3fs
תַּזְנוּתֶ֔י/הָ
taznûwth
H8457
fornication
N-fp | Suff
וַ/תְּגַ֖ל
gâlâh
H1540
to reveal
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3fs
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
DirObjM
עֶרְוָתָ֑/הּ
ʻervâh
H6172
nakedness
N-fs | Suff
וַ/תֵּ֤קַע
yâqaʻ
H3363
to dislocate/hang
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3fs
נַפְשִׁ/י֙
nephesh
H5315
soul
N-cs | Suff
מֵֽ/עָלֶ֔י/הָ
ʻal
H5921
upon
Prep | Prep | Suff
כַּ/אֲשֶׁ֛ר
ʼăsher
H834
which
Prep | Rel
נָקְעָ֥ה
nâqaʻ
H5361
be alienated
V-Qal-Perf-3fs
נַפְשִׁ֖/י
nephesh
H5315
soul
N-cs | Suff
מֵ/עַ֥ל
ʻal
H5921
upon
Prep | Prep
אֲחוֹתָֽ/הּ
ʼâchôwth
H269
sister
N-fs | Suff
Hebrew Word Study
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Hebrew Word Reference — Ezekiel 23:18
וַ/תְּגַל֙
gâlâh
H1540
"to reveal"
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3fs
This Hebrew word means to reveal or uncover something, often in a way that's embarrassing or shameful. It can also mean to exile someone, forcing them to leave their home. In some cases, it's used to describe God revealing himself to people.
Definition: : reveal[information] 1) to uncover, remove 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to uncover 1a2) to remove, depart 1a3) to go into exile 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) (reflexive) 1b1a) to uncover oneself 1b1b) to discover or show oneself 1b1c) to reveal himself (of God) 1b2) (passive) 1b2a) to be uncovered 1b2b) to be disclosed, be discovered 1b2c) to be revealed 1b3) to be removed 1c) (Piel) 1c1) to uncover (nakedness) 1c1a) nakedness 1c1b) general 1c2) to disclose, discover, lay bare 1c3) to make known, show, reveal 1d) (Pual) to be uncovered 1e) (Hiphil) to carry away into exile, take into exile 1f) (Hophal) to be taken into exile 1g) (Hithpael) 1g1) to be uncovered 1g2) to reveal oneself
Usage: Occurs in 167 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] advertise, appear, bewray, bring, (carry, lead, go) captive (into captivity), depart, disclose, discover, exile, be gone, open, [idiom] plainly, publish, remove, reveal, [idiom] shamelessly, shew, [idiom] surely, tell, uncover. See also: Genesis 9:21; Job 38:17; Psalms 18:16.
תַּזְנוּתֶ֔י/הָ
taznûwth
H8457
"fornication"
N-fp | Suff
Fornication, or taznuth, refers to harlotry or idolatry, often used figuratively to describe spiritual unfaithfulness. In the KJV, it is translated as fornication or whoredom, emphasizing its negative connotation.
Definition: fornication, harlotry
Usage: Occurs in 19 OT verses. KJV: fornication, whoredom. See also: Ezekiel 16:15; Ezekiel 23:7; Ezekiel 23:43.
וַ/תְּגַ֖ל
gâlâh
H1540
"to reveal"
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3fs
This Hebrew word means to reveal or uncover something, often in a way that's embarrassing or shameful. It can also mean to exile someone, forcing them to leave their home. In some cases, it's used to describe God revealing himself to people.
Definition: : reveal[information] 1) to uncover, remove 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to uncover 1a2) to remove, depart 1a3) to go into exile 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) (reflexive) 1b1a) to uncover oneself 1b1b) to discover or show oneself 1b1c) to reveal himself (of God) 1b2) (passive) 1b2a) to be uncovered 1b2b) to be disclosed, be discovered 1b2c) to be revealed 1b3) to be removed 1c) (Piel) 1c1) to uncover (nakedness) 1c1a) nakedness 1c1b) general 1c2) to disclose, discover, lay bare 1c3) to make known, show, reveal 1d) (Pual) to be uncovered 1e) (Hiphil) to carry away into exile, take into exile 1f) (Hophal) to be taken into exile 1g) (Hithpael) 1g1) to be uncovered 1g2) to reveal oneself
Usage: Occurs in 167 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] advertise, appear, bewray, bring, (carry, lead, go) captive (into captivity), depart, disclose, discover, exile, be gone, open, [idiom] plainly, publish, remove, reveal, [idiom] shamelessly, shew, [idiom] surely, tell, uncover. See also: Genesis 9:21; Job 38:17; Psalms 18:16.
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
עֶרְוָתָ֑/הּ
ʻervâh
H6172
"nakedness"
N-fs | Suff
The Hebrew word for nakedness, implying shame or exposure. It appears in Genesis 9:22 and Leviticus 18:6, often warning against improper behavior. This concept is also mentioned in Deuteronomy 23:14.
Definition: 1) nakedness, nudity, shame, pudenda 1a) pudenda (implying shameful exposure) 1b) nakedness of a thing, indecency, improper behaviour 1c) exposed, undefended (fig.) Aramaic equivalent: ar.vah (עַרְוָה "dishonor" H6173)
Usage: Occurs in 40 OT verses. KJV: nakedness, shame, unclean(-ness). See also: Genesis 9:22; Leviticus 20:11; Isaiah 20:4.
וַ/תֵּ֤קַע
yâqaʻ
H3363
"to dislocate/hang"
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3fs
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to be dislocated or torn away, and can also mean to hang or be executed. It is used to describe physical and emotional separation. It appears in the KJV as 'be alienated' or 'hang up'.
Definition: 1) to be dislocated, be alienated 1a) (Qal) to be dislocated, be torn away, be alienated 1b) (Hiphil) 1b1) to execute slowly (by exposure or impalation) 1b2) to hang 1c) (Hophal) to be executed
Usage: Occurs in 8 OT verses. KJV: be alienated, depart, hang (up), be out of joint. See also: Genesis 32:26; 2 Samuel 21:13; Jeremiah 6:8.
נַפְשִׁ/י֙
nephesh
H5315
"soul"
N-cs | Suff
The Hebrew word for soul or living being, used in the Bible to describe the essence of a person or animal. It encompasses the ideas of life, breath, and vitality, and is translated as 'soul' or 'creature' in the KJV. This word is central to biblical concepts of humanity and existence.
Definition: 1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion 1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man 1b) living being 1c) living being (with life in the blood) 1d) the man himself, self, person or individual 1e) seat of the appetites 1f) seat of emotions and passions 1g) activity of mind 1g1) uncertain 1h) activity of the will 1h1) uncertain 1i) activity of the character 1i1) uncertain
Usage: Occurs in 683 OT verses. KJV: any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it. See also: Genesis 1:20; Leviticus 26:43; Judges 18:25.
מֵֽ/עָלֶ֔י/הָ
ʻal
H5921
"upon"
Prep | Prep | Suff
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Definition: prep 1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against 1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards 1b) above, beyond, over (of excess) 1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence) 1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition) 1e) over (of suspension or extension) 1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity) 1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion) 1h) to (as a dative)
Usage: Occurs in 4493 OT verses. KJV: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 24:13; Genesis 41:33.
כַּ/אֲשֶׁ֛ר
ʼăsher
H834
"which"
Prep | Rel
This Hebrew word is a conjunction that connects ideas and events in the Bible, like in the book of Genesis, where it's used to describe the relationship between God and His creation.
Definition: A: 1) (relative part.) 1a) which, who 1b) that which 2) (conj) 2a) that (in obj clause) 2b) when 2c) since 2d) as 2e) conditional if B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which 2) (adv) 2a) where 3) (conj) 3a) in that, inasmuch as 3b) on account of C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which 2) from (the place) where 3) from (the fact) that, since D: Kaph+ 1) (conj.), according as, as, when 1a) according to that which, according as, as 1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since 1c) with a temporal force: when
Usage: Occurs in 4440 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection. See also: Genesis 1:7; Genesis 20:9; Genesis 31:16.
נָקְעָ֥ה
nâqaʻ
H5361
"be alienated"
V-Qal-Perf-3fs
This Hebrew word means to feel aversion or be alienated from someone or something, like a severed relationship. It appears in contexts where people are estranged or disconnected. In the Bible, it describes a sense of separation or division.
Definition: 1) (Qal) to be estranged, be alienated 1a) to be severed (fig.)
Usage: Occurs in 3 OT verses. KJV: be alienated. See also: Ezekiel 23:18; Ezekiel 23:22; Ezekiel 23:28.
נַפְשִׁ֖/י
nephesh
H5315
"soul"
N-cs | Suff
The Hebrew word for soul or living being, used in the Bible to describe the essence of a person or animal. It encompasses the ideas of life, breath, and vitality, and is translated as 'soul' or 'creature' in the KJV. This word is central to biblical concepts of humanity and existence.
Definition: 1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion 1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man 1b) living being 1c) living being (with life in the blood) 1d) the man himself, self, person or individual 1e) seat of the appetites 1f) seat of emotions and passions 1g) activity of mind 1g1) uncertain 1h) activity of the will 1h1) uncertain 1i) activity of the character 1i1) uncertain
Usage: Occurs in 683 OT verses. KJV: any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it. See also: Genesis 1:20; Leviticus 26:43; Judges 18:25.
מֵ/עַ֥ל
ʻal
H5921
"upon"
Prep | Prep
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Definition: prep 1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against 1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards 1b) above, beyond, over (of excess) 1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence) 1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition) 1e) over (of suspension or extension) 1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity) 1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion) 1h) to (as a dative)
Usage: Occurs in 4493 OT verses. KJV: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 24:13; Genesis 41:33.
אֲחוֹתָֽ/הּ
ʼâchôwth
H269
"sister"
N-fs | Suff
A sister in the Bible can be a biological sibling, a half-sister, or a close relative. In Genesis 4:2, Cain's sister is not named, but in Genesis 24:15, Rebekah is Isaac's cousin and future wife.
Definition: 1) sister 1a) sister (same parents) 1b) half-sister (same father) 1c) relative 1c1) (metaph) of Israel's and Judah's relationship 1d) beloved 1d1) bride 1e) (fig.) of intimate connection 1f) another
Usage: Occurs in 104 OT verses. KJV: (an-) other, sister, together. See also: Genesis 4:22; 2 Samuel 13:22; Proverbs 7:4.
Study Notes — Ezekiel 23:18
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Ezekiel 23:18 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Ezekiel 23:18
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Ezekiel 23:18
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:18
- Trapp's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:18
- Cambridge Bible on Ezekiel 23:18
- Sermons on Ezekiel 23:18
Context — The Two Adulterous Sisters
16At the sight of them, she lusted for them and sent messengers to them in Chaldea.
17Then the Babylonians came to her, to the bed of love, and in their lust they defiled her. But after she had been defiled by them, she turned away in disgust.
18When Oholibah openly prostituted herself and exposed her nakedness, I turned away from her in disgust, just as I had turned away from her sister.
19Yet she multiplied her promiscuity, remembering the days of her youth, when she had prostituted herself in the land of Egypt 20and lusted after their lovers, whose genitals were like those of donkeys and whose emission was like that of stallions.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 78:59 | On hearing it, God was furious and rejected Israel completely. |
| 2 | Psalms 106:40 | So the anger of the LORD burned against His people, and He abhorred His own inheritance. |
| 3 | Jeremiah 12:8 | My inheritance has become to Me like a lion in the forest. She has roared against Me; therefore I hate her. |
| 4 | Ezekiel 21:24 | Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Because you have drawn attention to your guilt, exposing your transgressions, so that your sins are revealed in all your deeds—because you have come to remembrance—you shall be taken in hand. |
| 5 | Jeremiah 6:8 | Be forewarned, O Jerusalem, or I will turn away from you; I will make you a desolation, a land without inhabitant.” |
| 6 | Jeremiah 8:12 | Are they ashamed of the abomination they have committed? No, they have no shame at all; they do not even know how to blush. So they will fall among the fallen; when I punish them, they will collapse, says the LORD. |
| 7 | Isaiah 3:9 | The expression on their faces testifies against them, and like Sodom they flaunt their sin; they do not conceal it. Woe to them, for they have brought disaster upon themselves. |
| 8 | Amos 5:21 | “I hate, I despise your feasts! I cannot stand the stench of your solemn assemblies. |
| 9 | Deuteronomy 32:19 | When the LORD saw this, He rejected them, provoked to anger by His sons and daughters. |
| 10 | Lamentations 2:7 | The Lord has rejected His altar; He has abandoned His sanctuary; He has delivered the walls of her palaces into the hand of the enemy. They have raised a shout in the house of the LORD as on the day of an appointed feast. |
Ezekiel 23:18 Summary
This verse tells us that when Oholibah, a symbol for the city of Jerusalem, openly sinned and disobeyed God, He turned away from her in disgust, just like He had done with her sister. This shows us that God is a holy and just God who cannot tolerate sin, as seen in Habakkuk 1:13. When we sin and disobey God, we risk losing our close relationship with Him, but thankfully, He is always willing to forgive and restore us if we turn back to Him in repentance, as promised in 1 John 1:9. By looking at Oholibah's example, we can learn the importance of staying faithful to God and avoiding the temptations of the world.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does it mean when the Bible says God turned away from Oholibah in disgust?
This means that God's patience and love for Oholibah had reached its limit, and He could no longer tolerate her sinful behavior, as also seen in Ezekiel 8:17-18, where God's glory departs from the temple due to the people's idolatry.
Is Oholibah a real person or a symbol?
Oholibah is a symbol for the city of Jerusalem, as explained in Ezekiel 23:4, representing the southern kingdom of Judah, which had become corrupted by idolatry and sin, just like her sister Oholah, who represented the northern kingdom of Israel.
What is the significance of Oholibah's nakedness being exposed?
Oholibah's nakedness being exposed signifies her shame and vulnerability, much like in Hosea 2:3, where God threatens to strip Israel naked, symbolizing the consequences of their sinful actions and the loss of their covenant relationship with God.
How does God's turning away from Oholibah relate to our lives today?
This verse reminds us that our actions have consequences, and persistent sin can lead to God's judgment, as seen in Hebrews 10:26-27, where it warns of the dangers of willfully sinning after receiving the knowledge of the truth.
Reflection Questions
- What are some ways I may be 'prostituting' myself to the world, seeking validation and comfort in things other than God?
- How can I ensure that my heart remains pure and faithful to God, avoiding the idolatry and sin that led to Oholibah's downfall?
- In what ways can I demonstrate my love and commitment to God, just as a spouse would to their partner, as seen in Ephesians 5:25-33?
- What are some areas in my life where I need to seek God's forgiveness and restoration, just as Oholibah should have done?
Gill's Exposition on Ezekiel 23:18
So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness,.... The Jews did not cease from their idolatries when they broke with the Babylonians; but were rather more frequent and impudent in
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Ezekiel 23:18
So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated from her sister. Then my mind was alienated from her - literally, was broken off from her.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:18
So, by this unsatiableness and change of lovers, she discovered her whoredoms; made it appear to all, far and near, that she was a most notorious and infamous strumpet. Her nakedness; her weakness, and her shame. Then, when I saw the lewdness, impudence, and boundlessness of her adulteries, my mind was alienated; turned from her with abhorrency, I could no longer endure it. From her; Jerusalem, the land of Judea, the kingdom of the two tribes. As from her sister; Samaria, the ten tribes; and I resolved to destroy them both alike by their lovers.
Trapp's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:18
Ezekiel 23:18 So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated from her sister.Ver. 18. Then my mind was alienated from her.] So Jeremiah 6:8; see there.
Cambridge Bible on Ezekiel 23:18
18. “Discovered” is uncovered, revealed.
Sermons on Ezekiel 23:18
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
|
Whores' Foreheads by Thomas Brooks | Thomas Brooks addresses the alarming lack of shame among sinners, comparing them to those with 'whores' foreheads' who cannot blush for their sins. He emphasizes that many today no |
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Life Story of Keith Green - Part 2 by Melody Green | In the sermon transcripts, Keith shares his burden for revival and the need for more people to come forward and experience a true transformation in their faith. He emphasizes the i |
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The Christians Hate Life by Jack Hyles | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of teaching children to hate sin. He shares stories of individuals who have been affected by sin and highlights the need for |
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Ivory Houses & Fat Cows: The Excessive Nonsense of the Modern Christian Church by Joseph LoSardo | In this sermon, the speaker reflects on the decline of a nation that was once a leader in industry and ponders its future. He emphasizes the importance of focusing on God and His s |
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The Glad Tidings of the Gospel by Joshua Daniel | This sermon emphasizes the profound love and forgiveness of Jesus Christ towards sinners, highlighting the concept of Christ dying for us while we were still in sin. It challenges |
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The Christian's Hate Life by Jack Hyles | Jack Hyles preaches on the necessity of having love accompanied by hate, emphasizing that true love cannot exist without hating its opposite. He explains that qualities like patien |
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The Poor of the Land and the Pride of Jacob by John Piper | John Piper preaches on the message of Amos, a shepherd turned prophet, who delivered a warning of coming judgment upon the northern kingdom of Israel. Despite Amos' faithful procla |