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Leviticus 11:3 — Word Study

Depth

WLCכֹּ֣ל׀ מַפְרֶ֣סֶת פַּרְסָ֗ה וְשֹׁסַ֤עַת שֶׁ֙סַע֙ פְּרָסֹ֔ת מַעֲלַ֥ת גֵּרָ֖ה בַּבְּהֵמָ֑ה אֹתָ֖הּ תֹּאכֵֽלוּ׃

BSAYou may eatʼâkal [freely partake of] anykôl animalbᵉhêmâh [beast, livestock] [that has] a splitsheçaʻ [completely divided, cloven] hoofparçâh [foot, paw] completely dividedshâçaʻ and that chewsʻâlâh [brings up, regurgitates] the cudgêrâh [food, previously eaten material]

Word
Listen & take awayLeviticus 11
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 3 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (to.Khe.lu) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Leviticus 11:3quick helps
In a sentenceThis verse outlines the dietary laws for the Israelites regarding clean animals.
What can be eatenAnimals with split hooves and that chew the cud are permissible.
Where we areThis instruction is part of the laws given to the Israelites in Leviticus.
The hard wordמַפְרֶ֣סֶת
Take awayThe laws distinguish between clean and unclean animals for dietary purposes.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbפָּרַס The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Leviticus 11:3

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Dietary Laws in Leviticusgenerated

2“Say to the Israelites, ‘Of all the beasts of the earth, these ones you may eat:
3You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud.
4But of those that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, you are not to eat the following: The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.
5The rock badger, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

Leviticus 11:3 provides specific guidelines for the Israelites regarding which animals are clean and suitable for consumption. These laws are part of a larger set of instructions aimed at maintaining holiness and purity among the people, as outlined in the book of Leviticus. The distinction between clean and unclean animals serves both practical and spiritual purposes, reflecting the Israelites' covenant relationship with God.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 1:1Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked, or set foot on the path of sinners, or sit in the seat of mockers.
2Proverbs 9:6Leave your folly behind, and you will live; walk in the way of understanding.”
32 Corinthians 6:17“Therefore come out from among them and be separate, says the Lord. Touch no unclean thing, and I will receive you.”
4Deuteronomy 6:6–7These words I am commanding you today are to be upon your hearts.
5Deuteronomy 16:3–8You must not eat leavened bread with it; for seven days you are to eat with it unleavened bread, the bread of affliction, because you left the land of Egypt in haste—so that you may remember for the rest of your life the day you left the land of Egypt.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word מַפְרֶ֣סֶת, maf.Re.setgenerated

The word מַפְרֶ֣סֶת (maf.Re.set) is a feminine singular participle derived from the verb פָּרַס (parac), meaning 'to divide' or 'to break in two.' It specifically refers to the act of dividing, particularly in the context of animal hooves.

In this verse, it describes animals that have a split hoof, emphasizing the requirement for the hoof to be completely divided. This term is significant in the dietary laws as it helps define which animals are considered clean for consumption.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb תֹּאכֵֽלוּ (you will eat) governs the entire verse, with several noun phrases and participial phrases providing details about the animals. The structure emphasizes the conditions under which the Israelites may eat.

The order of the Hebrew words places the emphasis on the type of animals that are permissible, starting with the general term כֹּל (any) and specifying the characteristics of the hoof and the cud.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates מַפְרֶ֣סֶת as διξηλοῦν, which means 'to split' or 'to divide.' This choice reflects a similar understanding of the requirement for clean animals, emphasizing the division of the hoof.

This translation aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning, maintaining the focus on the physical characteristics that define dietary cleanliness.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Leviticus 11:3 tells the Israelites that they may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud. This means that certain animals are considered clean and acceptable for food, while others are not.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean for an animal to have a split hoof?

A split hoof means that the hoof is divided into two distinct parts, which is a requirement for the animal to be considered clean for eating.

Why is chewing the cud significant?

Chewing the cud refers to the process of regurgitating food and chewing it again, which is characteristic of certain clean animals, indicating their suitability for consumption.

Are all animals that chew the cud clean?

No, not all animals that chew the cud are clean; they must also have a split hoof to be considered acceptable for eating.

What is the purpose of these dietary laws?

The dietary laws serve to distinguish clean from unclean animals, promoting holiness among the Israelites and reflecting their covenant relationship with God.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do these dietary laws reflect the principles of holiness and purity in my own life?
  2. What can I learn about God's intentions for His people through these guidelines?
  3. In what ways can I apply the concept of being 'clean' or 'unclean' to my daily choices?
  4. How can understanding these laws deepen my appreciation for the covenant relationship God has with His people?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Church Fathers reference this verse to discuss the significance of clean and unclean animals in relation to moral and spiritual purity.

Clement of AlexandriaThe Instructor Book 3 c. 150–215
With whom then should we live? With the just, he replies, again under a metaphor. Everything “of split hoof and chewing the cud” is clean, because the split hoof obviously is a sign of evenly balanced justice,
Early Church Fathers on Leviticus 11 →
Origen of AlexandriaCOMMENTARY ON THE SONG OF SONGS 3:5 c. 185–253
[In Songs], the bride desires to sit down in the shadow of this apple tree. This prefigures either the church, as we said, under the protection of the Son of God,
Early Church Fathers on Leviticus 11 →
BedeOn the Tabernacle 3.11 c. 673–735
Hence it is properly decreed in the law that the only animals which are clean and suitable to be eaten by the people of God are those that have horns.
Early Church Fathers on Leviticus 11 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Leviticus 11:3 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven footed,.... That is, whose hoof is parted and cloven quite through; for there are some creatures that have partitions in their feet, but not quite through,

Read John Gill on Leviticus 11 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud.

Read Robert Jamieson on Leviticus 11 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Cloven-footed, to wit, is divided into two parts only, as in the coney, swine, &c., whereas the horse, camel, &c. have their hoofs entire and undivided. This clause is added only to explain and limit the former, as appears from ; for the feet or hoofs of dogs, cats, &c. are parted or cloven into many parts. Cheweth the cud, Heb. and bringeth up the cud, i.e. the meat once chewed out of the stomach into the mouth again, that it may be chewed a second time for better concoction. And this branch is to be joined with the former, both properties being necessary for the allowed beasts. But the reason hereof must be resolved into the will of the lawgiver; though interpreters guess that God would…

Read Matthew Poole on Leviticus 11 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Leviticus 11:3 Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, [and] cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.Ver. 3. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and cheweth the cud.] To teach them to think upon God’ s commandments to do them, cleansing themselves from all filthiness of flesh and spirit. Moreover clean Christians, typed by those clean beasts, must rightly part the hoof; that is, rightly divide their time; giving a due share thereof to either of their callings.

Read John Trapp on Leviticus 11 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(3) Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted.—Better, Whatsoever is clovenfooted, and entirely separateth the hoofs. The first rule laid down by which the clean quadruped is to be distinguished is that the hoofs must be completely cloven or divided above as well as below, or, as the parallel passage in Deuteronomy 14:6 has it, “and cleaveth the cleft into two claws.” Such is the case in the foot of the ox, the sheep, and the goat, where the hoof is wholly divided below as much as above. The foot of the dog, the cat, and the lion, though exhibiting a division into several distinct toes or claws, is contrary to the regulation here laid down, inasmuch as the division is simply on the…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Leviticus 11 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 3. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed] These two words mean the same thing - a divided hoof, such as that of the ox, where the hoof is divided into two toes, and each toe is cased with horn. Cheweth the cud] Ruminates; casts up the grass, c., which had been taken into the stomach for the purpose of mastication. Animals which chew the cud, or ruminate, are provided with two, three or four stomachs. The ox has four: in the first or largest, called the ventriculus or paunch, the food is collected without being masticated, the grass, c., being received into it as the beast crops it from the earth. The food, by the force of the muscular coats of this stomach, and the liquors…

Read AdamClarke on Leviticus 11 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

Ch. Leviticus 11:1-23 [51]. The Distinction between Clean and Unclean Food [51] For the sources from which this ch. comes, and its relation from a critical point of view to Deuteronomy 14:3 ff. see App. I (c), pp. 162 f.One principle underlying this distinction appears to have been that animals which were recognised as in any way objects of worship by heathen neighbours, or even supposed by them to be connected with unseen supernatural beings, were to be considered unclean. See Bertholet in KHC., introd. note to this ch. But in other cases the prohibition probably rested on the animal’s repulsive appearance or uncleanly habits, or on sanitary or totemistic grounds. See Driver, Deut. p. 164…

Read Cambridge on Leviticus 11 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Parteth ... - Rather, is clovenfooted and completely separates the hoofs.

Read Albert Barnes on Leviticus 11 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Whatever parts the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and chews the cud among the animals, that you may eat.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud.

NETBNew English Translation2006

You may eat any among the animals that has a divided hoof (the hooves are completely split in two ) and that also chews the cud.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that may ye eat.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Whatever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that shall ye eat.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Whatsoeuer parteth the hoofe, and is clouen footed, and cheweth the cudde, among the beastes, that shall ye eate.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Whatever hath cloven hoofs, and feet quite split open, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts — that shall ye eat.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

any dividing a hoof, and cleaving the cleft of the hoofs, bringing up the cud, among the beasts, it ye do eat.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

any dividing a hoof, and cleaving the cleft of the hooves, bringing up the cud, among the beasts—you eat it.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Whatsoever divideth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that may ye eat.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Whatsoever hath the hoof divided, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, you shall eat.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

any animal that both has a divided hoof and also chews the cud.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

You may have as food any beast which has a division in the horn of its foot, and whose food comes back into its mouth to be crushed again.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseclausenoun phraseכֹּ֣לanynoun phrasenoun phrasenoun phraseclauseverbמַפְרֶ֣סֶת[one.which].divides.in.twoobjectפַּרְסָ֗הa.hoofוְand.[which]noun phraseclauseverbשֹׁסַ֤עַתcleavesnoun phrase · objectשֶׁ֨סַע֙a.cleftפְּרָסֹ֔תof.hoovesnoun phraseמַעֲלַ֥ת[which].brings.upגֵּרָ֖ה(of).cudprepositional phraseבַּamongnoun phrasetheבְּהֵמָ֑הanimal[s]clausenoun phrase · objectאֹתָ֖הּitverbתֹּאכֵֽלוּyou.will.eat

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is supported by the Septuagint, which matches 10 of the 11 words in this verse. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs in four words, suggesting variations in the understanding of the terms used for dividing and describing the hooves.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

כֹּ֣ל׀ מַפְרֶ֣סֶת פַּרְסָ֗ה וְשֹׁסַ֤עַת שֶׁ֙סַע֙ פְּרָסֹ֔ת מַעֲלַ֥ת גֵּרָ֖ה בַּבְּהֵמָ֑ה אֹתָ֖הּ תֹּאכֵֽלוּ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
כֹּ֣ל׀πᾶνמַפְרֶ֣סֶתδιξηλοῦνפַּרְסָ֗הὁπλὴνוְשֹׁסַ֤עַתὀνυξιστῆραςשֶׁ֙סַע֙ὀνυξίζονפְּרָסֹ֔תξηλῶνגֵּרָ֖הμηρυκισμὸνבַּבְּהֵמָ֑הκτήνεσινאֹתָ֖הּταῦταתֹּאכֵֽלוּ׃φάγεσθε

10 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

כל מפריסת פרסה ושׁסעת שׁסע שׁתי פרסות מעלות גרה בבהמה אתה תאכלו

4 words differ from the Masoretic Text: מפריסת (divide), שׁתי (two), פרסות (hoof), מעלות (ascend)

Dead Sea Scrolls — Mas1ba copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[כל] [מפרסת] פרסה ושסעת [שסע] [פרסת] [מעלת] גרה בבהמה [את׳ה] תאכלו

3 words on the leather — 2 partly restored, 6 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Leviticus 11:3כֹּלanyanyכֹּלפָּרַס[one which][one which] divפָּרַספַּרְסָהa hoofa hoofפַּרְסָהשָׁסַעand [which]and [which] cleשָׁסַעשֶׁ֫סַעa cleft ofa cleft ofשֶׁ֫סַעפַּרְסָהhooveshoovesפַּרְסָהעָלָה[which] bri[which] brings עָלָהגֵּרָהcudcudגֵּרָהבְּהֵמָהamong the aamong the animaבְּהֵמָהאֵתthe object the object markאֵתאָכַלyou will eayou will eatאָכַלשָׁסַעto cleaveto cleaveשָׁסַעכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלפֶּ֫רֶסvulturevultureפֶּ֫רֶסגָּרַרto drag/chto drag/chew/saגָּרַראוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתשֶׁ֫סַעcleftcleftשֶׁ֫סַעפַּרְסָהhoofhoofפַּרְסָהגֵּרָהcudcudגֵּרָהעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהעֹלָהburnt offeburnt offeringעֹלָהיְאֹרstreamstreamיְאֹרעוֹףbirdbirdעוֹףאָדָםthe man (Athe man (Adam)אָדָםמִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁשָׁתָהto drinkto drinkשָׁתָהלֶ֫חֶםfoodfoodלֶ֫חֶם
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Leviticus 11:3

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
כֹּ֣ל׀kol any H3605 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
מַפְרֶ֣סֶתmaf.Re.set [one which] divides in two H6536 Verb · Hiphil · participle (active) feminine singular
14× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to break or divide something into parts, like splitting wood or distributing food. It is used in various contexts, including when God divides the Red Sea in Exodus. This word is about separating or sharing things.
Tyndale gloss
to divide
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פָּרַס (parac) is a Hebrew verb meaning to break in two or divide. It can refer to breaking up or dividing something, often without violence, and is associated with the division of hoofs in its Hiphil form. The word has an Aramaic equivalent, פְּרַס (pe.ras), which also means 'to divide.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[פָּרַס, erron. פָּרַשׂ] vb. break in two, divide

Qal they have broken up bones, as in kettle

Hiph.

divide hoof, i.e. have divided hoof

having hoofs

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6536 [פָּרַס, erron. פָּרַשׂ] break in two, divide

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6536 parac paw-ras'

a primitive root; to break in pieces, i.e. (usually without

violence) to split, distribute:--deal, divide, have hoofs,

part, tear.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּרַס (pa.ras) — to divide.

1) to divide, break in two

1a) (Qal) to break, break up

1b) (Hiphil) to be divided (of hoofs)

Aramaic equivalent: pe.ras (פְּרַס "to divide" H6537A)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVhrfsa — Verb · Hiphil · participle (active) feminine singular
HVhrfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

too.

See NUMBER.

any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
פַּרְסָ֗הpar.Sah a hoof H6541 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
21× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A claw or split hoof, often referring to the feet of animals like cows or horses, is described by this word. It appears in Leviticus 11, where it discusses clean and unclean animals.
Amplified meaning
foot, paw
Tyndale gloss
hoof
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פַּרְסָה (par.sah) refers to a hoof, likely originating from the concept of a divided hoof. It encompasses the hooves of ruminants and also mentions horses, which have undivided hooves. The entries consistently highlight its feminine form and its relation to the root word for claw or split hoof.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פַּרְסָה 21 n.f. hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6541 פַּרְסָה hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6541 parcah par-saw'

feminine of 6538; a claw or split hoof:--claw,

(cloven-)footed, hoof.

see HEBREW for 06538

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פַּרְסָה (par.sah) — hoof.

1) hoof

1a) of ruminants

1b) of horses (undivided hooves)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hoof.

See CHEW; CLOVEN.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Hoof

A cleft hoof as of neat cattle (Ex. 10:26; Ezek. 32:13); hence also of the horse, though not cloven (Isa. 5:28). The “parting of the hoof” is one of the distinctions between clean and unclean animals (Lev. 11:3; Deut. 14:7).

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Parting of, one of the physical marks used for distinguishing ceremonially clean and unclean animals Le 11:3-8; De 14:3-8

any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
וְשֹׁסַ֤עַתve.sho.Sa.'at and [which] cleaves H8156 Conjunction · verb qal participle (active) feminine singular
9× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To cleave means to split or tear something apart, and it can also mean to strongly criticize or upbraid someone, as seen in the Bible when God parts the Red Sea in Exodus 14:21.
Tyndale gloss
to cleave
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁסַע (shasa) is a Hebrew verb meaning to divide or cleave. It can refer to physically splitting or tearing apart, as well as figuratively upbraiding. The entries indicate its use in different forms, such as cleaving or tearing in two, with specific grammatical aspects like Qal and Piel noted.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁסַע] vb. divide, cleave

Qal cleaving the cleft of the hoof, i.e. having cloven hoof

Pi. tear in two

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8156 שָׁסַע divide, cleave

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8156 shaca` shaw-sah'

a primitive root; to split or tear; figuratively, to

upbraid:--cleave, (be) cloven ((footed)), rend, stay.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁסַע (sha.sa) — to cleave.

1) to divide, cleave, part, split

1a) (Qal) cleaving, cleft (participle)

1b) (Piel) to tear in two, cleave in two

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal — Conjunction · verb qal participle (active) feminine singular
HC/Vqrfsa
any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
שֶׁ֙סַע֙she.sa' a cleft of H8157 Noun common · masculine singular construct
4× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A cleft is a fissure or split in something, like a rock or a piece of wood, as described in the Bible in 2 Kings 2:11.
Amplified meaning
completely divided, cloven
Tyndale gloss
cleft
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שֶׁ֫סַע (sheca`) refers to a cleft or fissure, and is derived from a related root. The term encompasses meanings like cleft, cloven, and split. It appears in contexts related to physical divisions, but no specific verse is cited in the entries.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שֶׁ֫סַע n.[m.] cleft

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8157 שֶׁ֫סַע cleft

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8157 sheca` sheh'-sah

from 8156; a fissure:--cleft, clovenfooted.

see HEBREW for 08156

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שֶׁ֫סַע (she.sa) — cleft.

cleft, cloven, split

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
פְּרָסֹ֔תpe.ra.Sot hooves H6541 Noun common · feminine plural absolute
21× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A claw or split hoof, often referring to the feet of animals like cows or horses, is described by this word. It appears in Leviticus 11, where it discusses clean and unclean animals.
Tyndale gloss
hoof
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פַּרְסָה (par.sah) refers to a hoof, likely originating from the concept of a divided hoof. It encompasses the hooves of ruminants and also mentions horses, which have undivided hooves. The entries consistently highlight its feminine form and its relation to the root word for claw or split hoof.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פַּרְסָה 21 n.f. hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6541 פַּרְסָה hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6541 parcah par-saw'

feminine of 6538; a claw or split hoof:--claw,

(cloven-)footed, hoof.

see HEBREW for 06538

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פַּרְסָה (par.sah) — hoof.

1) hoof

1a) of ruminants

1b) of horses (undivided hooves)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfpa — Noun common · feminine plural absolute
HNcfpa
any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
מַעֲלַ֥תma.'a.Lat [which] brings up H5927 Verb · Hiphil · participle (active) feminine singular common
890× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To ascend means to go up or rise, like the smoke from an altar going up to God, as described in many Bible passages, including Leviticus and Psalms.
Amplified meaning
brings up, regurgitates
Tyndale gloss
to ascend: rise
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עָלָה (alah) means 'to ascend' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including going up, climbing, and rising in various contexts such as personal, natural, and spiritual. It can refer to actions involving people, animals, vegetation, and even thoughts, and includes nuances of being exalted or offering sacrifices. The word is built from a primitive root and appears in various grammatical forms, indicating different aspects of ascent or elevation.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָלָה 890 vb. go up, ascend, climb

Qal

of persons, go up, ascend, in local relations

go up, in personal relations

of animals, go or come up

of vegetation, spring up, grow, shoot forth

of natural phenom., go up, rise

of inanimate things, instead of passive construction

of thoughts

come up before God, arrogance

go up, extend, of boundary

excel

Niph.

be brought up

be taken up

pass., be taken up, away

reflex., take oneself away from, get up from

reflex.: take oneself away

be exalted, of God

Hiph.

bring up persons

in personal relations

bring up animals

cause to ascend

mentally

offer a present; bring up tithe to

exalt

cause to ascend (in flame), offer sacrifice

Hoph.

be carried away

be taken up into, inserted in

be offered

Hithp. lift oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5927 עָלָה go up, ascend, climb .. of persons, go up, ascend, in local relations

. go up, in personal relations

. of animals, go or come up

. of vegetation, spring up, grow, shoot forth

. of natural phenom., go up, rise

. of inanimate things, instead of passive construction

. of thoughts

. come up before God, arrogance

. go up, extend, of boundary

. excel

. . . be brought up

. be taken up

. . pass., be taken up, away

. reflex., take oneself away from, get up from

. reflex.: take oneself away

. be exalted, of God

. . bring up persons

. in personal relations

. bring up animals

. cause to ascend

. mentally

. offer a present; bring up tithe to

. exalt

. cause to ascend (in flame), offer sacrifice

. . be carried away

. be taken up into, inserted in

. be offered

. lift oneself

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5927 `alah aw-law'

a primitive root; to ascend, intransitively (be high) or

actively (mount); used in a great variety of senses, primary

and secondary, literal and figurative (as follow):--arise

(up), (cause to) ascend up, at once, break (the day) (up),

bring (up), (cause to) burn, carry up, cast up, + shew, climb

(up), (cause to, make to) come (up), cut off, dawn, depart,

exalt, excel, fall, fetch up, get up, (make to) go (away, up);

grow (over) increase, lay, leap, levy, lift (self) up, light,

(make) up, X mention, mount up, offer, make to pay, + perfect,

prefer, put (on), raise, recover, restore, (make to) rise

(up), scale, set (up), shoot forth (up), (begin to) spring

(up), stir up, take away (up), work.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָלָה (a.lah) — to ascend: rise.

: rise/go

1) to go up, ascend, climb

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go up, ascend

1a2) to meet, visit, follow, depart, withdraw, retreat

1a3) to go up, come up (of animals)

1a4) to spring up, grow, shoot forth (of vegetation)

1a5) to go up, go up over, rise (of natural phenomenon)

1a6) to come up (before God)

1a7) to go up, go up over, extend (of boundary)

1a8) to excel, be superior to

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be taken up, be brought up, be taken away

1b2) to take oneself away

1b3) to be exalted

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to bring up, cause to ascend or climb, cause to go up

1c2) to bring up, bring against, take away

1c3) to bring up, draw up, train

1c4) to cause to ascend

1c5) to rouse, stir up (mentally)

1c6) to offer, bring up (of gifts)

1c7) to exalt

1c8) to cause to ascend, offer

1d) (Hophal)

1d1) to be carried away, be led up

1d2) to be taken up into, be inserted in

1d3) to be offered

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil — Verb · Hiphil · participle (active) feminine singular common
HVhrfsc
any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
גֵּרָ֖הge.Rah cud H1625 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
11× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The cud is the food that animals like cows regurgitate and chew on, scraping their throat in the process. This word is used in the Bible to describe the eating habits of certain animals, like goats and sheep. The KJV translates it simply as 'cud'.
Amplified meaning
food, previously eaten material
Tyndale gloss
cud
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גֵּרָה (gerah) means 'cud' and is derived from the root word meaning to scrape the throat. It specifically refers to the cud of clean and unclean animals, appearing in legislative contexts in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גֵּרָה n.f. cud, only in legislation of clean and unclean animals

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1625 גֵּרָה cud

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1625 gerah gay-raw'

from 1641; the cud (as scraping the throat):--cud.

see HEBREW for 01641

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גֵּרָה (ge.rah) — cud.

cud

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See CHEW.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Chewing of, was one of the facts by which ceremonially clean and unclean animals were distinguished Le 11:3-8; De 14:3-8

any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
בַּבְּהֵמָ֑הba.be.he.Mah among the animal[s] H929 Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
190× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to animals, especially large quadruped mammals. It's used in the Bible to describe livestock, wild beasts, and other creatures. It appears in stories of creation, farming, and wildlife.
Amplified meaning
beast, livestock
Tyndale gloss
animal
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בְּהֵמָה (bhemah) refers to a beast or animal, typically denoting domesticated livestock or cattle, and occasionally wild beasts. It is derived from a root that suggests being mute, implying a 'dumb beast.' The term encompasses all living creatures other than humans, with a specific mention of large quadrupeds.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְּהֵמָה 187 n.f. beast, animal, cattle

of living creatures other than man

opp. also to wild beasts

rarely of wild beasts, esp. carnivora

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H929 בְּהֵמָה beast, animal, cattle . of living creatures other than man

. opp. also to wild beasts

. rarely of wild beasts, esp. carnivora

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

929 bhemah be-hay-maw'

from an unused root (probably meaning to be mute); properly,

a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often

collective):--beast, cattle.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּהֵמָה (be.he.mah) — animal.

1) beast, cattle, animal

1a) beasts (coll of all animals)

1b) cattle, livestock (of domestic animals)

1c) wild beasts

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
HRd/Ncfsa
any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
אֹתָ֖הּ'o.Tah the object marker it H853 Particle · suffix
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTo/Sp3fs — Particle · suffix
HTo/Sp3fs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
any [one which] divides in two a hoof and [which] cleaves a cleft of hooves [which] brings up cud among the animal[s] the object marker it you will eat
תֹּאכֵֽלוּ׃to.Khe.lu you will eat H398 Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine plural
810× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to eat or devour, and it's used in many stories, including when Jesus fed the 5000 with fish and bread in the book of Matthew. It's about taking in nourishment and being satisfied.
Amplified meaning
freely partake of
Tyndale gloss
to eat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָכַל (akal) means 'to eat' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including literal consumption by humans and animals, as well as figurative uses like devouring by fire or destruction. It can describe actions such as feeding or causing to eat, and it also appears in contexts of oppression and destruction. The verb has various forms, indicating different subjects and nuances.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָכַל 806 vb. eat

Qal

eat, human subject

of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

fig. of fire, devour, consume

of sword, devour, slay

in genl., devour, consume, destroy

fig. of oppression, devour the poor

Niph.

be eaten by man

be devoured by fire, consumed

be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

Pu. be consumed

Hiph.

cause to eat, feed with

cause to devoure, obj. sword

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H398 אָכַל eat .. eat, human subject

. of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

. fig. of fire, devour, consume

. of sword, devour, slay

. in genl., devour, consume, destroy

. fig. of oppression, devour the poor

. . be eaten by man

. be devoured by fire, consumed

. be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

. be consumed

. . cause to eat, feed with

. cause to devoure, obj. sword

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

398 'akal aw-kal'

a primitive root; to eat (literally or figuratively):--X at

all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up),

feed (with), food, X freely, X in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay)

meat, X quite.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָכַל (a.khal) — to eat.

1) to eat, devour, burn up, feed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to eat (human subject)

1a2) to eat, devour (of beasts and birds)

1a3) to devour, consume (of fire)

1a4) to devour, slay (of sword)

1a5) to devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subjects - ie, pestilence, drought)

1a6) to devour (of oppression)

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be eaten (by men)

1b2) to be devoured, consumed (of fire)

1b3) to be wasted, destroyed (of flesh)

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to cause to eat, feed with

1c2) to cause to devour

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to feed

1d2) to cause to eat

1e) (Piel)

1e1) consume

Aramaic equivalent: a.khal (אֲכַל "to devour" H0399)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-2mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine plural
HVqi2mp
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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