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Revelation 15

Hendriksen
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  1. Seven Angels with Seven Plagues) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 (15:1 8)) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 9 3 8 0 0 Outline (continued) ) VI. Vision 5: Seven Bowls of Judgment (15:1 16:21) ) A. The Setting (15:1 8) ) 1. The Saints and the Song (15:1 4) ) a. Angels and Plagues (15:1) ) b. Overcomers and Their Ode (15:2 4) ) 2. Temple, Angels, and Plagues (15:5 8) ) VI. Vision 5: Seven Bowls of Judgment ) 15:1 16:21 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 15 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 1 And I saw another great and marvelous sign in heaven, seven angels having seven last plagues, for by them the wrath of God is fulfilled. 2 And I saw as it were a sea of glass mixed with fire, and those who overcame the beast and his image and the number of his name were standing beside the sea of glass holding harps of God. 3 And they sang the song of Moses, God s servant, and the song of the Lamb, saying, ) 7 5 3 8 0 0 Great and marvelous are your works, Lord God Almighty. Just and true are your ways, King of the nations. 4 Who does not fear you, O Lord, and glorify your name? For you alone are holy; for all the nations will come and worship before you; for your righteous deeds have been revealed. ) 5 And after these things I looked, and in heaven the temple of the tent of testimony was opened. 6 And seven angels, having the seven plagues, came forth out of the temple. They were dressed in clean, bright linen and had golden sashes around their chests. 7 And one of the four living creatures gave to the seven angels seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God, who lives forever and ever. 8 And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God and from his power. And no one was able to enter the temple until the seven plagues of the seven angels were fulfilled. ) A. The Setting ) 15:1 8 ) Chapters 15 and 16 form a unit in which the one introduces the other.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Indeed, 15:1 mentions seven angels with the seven last plagues and 16:1 21 describes the angels each pouring one of the seven bowls of God s wrath on the earth. This component of seven plagues forms the last cycle in the interconnected series of sevens: seals, trumpets, and plagues. Once again we see that this unit concludes with a distinct reference to God s judgment on the unbelievers. The cycle of the seals records the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 the fourth part of the earth) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (6:8); the cycle of the trumpets uses the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 one-third) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to point to partial destruction (8:7). This last cycle, however, ends in complete and total judgment. When the seventh angel has poured out his bowl, a loud voice from God s throne says: It is done (16:17). In short, the three cycles of seals, trumpets, and bowls follow each other with increasingly severe judgments, and the last one features finality. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 There is a similarity between the opening statement of 12:1, And a great sign appeared in heaven, and that of 15:1, And I saw another great and marvelous sign in heaven. Also, there is a parallel between those who overcame the beast, his image, and the number of his name in 13:14 18 and the wording in 15:2. And last, 13:1, 2, and 4 mention the dragon and 13:11 the beast coming up out of the earth, that is, the false prophet. These terms correspond to 16:13, which specifies the dragon and the false prophet.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 In the first four verses of chapter 15, John looks to the future and foretells what will happen when the strife is over. He speaks of the victory achieved by those who have overcome the power and influence of the beast. Thus he records the song of Moses and the Lamb. And in the next four verses (15:5 8) he describes the temple and the seven angels. From this place and by these angels the plagues originate and are fulfilled. ) Every time John speaks about God s judgment on the unbelieving world, he has a segment on the victorious saints.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� For instance, after the six seals in chapter 6, he pictures the saints in chapter 7. Following the seven trumpets (chapters 10 11), he portrays God s protective care of the persecuted church (chapter 12). And the portrayal of the multitude of saints with the Lamb on Mount Zion (14:1 5) is juxtaposed with God s awesome judgments on his enemies (14:6 11). The harvest of the believers precedes that of the unbelievers (14:15 20). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0
  1. The Saints and the Song) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 15:1 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 a. Angels and Plagues) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 15:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  2. And I saw another great and marvelous sign in heaven, seven angels having seven last plagues, for by them the wrath of God is fulfilled.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. And I saw another great and marvelous sign in heaven. Verse 1 is set off from the following three verses in that it provides the backdrop of verses 5 8.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Verses 2 4 form an interlude that describes the saints who have triumphed over evil and are now singing a song to worship and bring glory to God. The apparent incongruity is typical of John s style in Revelation. For instance, in 8:2 he mentions seven angels with seven trumpets, but before he enumerates each angel blowing his trumpet (8:6 9:21), he introduces another angel, who offers incense mingled with the prayers of the saints and who hurls fire from the altar to the earth (8:3 5). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Although John readily uses the adjective ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 another) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 with an angel, here the adjective puts the sign in heaven in sequence with the radiant woman (12:1 2) and her opponent the great red dragon (12:3). This is then the third time that John sees a sign in heaven. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 I saw) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs forty-two times in the Apocalypse; three of them in 15:1, 2, and 5 introduce new segments. The first one is a preliminary statement on the seven angels with the seven plagues; the second discloses the song of Moses and the Lamb that the victorious saints sing; and the third reveals the temple in heaven and the glory of God. We are not told why the sign in heaven is called great and marvelous. But because this phrase occurs again in verse 3a, where it describes the works of God, we are confident that John saw something astounding. He saw the finality of God pouring out his wrath on the earth by employing seven angels and seven bowls. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. Seven angels having seven last plagues. For John this is the sign of totality. The number seven depicts completeness, so that these bowls of wrath represent the final and complete outpouring of God s anger on the world. They are the ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 last) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 plagues, in the sense of their inevitability and finality (see also 21:9). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. For by them the wrath of God is fulfilled. God s wrath is poured out by means of immense suffering, death, rivers of blood, fire, darkness, drought, and utter destruction (see 16:2 21). Notice the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 fulfilled) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , which indicates that the end has come and so has the judgment, even though John has much to say in the chapters preceding the scene of the great white throne (20:11 15). This means that the cycle of the seven plagues is complete and points forward to the final day. No more plagues will come after the vial-plagues; but then the Lord himself will come to administer his final judgment. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 b. Overcomers and Their Ode) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 15:2 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. And I saw as it were a sea of glass mixed with fire, and those who overcame the beast and his image and the number of his name were standing beside the sea of glass holding harps of God.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. And I saw as it were a sea of glass mixed with fire. John once more observes the sea of glass that he saw when he recorded the scene of the throne room (4:6). He again mentions the saints who have overcome the evil one (12:11), who are now in heaven standing next to this sea of glass. The glass sea symbolizes perspicuity and transparency, so that everyone is able to observe God s righteousness and integrity. Thus, the saints in heaven see God s wisdom in action. They are the overcomers who have resisted following the beast, refused to worship his image, and rejected the number of his name. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.20-2.14.31|AUTODETECT|” Notice that in this passage the sea is mixed with fire, which symbolically directs attention to the pillar of fire that led the Israelites across the Red Sea 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.20-2.14.31|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 13:20 14:31) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The fire portrayed is a symbol of light and joy to all the saints who are standing next to the sea of glass. But the sea mixed with fire is also a symbol of God s wrath directed against his enemies. As the Egyptians drowned in the sea through which the Israelites had come safely to the shore on the other side, so the sea mixed with fire destroys the Antichrist and his hordes. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. And those who overcame the beast and his image and the number of his name were standing beside the sea of glass. The saints in glory are those whose task on earth is finished. They are the victors in their battle against the beast. Now this statement is remarkable indeed, because the beast was given power to make war against the saints and to overcome them (13:7). But they had refused to worship him and bear the number of his name (13:16 18). Numerous saints lost their lives in this warfare, yet spiritually they gained the victory. They were faithful to the end and received the crown of glory. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.29.25|AUTODETECT|” c. [And they were] holding harps of God. Both the Old and New Testaments refer to the harp and lyre 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.29.25|AUTODETECT|” 2 Chron. 29:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.33.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.33.2|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 33:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.71.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.71.22|AUTODETECT|” 71:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.92.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.92.3|AUTODETECT|” 92:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.5|AUTODETECT|” 98:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.147.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.147.7|AUTODETECT|” 147:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.149.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.149.3|AUTODETECT|” 149:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.150.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.150.3|AUTODETECT|” 150:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.8|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 5:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.2|AUTODETECT|” 14:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.2|AUTODETECT|” 15:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). All the twenty-four elders who surround God s throne have harps to sing praises to God. Therefore, the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 harps of God) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 conveys the meaning harps for playing to God. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 10 3 8 0 0 The saints receive heavenly harps by which they are able to sing songs of victory, for God himself has enabled the saints to triumph over the evil one. Thus they burst into song. ) By the sea of crystal, saints in glory ) stand, ) Myriads in number, drawn from every ) land. ) Robed in white apparel, washed in ) Jesus blood, ) They now reign in heaven with the ) Lamb of God. ) William Kuipers��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 3a. And they sang the song of Moses, God s servant, and the song of the Lamb, saying.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.0|AUTODETECT|” There are at least two questions that arise in this text: first, is the song of Moses the same as the one he taught the Israelites on the banks of the Red Sea? Incidentally, the other song of Moses is called the Great Song of Solomon 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.0|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Next, are there two different songs, one of Moses and the other of the Lamb? ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” First, the words in this song have little in common with either of the two songs of Moses 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.0|AUTODETECT|” and ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.0|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). There are allusions to ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.10|AUTODETECT|” " the Pentateuch 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.10|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 34:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.4|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” " the Psalter 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 86:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.2|AUTODETECT|” 98:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.111.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.111.2|AUTODETECT|” 111:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.14|AUTODETECT|” 139:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.17|AUTODETECT|” 145:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” " the Prophets 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 2:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.7|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 10:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.11.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.11.20|AUTODETECT|” 11:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8” LXX) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Amos 3:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 4:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.1.11|AUTODETECT|” LXX; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 1:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” There are no references to the Song of Moses 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.4|AUTODETECT|” ). There is only one indirect reference to the Great Song of Moses 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.4|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), which in the Septuagint sets the tone for this hymn: True are his works, and all his ways are just; God is faithful and there are no wrongs; just and holy is the Lord. Although we assume that John had in mind the Great Song of Moses, we suggest that he relied on memory and thus alluded to a number of passages taken from the three parts of the Old Testament mentioned above.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” �� The Jews sang the Song of Moses 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) in the synagogue on the Sabbath, and the possibility is not remote that the early Christians sang the hymn recorded by John in their own worship services. The hymn reflects God s mighty deeds frequently noted by Old Testament writers and is a paean of praise devoted to the Lord God. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Next, we look in vain for a song of the Lamb in the New Testament. In Revelation, however, there are hymns dedicated to the Lamb (5:9 10, 12, 13; 7:10) so that we could in fact interpret the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 song of the Lamb) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 as a song glorifying him. But because the first phrase is simply the song ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 of) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Moses and not the song ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.14.31|AUTODETECT|” Moses, I favor maintaining the parallel of these two phrases. A better solution to the problem is to look at John s manner of emphasizing a certain point. When he accentuates a concept, he makes use of repetition even when the wording may differ slightly. For instance, the letter to Pergamum mentions the teachings of both Balaam and the Nicolaitans, which come from two sources, yet they are the same (2:14 15). Likewise, the song of Moses and the song of the Lamb are not two different hymns but one and the same song (15:3 4). It is the Lamb who is working through Moses the servant of God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.14.31|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 14:31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Moses was a servant in the household of God, but Christ is a son over that household and is therefore the greater of the two. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 3b. Great and marvelous are your works, Lord God Almighty. Just and true are your ways, King of the nations. 4. Who does not fear you, O Lord, and glorify your name? For you alone are holy; for all the nations will come and worship before you; for your righteous deeds have been revealed. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.111.2|AUTODETECT|” Here we read words and phrases that are taken primarily from Old Testament hymnody, as the references to the Psalter indicate. For example, the first line, Great and marvelous are your works, Lord God Almighty, echoes ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.111.2|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 111:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.14|AUTODETECT|” , Great are the works of the Lord, and ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.14|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 139:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.13|AUTODETECT|” , Your works are wonderful. And the phrase Lord God Almighty appears in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Amos 3:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 4:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . It also surfaces in numerous other places in the Apocalypse (4:8; 11:17; 16:7; 19:6; 21:22). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.17|AUTODETECT|” The second line, Just and true are your ways, King of the nations, derives from ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.17|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 145:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.4|AUTODETECT|” (144:17 LXX), The Lord is righteous in all his ways ; also ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.4|AUTODETECT|” Deuteronomy 32:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.7|AUTODETECT|” alludes to it: And all his ways are just. The appellation King of the nations comes from ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.7|AUTODETECT|” Jeremiah 10:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.7|AUTODETECT|” The next line is a rhetorical question that exalts the Lord God: Who does not fear you, O Lord, and glorify your name? It echoes the wording of ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.7|AUTODETECT|” Jeremiah 10:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” , Who should not revere you? and of ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 86:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , All the nations & will bring glory to your name. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.10|AUTODETECT|” And the last line ( For you alone are holy; for all the nations will come and worship before you; for your righteous deeds have been revealed ) reflects the words from ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.10|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 86:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , You alone are God. The term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 holy) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.5|AUTODETECT|” in the context of you alone are holy appears here and nowhere else; for the use of O Holy One see ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.5|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 16:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” . And the rest of the line mirrors the message from ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 86:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.16.19|AUTODETECT|” , All the nations you have made will come and worship before you, O Lord; they will bring glory to your name. ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.16.19|AUTODETECT|” Jeremiah 16:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” expresses a similar thought: O Lord & to you the nations will come from the ends of the earth 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 2:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.2|AUTODETECT|” ) and ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.2|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 98:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 extols God with these words, The Lord & revealed his righteousness to the nations. John frequently refers to all the nations in Revelation (12:5; 14:8; 15:4; 18:3, 23). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 I conclude with two observations. First, the hymn that John records is a sequence of allusions to the Psalter and the prophecy of Jeremiah. Second, the hymn provides a threefold answer to the rhetorical question posed at the beginning of verse 4. This is done by three separate clauses, all beginning with ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 for) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to express cause. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 15:1 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ������� the verb means ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to complete) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , that is, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to end) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . God s wrath is finished at the end of she seven plagues. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ���� the dative is more associative than instrumental; that is, fire is associated with the sea of glass.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ��z� �������� � the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to overcome) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 usually is transitive followed by an accusative; here it has the preposition � with the genitive ��� ������ (the beast). Aune construes this as a Latinism.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11”
  5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The present participle should be interpreted in the perfect tense, for the saints task of overcoming the devil has been completed. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ��� ���� the nations. A variant reading is ��� �0���� -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12” NIV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13” NEB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14” RSV) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ). The strength of the witnesses for these two readings is about the same, but the internal evidence speaks in favor of the first reading, the nations. The variant reading may have been introduced via ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.17|AUTODETECT|” 1 Timothy 1:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 .��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref15 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15”
  6. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� To be complete, I mention the variant reading the saints -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref16 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16” KJV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref17 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17” NKJV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but it has scant manuscript support. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �P �t ������ the emphatic negative with the aorist passive subjunctive functions as a future. This harmonizes with the future tense ������� in the second line. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Temple, Angels, and Plagues) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 15:5 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  2. And after these things I looked, and in heaven the temple of the tent of testimony was opened.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 The opening clause, which also occurs in 4:1; 7:1, 9; 18:1, communicates that John s attention shifts from the vision of the saints at the sea of glass to a vision of what is about to take place in heaven. After the interlude of verses 2 4, John now continues the message of verse 1 regarding the seven angels with the seven plagues. ) The scene is in heaven where John sees the open temple that gives him a view of the Holy of Holies. When Jesus died on Calvary s cross, the curtain separating the Holy Place from the inner sanctuary was split from top to bottom. God caused the tear to take place to indicate that Jesus sacrifice had paid for the sins of his people; no substitution of animal blood was needed anymore to sprinkle the ark of the covenant. Hence the inner sanctuary was open to the view of all those who entered the temple. ) The term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 temple) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.34-2.40.35|AUTODETECT|” in the phrase the temple of the tent of testimony signifies the inner sanctuary of the tabernacle itself. In Moses writings the tabernacle and the tent of testimony are one and the same structure 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.34-2.40.35|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 40:34 35) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.44|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.44|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:44) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). John calls this structure the tent of testimony and not the tent of meeting. The expression ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 testimony) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.19|AUTODETECT|” refers to the ark of the covenant that was placed in the Holy of Holies; the ark contained the two tablets of stone on which the Ten Commandments were inscribed 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.19|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 11:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.25.16|AUTODETECT|” ). In short, this expression alludes to the Ten Commandments, which were the basic condition of the covenant God made with his people at Mount Sinai 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.25.16|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 25:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.20|AUTODETECT|” 40:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.31.18|AUTODETECT|” ). These two slabs of stone were called the two tablets of the Testimony 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.31.18|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 31:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The Ten Commandments are a witness to the people s transgressions that would call forth God s judgment and condemnation.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref18 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn18”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Hence from the very presence of God and from the testimony of these laws divine judgment flows forth. Passing judgment, God executes justice and righteousness on the basis of his law.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref19 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn19”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� And as a consequence seven angels are empowered to pour out the seven plagues on the followers of the Antichrist. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. And seven angels, having the seven plagues, came forth out of the temple. They were dressed in clean, bright linen and had golden sashes around their chests.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.26.21|AUTODETECT|” Once again (see v. 5) the wording of this passage is closely linked to verse 1, which speaks of angels, plagues, and the wrath of God. The seven plagues are a throwback to ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.26.21|AUTODETECT|” Leviticus 26:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , where God says, If you remain hostile toward me and refuse to listen to me, I will multiply your afflictions seven times over, as your sins deserve. However, the stress is more on the seven angels than on the seven plagues. In this chapter John describes the angels, and in the following chapter (chap. 16) he specifies in detail the force and the extent of the plagues. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.10.5|AUTODETECT|” First, the angels come forth from the presence of God, that is, they leave the inner sanctuary. Next, they have been given authority over the discharging of seven plagues on the people who had rejected God. One of them also takes on the responsibility of instructing John about the punishment of the great prostitute with her followers on the one hand and the identification of the new Jerusalem with the wife of the Lamb on the other (17:1 18; 21:9 27). Third, the apparel of the angels is made out of clean and glistening linen that epitomizes holiness, and the golden sashes around their chests symbolize dignity, authority, and prominence, for God had entrusted these seven angels with a special task. They are like the son of man, who also appeared with a golden sash around his chest 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.10.5|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 10:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And last, the golden sashes point symbolically to kings and the linen garments to priests in ancient Israel. But George Eldon Ladd rightly notes, There is no reason to think that the golden girdles suggest priestly functions. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref20 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn20”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. And one of the four living creatures gave to the seven angels seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God, who lives forever and ever.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The four living creatures are given special roles in the progressive unfolding of the Apocalypse. They were instrumental in the opening of the first four seals (6:1 8) and in holding golden bowls of incense, which are the prayers of the saints (5:8; and see 8:3 5).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref21 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn21”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� But note the sequence. The golden bowls of the saints are the prayers that express praise and thanksgiving to God. Yet with these prayers the saints under the altar asked God to avenge their blood (6:9 10), and God heard them. He now sends forth his angels to cause death and destruction on his adversaries. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.25.29|AUTODETECT|” The four living creatures represent God s creation, and the seven golden bowls are full of the fury of his wrath. Golden bowls were used in the service of the tabernacle and the temple of Solomon 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.25.29|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 25:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.37.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.37.16|AUTODETECT|” 37:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.4.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.4.22|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.4.22|AUTODETECT|” Chron. 4:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.17|AUTODETECT|” ). They were flat objects shaped in the form of a pan or saucer for holding incense. Now these bowls are filled with the wrath of God from whose anger no one is able to escape 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.17|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 6:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.10|AUTODETECT|” 14:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 John concludes this verse with a phrase that describes God as the one ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 who lives forever and ever) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.4.34|AUTODETECT|” . This phrase occurs often in the Apocalypse 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=27.4.34|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 4:34) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and implies that idols are dead and fail to inspire awe, while God, who lives forever, ought to be feared.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref22 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn22”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God and from his power. And no one was able to enter the temple until the seven plagues of the seven angels were fulfilled.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.34|AUTODETECT|” With the phrase filled with smoke from the glory of God, John draws a parallel with the preceding verse, filled with the wrath of God (v. 7b). The smoke that emanates from God s glory and from his power permeates the inner sanctuary. The scene is reminiscent of God filling the tabernacle with the cloud of his glory 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.34|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 40:34) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.8.10-11.8.11|AUTODETECT|” ), as also took place at the dedication of Solomon s temple 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.8.10-11.8.11|AUTODETECT|” 1 Kings 8:10 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.5.13-14.5.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.5.13-14.5.14|AUTODETECT|”
  1. 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.5.13-14.5.14|AUTODETECT|” Chron. 5:13b 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ). At the time of King Uzziah s death, Isaiah saw the Lord sitting on his throne in heaven, and the temple was filled with smoke 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.4|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 6:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.43.5|AUTODETECT|” ; compare ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.43.5|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 43:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.44.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.44.4|AUTODETECT|” 44:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.12.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=4.12.5|AUTODETECT|” Num. 12:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The fierceness of God s wrath is so intense that no creature can enter his presence. The time of offering prayers and petitions for mercy is past, for the hour of judgment has come.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref23 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn23”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� No one may enter the inner sanctuary until the bowls of wrath have been poured out and the destruction of the wicked has been completed, for God s mercy is forgotten, his compassion withheld, and his patience suspended. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 15:5 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 A ��x� ��� ������ a number of translators interpret the genitive case in apposition to the nominative in the sense of an explanation, the temple, that is, the tent -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref24 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn24” REB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref25 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn25” NJB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 � ��� ���� the position of this phrase gives the appearance that the seven plagues were proceeding out of the temple. ) ����� linen. Some leading Greek manuscripts read ����� (stone), which probably goes back to a transcriptional error. The adjective ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 clean) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 describes the first reading better than the second.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref26 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn26”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ������� the aorist is inceptive, it began to be filled. The verb controls the genitive case ������ (smoke). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn1 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Michael Wilcock 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Message of Revelation: I Saw Heaven Opened) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 [Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1975], pp. 136 37) places 15:1 as a sixth vision and 15:2 4 as a seventh vision in a section that includes chapters 12, 13, and 14. The next division Isaiah 15:5 16:21. See also Gregory K. Beale, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , NIGTC (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), pp. 784 85; Adela Yarbro Collins, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Combat Myth in the Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , HDR 9 (Missoula: Scholars Press, 1976), pp. 16 19. The fact remains that chapters 15 and 16 are a unit. Placing 15:1 4 with chapter 14 creates the problem of relating the seven angels with the seven last plagues to the context of 14:14 20. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn2 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2” 2 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 William Hendriksen, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982), p. 127; G. B. Caird, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (London: Black, 1966), p. 158. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn3 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3” 3 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Homer Hailey, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979), p. 318. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn4 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4” 4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 J. Ramsey Michaels 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Interpreting the Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 [Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992], p. 64) ascribes a transitional function to vv. 1 4. Leon Morris 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , rev. ed., TNTC [Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987], p. 182) simply regards these verses as preliminary remarks. And David E. Aune more precisely calls verse 1 a title or superscription. See his ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 6 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , WBC 52B (Nashville: Nelson, 1998), p. 869. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn5 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5” 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Friedrich D�sterdieck, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Critical and Exegetical Handbook to the Revelation of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1886), p. 408. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn6 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6” 6 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Beale, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 791. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn7 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7” 7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 By the Sea of Crystal, in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Psalter Hymnal) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: CRC Publications, 1987), no. 620. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn8 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8” LXX ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Septuagint ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn9 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9” 8 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 By contrast see Richard Bauckham 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Climax of Prophecy) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” [Edinburgh: Clark, 1993], pp. 296 306), who asserts that the song of Moses in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.15.0|AUTODETECT|” Exodus 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 lies behind verses 3 4, and these verses are a careful interpretation of the song (p. 306). But the verbal similarities in these verses to many passages from especially the Psalter and the Prophets indicate otherwise. Writes Robert H. Mounce, Practically every phrase of the hymn [vv. 3 4] is taken from the rich vocabulary of the O[ld] T[estament]. See his ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , rev. ed., NICNT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), p. 286. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn10 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref10” 9 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A. T. Robertson, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Rersearch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 529; Robert Hanna, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Grammatical Aid to the Greek New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983), p. 452. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn11 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11” 10 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Aune, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 6 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.2|AUTODETECT|” , p. 872. See also his Latinism in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.2|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 15:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 JBL) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 110 (1991): 691 92. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn12 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12” NIV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New International Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn13 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13” NEB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New English Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” RSV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Revised Standard Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” 11 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Bruce M. Metzger, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 2d ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), pp. 679 80. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” KJV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 King James Version (Authorized Version) ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” NKJV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New King James Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn18 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref18” 12 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of the Revelation: A Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdrmans, 1990), p. 171; S. Greijdanus, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 De Openbaring des Heeren aan Johannes) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , KNT (Amsterdam: Van Bottenburg, 1925), p. 317. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn19 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref19” 13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Homer Hailey, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979), p. 322; Isbon T. Beckwith, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Apocalypse of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (1919; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979), p. 678. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn20 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref20” 14 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 George Eldon Ladd, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on the Revelation of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), p. 207. But Beale 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 807) speaks about the priestly nature of the angels. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn21 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref21” 15 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Refer to Robert L. Thomas, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 8 22: An Exegetical Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Chicago: Moody, 1995), p. 243; Martin Kiddle, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Revelation of St. John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (reprint, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1943), pp. 312 13. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn22 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref22” 16 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Henry Barclay Swete, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (1911; reprint, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977), p. 199). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn23 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref23” 17 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Wilfrid J. Harrington, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , SP 16 (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1993), p. 161; Hendriksen, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 160. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn24 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref24” REB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Revised English Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn25 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref25” NJB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New Jerusalem Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn26 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref26” 18 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Metzger, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Textual Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 680. Beale 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 804 5) expresses qualified support for the variant reading. And Michaels 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Interpreting Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 83) thinks that despite the lack of support for this reading the question is still very much open. )
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