Psalms 106:30 — Word Study
WLCוַיַּעֲמֹ֣ד פִּֽ֭ינְחָס וַיְפַלֵּ֑ל וַ֝תֵּעָצַ֗ר הַמַּגֵּפָֽה׃
BSABut PhinehasPîynᵉchâç [stood up, took a stand] stoodʻâmad▸ and intervenedpâlal▸ [executed judgment, made prayer for them] and the plaguemaggêphâh [divine judgment, pestilence] was restrainedʻâtsâr▸ [stopped in its tracks, stayed]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וַיַּעֲמֹ֣ד | and he stood up | Verb, Qal, sequential imperfect third person masculine singular |
| פִּֽ֭ינְחָס | Phinehas | Noun proper masculine |
| וַיְפַלֵּ֑ל | and he mediated | Verb, Piel, sequential imperfect third person masculine singular |
| וַ֝תֵּעָצַ֗ר | and it was restrained | Verb, Niphal, sequential imperfect third person feminine singular |
| הַמַּגֵּפָֽה׃ | the plague | Particle, noun common feminine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | But Phinehas stood and intervened, and the plague was restrained. |
| KJV | Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the plague was stayed. |
| ASV | Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment; And so the plague was stayed. |
| YLT | And Phinehas standeth, and executeth judgment, And the plague is restrained, |
| WEB | Then Phinehas stood up and executed judgment, so the plague was stopped. |
| BBE | Then Phinehas got up, and made prayer for them; and the disease went no farther. |
All translations agree on the key actions of Phinehas and the resulting restraint of the plague.
The main clause presents Phinehas's actions, followed by two subordinate clauses that detail his mediation and the result of his intervention.
6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them ›
clause
subjectפִּינְחָס
verbעָמַד
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 106:30
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Actions of Phinehasgenerated
Psalms 106:30 recounts how Phinehas stood up to intervene during a time of divine judgment against Israel. His zealous action is credited with stopping the plague that had broken out due to the people's sins, illustrating the importance of righteous intervention in times of crisis. This event is a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the power of one individual's faithfulness to God.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Numbers 25:6–8 | Just then an Israelite man brought to his family a Midianite woman in the sight of Moses and the whole congregation of Israel while they were weeping at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting. |
| 2 | Deuteronomy 13:9–11 | Instead, you must surely kill him. Your hand must be the first against him to put him to death, and then the hands of all the people. |
| 3 | Joshua 7:12 | This is why the Israelites cannot stand against their enemies. They will turn their backs and run from their enemies, because they themselves have been set apart for destruction. I will no longer be with you unless you remove from among you whatever is devoted to destruction. |
| 4 | 1 Kings 18:40–41 | Then Elijah ordered them, “Seize the prophets of Baal! Do not let a single one escape.” So they seized them, and Elijah brought them down to the Kishon Valley and slaughtered them there. |
| 5 | Jonah 1:12–15 | “Pick me up,” he answered, “and cast me into the sea, so it may quiet down for you. For I know that I am to blame for this violent storm that has come upon you.” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — עָמַד, vai.ya.'a.Modgenerated
The verb עָמַד (amad) means 'to stand' and carries a strong connotation of taking a firm position. It is used here in the sequential imperfect form, indicating that Phinehas actively stood up to address the situation. This standing is not passive; it represents a decisive action in the face of a crisis.
In the context of this verse, עָמַד highlights Phinehas's role as a leader who steps forward to mediate between God and the people. His action is pivotal, as it sets the stage for his subsequent intercession and the restraint of the plague.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
In the Berean Standard Bible, the verse uses intervened for Phinehas's action, while the KJV and ASV use stood, emphasizing his role as a mediator.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse consists of a main clause with two verbs: עָמַד (stood) and פָּלַל (mediated), followed by a clause describing the outcome of his actions. The structure highlights the sequence of Phinehas's actions and their immediate effect on the plague.
The order emphasizes the significance of Phinehas's standing before God and his active mediation, leading to the divine response of restraining the plague.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint uses the Greek word ἔστη for עָמַד, which also means 'to stand.' This choice reflects a direct translation that maintains the sense of Phinehas's decisive action.
For פָּלַל, the LXX translates it with ἐχιλάσατο, indicating a focus on the act of interceding, which aligns with the Hebrew meaning of mediation and prayer.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalms 106:30 tells us that Phinehas stood up to intervene during a plague that broke out among the Israelites. His action of standing and praying for the people led to the plague being restrained, demonstrating the power of righteous intervention.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Phinehas was a priest known for his zealousness and dedication to God, as seen in this verse where he intervened to stop a plague.
The restraint of the plague signifies God's response to Phinehas's intervention, highlighting the importance of prayer and righteous actions in averting divine judgment.
Phinehas's action is significant because it demonstrates the impact one individual can have in turning away God's wrath and restoring order among the people.
This verse teaches us the importance of standing up for righteousness and the power of prayer, especially in times of crisis.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what situations can I take a stand for righteousness like Phinehas did?
- How can I actively intercede for others in my community?
- What role does prayer play in my response to crises?
- How can I encourage others to stand firm in their faith during difficult times?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers referenced this verse to illustrate the importance of righteous action and intercession, as seen in quotes from John Chrysostom and Augustine of Hippo.
Tell me this. Will you still dare to call Jesus an imposter and lawbreaker? Will you not instead go off and bury yourselves somewhere, when you look the facts in the face,Early Church Fathers on Psalms 106 →
"Then stood up Phineas, and appeased Him, and the shaking ceased" [Psalms 106:30].Early Church Fathers on Psalms 106 →
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 106:30 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThen stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment,.... When none else would, he rose up in great zeal for the Lord of hosts; and took on him the work of a civil magistrate, and slew two persons of noble
Read John Gill on Psalms 106 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryYea, they despised the pleasant land, they believed not his word: (1) The people's distrust of the Lord's word as to Canaan after hearing the spies' report (Psalms 106:24-27).
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 106 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 106:30 Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and [so] the plague was stayed.Ver. 30. Then stood up Phinehas] Animose surrexit (Vatab.). By a secret, heroical, and extraordinary motion of God’ s Spirit, such as may not be drawn into example. All things reported and commended in Scripture may not be imitated. One Birchet, by example of Phinehas and Ehud, thought he might have killed a great personage in this land, whom he looked upon as a naughty man, and God’ s enemy. A particular example will afford a general instruction, when the equity of the thing done is universal, and the cause common, otherwise not, saith learned Junius. And executed judyment] Not tarrying for the…
Read John Trapp on Psalms 106 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(30) Executed judgment.—The Prayer Book has “prayed,” following the Chaldee and Syriac. The LXX. and Vulg. have “appeased.”
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 106 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges30. Then stood up Phinehas] Cp. Numbers 25:7; and for ‘stood,’ Numbers 16:48. and executed judgment] So rightly Jerome, diiudicavit. P.B.V. prayed follows the Syr. and Targ.; but this is not the regular meaning of the form of the verb, and does not agree with the history. and so the plague was stayed] From Numbers 25:8.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 106 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThen stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment ... - Inflicted summary punishment upon a principal offender. Numbers 25:7-8.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 106 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
But Phinehas stood and intervened, and the plague was restrained.
Then Phinehas stood up and executed judgment, so the plague was stopped.
But Phinehas stood and intervened, and the plague was restrained.
Phinehas took a stand and intervened, and the plague subsided.
Tyndale line
Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the plague was stayed.
Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment; And so the plague was stayed.
Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the plague was stayed.
Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the plague was stayed.
But Phinehas stoode vp, and executed iudgement, and the plague was staied.
Strictly literal
Then stood up Phinehas and executed judgment, and the plague was stayed;
And Phinehas standeth, and executeth judgment, And the plague is restrained,
And Phinehas stands, and executes judgment, || And the plague is restrained,
Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and the plague was stayed.
Then Phinehas rose to intervene, and the plague subsided.
From the Latin
And they rejoiced because they were still: and he brought them to the haven which they wished for.
Simplified
But Phinehas took a stand for the Lord and intervened, and the plague was stopped in its tracks.
Then Phinehas got up, and made prayer for them; and the disease went no farther.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of this verse, with all five words matched in the Hebrew and Greek texts. This consistency reinforces the reliability of the account of Phinehas's actions.
וַיַּעֲמֹ֣ד פִּֽ֭ינְחָס וַיְפַלֵּ֑ל וַ֝תֵּעָצַ֗ר הַמַּגֵּפָֽה׃
5 of the 5 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 106:30
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word עָמַד (amad) means to stand and encompasses a variety of related actions such as remaining, enduring, and taking a stand. It can refer to both literal and figurative stances, including presenting oneself or being appointed. The word appears in various contexts, including standing still, ceasing movement, and even serving. There are different forms of the verb, such as Qal, Hiphil, and Hophal, each with specific nuances.
עָמַד 620 take one's stand, stand
Qal 435
take one's stand, and (esp. pt.) stand, be in a standing attitude
stand forth
take a stand against, in opposition to
present oneself before
attend upon, be(come) servant of
stand afar
stand (silent)
stand (appealingly)
stand, subj. רֶגֶל
stand, of water
stand still, stop, cease moving
= be inactive
= be attentive
stop, cease doing a thing
tarry, delay
remain
continue, abide
endure
be steadfast
persist
make a stand, hold one's ground
stand upright
arise, appear, come on the scene
stand forth, appear = come into being
rise up as foe
rare usages
Hiph.
83station, set
cause to stand firm
cause to stand up, set up, erect
present one before king
appoint
other meanings
Hoph. be presented
base
H5975 עָמַד take one's stand, stand .. . take one's stand, and (esp. pt.) stand, be in a standing attitude
. stand forth
. take a stand against, in opposition to
. present oneself before
. attend upon, be(come) servant of
. stand afar
. stand (silent)
. stand (appealingly)
. stand, subj. רֶגֶל
. stand, of water
. . stand still, stop, cease moving
. = be inactive
. = be attentive
. stop, cease doing a thing
. . tarry, delay
. remain
. continue, abide
. endure
. be steadfast
. persist
. make a stand, hold one's ground
. stand upright
. . arise, appear, come on the scene
. stand forth, appear = come into being
. rise up as foe
. rare usages
. . station, set
. cause to stand firm
. cause to stand up, set up, erect
. present one before king
. appoint
. other meanings
. be presented
5975 `amad aw-mad'
a primitive root; to stand, in various relations (literal and
figurative, intransitive and transitive):--abide (behind),
appoint, arise, cease, confirm, continue, dwell, be employed,
endure, establish, leave, make, ordain, be (over), place, (be)
present (self), raise up, remain, repair, + serve, set (forth,
over, -tle, up), (make to, make to be at a, with-)stand (by,
fast, firm, still, up), (be at a) stay (up), tarry.
עָמַד (a.mad) — to stand: stand.
: stand/stop/establish
1) to stand, remain, endure, take one's stand
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to stand, take one's stand, be in a standing attitude, stand forth, take a stand, present oneself, attend upon, be or become servant of
1a2) to stand still, stop (moving or doing), cease
1a3) to tarry, delay, remain, continue, abide, endure, persist, be steadfast
1a4) to make a stand, hold one's ground
1a5) to stand upright, remain standing, stand up, rise, be erect, be upright
1a6) to arise, appear, come on the scene, stand forth, appear, rise up or against
1a7) to stand with, take one's stand, be appointed, grow flat, grow insipid
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to station, set
1b2) to cause to stand firm, maintain
1b3) to cause to stand up, cause to set up, erect
1b4) to present (one) before (king)
1b5) to appoint, ordain, establish
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqw3ms
פִּינְחָס (Piynchac) refers to Phinehas, a name associated with three Israelites. The name is derived from roots meaning 'mouth of a serpent' or 'mouth of brass.' Phinehas is noted for his zealousness in the Old Testament, which averted a plague on Israel and secured an everlasting priesthood for his lineage. He is first mentioned in Exodus 6:25 and later in 1 Samuel 1:3 and Ezra 8:33.
פִּינְחָס 25 n.pr.m. (Egypt. Pe-nehasi, the negro)
grandson of Aaron
son of Eli
base
H6372 פִּינְחָס (Egypt. Pe-nehasi, the negro) . grandson of Aaron
. son of Eli
6372 Piynchac pee-nekh-aws'
apparently from 6310 and a variation of 5175; mouth of a
serpent; Pinechas, the name of three Israelites:--Phinehas.
see HEBREW for 06310
see HEBREW for 05175
פִּינְחָס (pin.chas) — Phinehas.
A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Exo.6.25;
son of: Eleazar (H0499) and the daughter_of_Putiel (H6317H);
father of: Abishua (H0050)
§ Phinehas = "mouth of brass"
1) son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron; his zealousness for the Lord averted a plague on Israel and gained him the promise of the Lord of an everlasting priesthood in his family
2) a priest and the son of the priest Eli
3) the father of a helper of Ezra
פִּינְחָס (pin.chas) — Phinehas.
A man living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Sa.1.3;
son of: Eli (H5941);
brother of: Hophni (H2652);
father of: Ichabod (H0350), Ahitub (H0285)
§ Phinehas = "mouth of brass"
1) son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron; his zealousness for the Lord averted a plague on Israel and gained him the promise of the Lord of an everlasting…
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
fin'-e-as, -az, fin'-e-has, -haz (pinechac, "mouth of brass"):
(1) Son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron (Ex 6:25; compare 1Ch 6:4; Ezr 7:5, where he is seen to be an ancestor of Ezra). He took a leading part in cleansing Israel from whoredom at Shittim. He there punished the brazen licentiousness of Zimri, prince of Sirecon, by slaying both him and the Midianite woman he had brought into camp (Nu 25:6-18). This incident is referred to in Ps 106:30,31 (compare 1 Macc 2:26,54; Sirach 45:23,24). As priest he accompanied the expedition sent by Moses against Midjan (Nu…
Phinehas
Mouth of brass, or from old Egypt, the negro. (1.) Son of Eleazar, the high priest (Ex. 6:25). While yet a youth he distinguished himself at Shittim by his zeal against the immorality into which the Moabites had tempted the people (Num. 25:1-9), and thus “stayed the plague” that had broken out among the people, and by which twenty-four thousand of them perished. For his faithfulness on that occasion he received the divine approbation (10-13). He afterwards commanded the army that went out against the Midianites (31:6-8). When representatives of the people were sent to expostulate with the two and a half tribes who, just after crossing Jordan, built an altar and departed without giving any explanation, Phinehas was their leader, and addressed them in the words recorded in…
(mouth of brass). Son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron. (Exodus 6:25) He is memorable for having while quite a youth, by his zeal and energy at the critical moment of the licentious idolatry of Shittim, appeased the divine wrath, and put a stop to the plague which was destroying the nation. (Numbers 25:7) (B.C. 1452.) For this he was rewarded by the special approbation of Jehovah and by a promise that the priesthood should remain in his family forever. (Numbers 25:10-13) He was appointed to accompany as priest the expedition by which the Midianites were destroyed. ch. (Numbers 31:6) Many years later he also headed the party which was despatched from Shiloh to remonstrate…
1. Son of Elezar, and grandson of Aaron the high priest. His zealous an decided character was shown in the prompt execution of he profligate prince of Judah, and his companion a woman of Midian, in the plains of Moab, Nu 25:1-17. For this bold and timely service, the high priesthood was secured to his family, also remaining faithful; and except during an interval from Eli to Zadok, his posterity were at the head of the priesthood till the destruction of the temple. Phinehas led the host of Israel in the subsequent battle with the Midianites, Nu 31:6 Ps 106:30-31. He was at the head of the deputation sent to remonstrate with the tribes beyond the Jordan respecting the altar they had erected,
פָּלַל (palal) is a Hebrew verb that primarily means to intervene or interpose, with a significant focus on the act of praying. It encompasses various forms, including mediation and judgment, particularly in the Piel and Hithpael stems, which emphasize intercession and supplication. The entries suggest a connection to both personal and communal prayer, though no specific Old Testament verses are cited.
[פָּלַל] 84 vb. prob. intervene, interpose
Pi. mediate, judge
Hithp.
specif. intercede
gen. pray
pray
of poetical, liturgical prayer
base
H6419 פָּלַל prob. intervene, interpose
6419 palal paw-lal'
a primitive root; to judge (officially or mentally); by
extension, to intercede, pray:--intreat, judge(-ment), (make)
pray(-er, -ing), make supplication.
פָּלַל (pa.lal) — to pray.
1) to intervene, interpose, pray
1a) (Piel) to mediate, judge
1b)(Hithpael)
1b1) to intercede
1b2) to pray
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3ms — Verb · Piel · sequential imperfect third person masculine singularHc/Vpw3ms
עָצַר (atsar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to restrain or retain. It encompasses a range of actions such as holding back, stopping, and withholding. The entries indicate it can be used in various forms, including Qal and Niphal, to express both active and passive restraint. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
עָצַר 46 vb. restrain, retain
Qal
restrain
(late) retain
Niph. be restrained, stayed
.
base
H6113 עָצַר restrain, retain
6113 `atsar aw-tsar'
a primitive root; to inclose; by analogy, to hold back; also
to maintain, rule, assemble:--X be able, close up, detain,
fast, keep (self close, still), prevail, recover, refrain, X
reign, restrain, retain, shut (up), slack, stay, stop,
withhold (self).
עָצַר (a.tsar) — to restrain.
1) to restrain, retain, close up, shut, withhold, refrain, stay, detain
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to restrain, halt, stop
1a2) to retain
1b) (Niphal) to be restrained, be stayed, be under restraint
Conj | V-Niphal-ConsecImperf-3fs — Verb · Niphal · sequential imperfect third person feminine singularHc/VNw3fs
מַגֵּפָה (maggephah) refers to a blow or stroke, often associated with fatal outcomes such as slaughter or pestilence. It encompasses meanings related to divine judgment and defeat, indicating both physical and metaphorical impacts. The term is used in contexts of plague and slaughter, highlighting its significance in discussions of calamity.
מַגֵּפָה n.f. blow, slaughter, plague, pestilence
base
H4046 מַגֵּפָה blow, slaughter, plague, pestilence
4046 maggephah mag-gay-faw'
from 5062; a pestilence; by analogy, defeat:--(X be)
plague(-d), slaughter, stroke.
see HEBREW for 05062
מַגֵּפָה (mag.ge.phah) — plague.
1) blow, slaughter, plague, pestilence, strike, smite
1a) blow (fatal stroke)
1b) slaughter (of battle)
1c) plague, pestilence (divine judgment)
Art | N-fs — Particle · noun common feminine singular absoluteHTd/Ncfsa
plag (negha`, makkah, maggephah; mastix, plege): This word which occurs more than 120 times is applied, like pestilence, to such sudden outbursts of disease as are regarded in the light of divine visitations. It is used in the description of leprosy about 60 times in Le 13 and 14, as well as in De 24:8. In the poetical, prophetic and eschatological books it occurs about 20 times in the general sense of a punitive disaster. The Gospel references (Mr 3:10; 5:29,34; Lu 7:21) use the word as a synonym for disease.
The specific disease now named "plague" has been from the earliest historic times a frequent visitant to Palestine and Egypt. Indeed in the Southeast between Gaza and Bubastis it has occurred so frequently that it may…
Plague
A “stroke” of affliction, or disease. Sent as a divine chastisement (Num. 11:33; 14:37; 16:46-49; 2 Sam. 24:21). Painful afflictions or diseases, (Lev. 13:3, 5, 30; 1 Kings 8:37), or severe calamity (Mark 5:29; Luke 7:21), or the judgment of God, so called (Ex. 9:14). Plagues of Egypt were ten in number.
(1.) The river Nile was turned into blood, and the fish died, and the river stank, so that the Egyptians loathed to drink of the river (Ex. 7:14-25).
See PESTILENCE.
→ As a judgment on the Egyptians Ps 105; 135:8,9; Ac 7:36
→ The plague of
Blood Ex 7:14-25
Frogs Ex 8:1-15
Lice Ex 8:16-19
Flies Ex 8:20
→ On cattle Ex 9:1-7
→ Of boils and open sores Ex 9:8-12
→ Hail Ex 9:18-34
→ Locusts Ex 10:1-20
→ Darkness Ex 10:21-23
→ Death of the firstborn Ex 11:4-7; 12:17,29,30