Isaiah 19:10 — Word Study
WLCוְהָי֥וּ שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָ מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים כָּל־ עֹ֥שֵׂי שֶׂ֖כֶר אַגְמֵי־ נָֽפֶשׁ׃
BSAThe workers in clothshâthâh [laborers, those who toil, fabric, textile goods] will behâyâh dejecteddâkâʼ [crushed, broken in spirit] and allkôl [every single one] the hiredseker workersʻâsâh [those who work for wages, earn a living] will be sickʼâgêm△ [grieved, heavy] at heartnephesh [soul, inner being]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְהָי֥וּ | and they will be | Verb, Qal, sequential perfect third person common plural |
| שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָ | foundations its | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים | crushed | Verb, Pual, participle (passive) masculine plural |
| כָּל־ | all | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| עֹ֥שֵׂי | [those who] work of | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine plural common |
| שֶׂ֖כֶר | wage[s] | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| אַגְמֵי־ | [will be] grieved of | Adj |
| נָֽפֶשׁ׃ | soul | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The workers in cloth will be dejected, and all the hired workers will be sick at heart. |
| KJV | And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish. |
| ASV | And the pillars of Egypt shall be broken in pieces; all they that work for hire shall be grieved in soul. |
| YLT | And its foundations have been smitten, All making wages [are] afflicted in soul. |
| WEB | The pillars will be broken in pieces. All those who work for hire will be grieved in soul. |
| BBE | And the makers of twisted thread will be crushed, and those who ... will be sad in heart. |
Where they part company is אַגְמֵי־ — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has a main clause followed by a description of the workers' emotional state, emphasizing the impact of their circumstances.







8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbהָיָה
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 8 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 19:10
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Consequences of Egypt's Judgmentgenerated
Isaiah 19:10 describes the despair of workers in Egypt as they face the consequences of the nation's judgment. The verse highlights the emotional toll on laborers, particularly those in the textile industry, as they grapple with their difficult circumstances. This passage fits within a larger context where Isaiah speaks of Egypt's impending downfall and the resulting social and economic turmoil, as seen in the preceding verses.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Exodus 7:19 | And the LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Take your staff and stretch out your hand over the waters of Egypt—over their rivers and canals and ponds and reservoirs—that they may become blood.’ There will be blood throughout the land of Egypt, even in the vessels of wood and stone.” |
| 2 | Exodus 8:5 | And the LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Stretch out your hand with your staff over the rivers and canals and ponds, and cause the frogs to come up onto the land of Egypt.’” |
| 3 | Deuteronomy 11:10 | For the land that you are entering to possess is not like the land of Egypt, from which you have come, where you sowed your seed and irrigated on foot, like a vegetable garden. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 3 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים, me.du.ka.'Imgenerated
The word מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים (me.du.ka.'Im) is a passive participle derived from the root דָּכָא (daka'), meaning 'to crush.' It conveys a sense of being crushed or oppressed, often used in contexts that highlight emotional or physical distress.
As a participle, it describes the state of the workers in this verse, emphasizing their crushed spirits as a result of their circumstances. The use of this word illustrates not just a physical condition but also a deep emotional impact on the laborers.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb in this verse is וְהָי֥וּ, and they will be, which governs the entire statement. The structure indicates that the emotional state of the workers is the focus, with the subject being the workers and the predicate describing their condition.
The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the workers' emotional state first, followed by their condition, which intensifies the sense of despair conveyed in the verse.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates וְהָי֥וּ as ἔσονται (esontai), meaning 'they will be.' This choice maintains the future tense and reflects a similar emphasis on the state of being.
The Greek word δυστυχούντων is used to convey the sense of being distressed or unfortunate, which aligns with the emotional weight of the Hebrew term מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 19:10 describes how the workers in cloth are feeling crushed and dejected due to their difficult circumstances. This verse highlights the emotional impact of Egypt's judgment on its laborers, showing that all who work for wages are also feeling heavy at heart.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It means that the workers are feeling crushed or broken in spirit due to their circumstances.
The verse emphasizes that the emotional distress affects every single hired worker, indicating a widespread impact on those who earn a living.
This verse illustrates the consequences of Egypt's judgment, showing how it affects not just leaders but also the common laborers.
The emotional state of the workers reflects the broader despair in society, reminding us of the human cost of national calamities.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can we support those who are feeling crushed or dejected in our communities?
- What are some ways we can address the emotional impact of difficult circumstances on ourselves and others?
- In what ways can we ensure that the voices of laborers and workers are heard during times of national distress?
- How does understanding the plight of the workers in this verse help us empathize with those in similar situations today?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 19:10 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd they shall be broken in the purposes thereof,.... Meaning either the persons that work in flax, or in making nets; who shall be disappointed in their views, expectations, and designs, in bringing
Read John Gill on Isaiah 19 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish. They shall be broken in the purposes thereof - i:e., of Egypt (the Hebrew suffix is feminine).
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 19 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThereof, i.e. of Egypt, or of the Egyptians. They shall lose their ends and hopes; for the fishes in them shall die for want of water.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 19 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 19:10 And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices [and] ponds for fish.Ver. 10. And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof.] Heb., In the foundations, as Psalms 11:3. Purposes are the foundation of practices, but are oft disappointed. And ponds for fish.] Heb., Ponds of fowl, stagna voluptaria (Tremellius), standing pools of desire. In Hebrew, the word used elsewhere for a pond or fish pool signifieth a blessing also. Berecha.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 19 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(10) And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof.—Better, the pillars thereof (i.e., the props and columns of the state) shall be broken in pieces, and all those who work for wages (i.e., the great masses of the people) shall be troubled in mind. The word translated “purposes,” occurs in the sense here given in Psalms 11:3, and is there translated “foundations.” (Compare the like figure in Ezekiel 30:4; Galatians 2:9.)
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 19 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 10. And they shall be broken, c. - "Her stores"] שתתיה shathotheyha, αποθηκαι, granaries. - Aquila. All that make sluices and ponds for fish - "All that make a gain of pools for fish."] This obscure line is rendered by different interpreters in very different manners. Kimchi explains אגמי agmey as if it were the same with אגמה agemah, from Job 30:25, in which he is followed by some of the rabbins, and supported by the Septuagint: and שכר secher, which I translate gain, and which some take for nets or inclosures, the Septuagint render by ζυθον, strong drink or beer, which it is well known was much used in Egypt and so likewise the Syriac, retaining the Hebrew word שכרא sekra. I submit…
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 19 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges10. Translate as R.V. And her pillars shall be broken in pieces, all they that work for hire shall be grieved in soul. The expressions, however, are very obscure, and the sense is doubtful. The word for “pillars” is found in Psalms 11:3 (“foundations”), but it is disputed whether the capitalists or the labourers are here regarded as the foundations of society. In the second clause A.V. follows Jewish authority in keeping up the reference to fishing (cf. “networks” in the previous verse), but its “sluces and ponds for fish” is altogether wrong. LXX. errs in the opposite direction by dragging in the liquor trade (“manufacturers of strong drink” [shçkâr] instead of “workers for hire” [seker]).
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 19 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleAnd they shall be broken - There has been a great variety of opinion in regard to the interpretation of this verse, and much difficulty in the construction of the Hebrew words.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 19 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The workers in cloth will be dejected, and all the hired workers will be sick at heart.
The pillars will be broken in pieces. All those who work for hire will be grieved in soul.
The workers in cloth will be dejected, and all the hired workers will be sick at heart.
Those who make cloth will be demoralized; all the hired workers will be depressed.
Tyndale line
And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish.
And the pillars of Egypt shall be broken in pieces; all they that work for hire shall be grieved in soul.
And her pillars shall be broken in pieces, all they that work for hire shall be grieved in soul.
And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish.
For their nettes shalbe broken, and all they, that make pondes, shalbe heauie in heart.
Strictly literal
And her pillars shall be broken in pieces, and all workers for hire shall be sad of soul.
And its foundations have been smitten, All making wages [are] afflicted in soul.
And its foundations have been struck, || All making wages [are] afflicted in soul.
And its foundations shall be beaten down, all that build sluices shall be grieved in soul.
The cloth workers of Egypt will be crushed; all who work for hire will be grieved within themselves.
From the Latin
And its watery places shall be dry, all they shall mourn that made pools to take fishes.
Simplified
The cloth workers will be depressed, and everyone who earns a wage will feel sick inside.
And the makers of twisted thread will be crushed, and those who ... will be sad in heart.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text reads וְהָי֥וּ שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָ מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים כָּל־ עֹ֥שֵׂי שֶׂ֖כֶר אַגְמֵי־ נָֽפֶשׁ׃, and this is largely supported by the Dead Sea Scrolls, which show similar wording. The Septuagint matches 5 of the 8 words, indicating a close relationship with the Hebrew text, despite some differences in word order and articles.
וְהָי֥וּ שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָ מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים כָּל־ עֹ֥שֵׂי שֶׂ֖כֶר אַגְמֵי־ נָֽפֶשׁ׃
5 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
והיו שותתי׳ה מדכאים ׳׳׳׳׳׳׳ כל עשי [שכר] [אגמי] [נפש]
5 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 3 supplied entire by an editor.
והיו שותתי׳ה מדכאים כל עושי שכר אגמי נפש
8 words on the leather.
והיו שתתי׳ה מדכאים [כל] [עשי] [שכר] [אגמי] [נפש]
2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 5 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 19:10
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be
Qal
Fall out, happen
occur, take place, come about, come to pass
esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass
וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
Come into being, become
abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
sq. prep.
become
sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
sq. pred. adj.
become like
sq. pred. לְ pers.
sq. לְ pred.
oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.
with עַל and לְ
sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)
exist, be in existence
abide, remain, continue
with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie
as copula, joining subj. & pred.
H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen
. occur, take place, come about, come to pass
. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
. sq. prep.
. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
. sq. pred. adj.
. become like
. sq. pred. + לְ pers.
. sq. לְ pred.
. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.
. with עַל and לְ
. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence
. abide, remain, continue
1961 hayah haw-yaw
a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,
come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or
auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,
committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,
fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit
(one-)self, require, X use.
see HEBREW for 01933
הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.
1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) ---
1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass
1a1b) to come about, come to pass
1a2) to come into being, become
1a2a) to arise, appear, come
1a2b) to become
1a2b1) to become
1a2b2) to become like
1a2b3) to be instituted, be established
1a3) to be
1a3a) to exist, be in existence
1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)
1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)
1a3d) to accompany, be with
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about
1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
Conj | V-Qal-3cp — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common pluralHc/Vqq3cp
שָׁת (shath) refers to a foundation or support, particularly in a societal or moral context. It is derived from a root meaning 'basis' and encompasses concepts of political or moral support. The entries consistently highlight its role as a foundational element.
[שָׁת] n.m. foundation, stay (of society)
base
H8356 [שָׁת] foundation, stay (of society)
8356 shathah shaw-thaw'
from 7896; a basis, i.e. (figuratively) political or moral
support:--foundation, purpose.
see HEBREW for 07896
שָׁת (sha.tah) — foundation.
foundation, support, stay
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3fs
דָּכָא (daka') is a Hebrew verb meaning to crush or be crushed. It encompasses various forms, indicating actions like bruising, breaking, and being contrite. The entries highlight its use in different grammatical aspects, such as the Niphal (to be crushed) and Piel (to crush). The word conveys both literal and figurative senses of destruction and humility.
[דָּכָא] vb. crush, poet.
not in Qal;Niph. crushed, fig. = contrite ones
Pi. crush
Pu. crushed, broken in pieces, shattered
Hithp. crushed
base
H1792 דָּכָא crush poet. . crushed, fig. = contrite ones
. crush
. crushed, broken in pieces, shattered
. crushed
1792 daka' daw-kaw'
a primitive root (compare 1794); to crumble; transitively, to
bruise (literally or figuratively):--beat to pieces, break (in
pieces), bruise, contrite, crush, destroy, humble, oppress,
smite.
see HEBREW for 01794
דָּכָא (da.kah) — to crush.
1) to crush, be crushed, be contrite, be broken
1a) (Niphal)
1a1) to be crushed
1a2) to be contrite (fig.)
1b) (Piel) to crush
1c) (Pual)
1c1) to be crushed, be shattered
1c2) to be made contrite
1d) (Hithpael) to allow oneself to be crushed
V-Pual-Inf-c — Verb · Pual · participle (passive) masculine pluralHVPsmpa
כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.
כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all
with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
Absolutely:
without the art., all things, all
with the art. הַכֹּל
where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
base
H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all
. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
3605 kol kole
or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;
hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a
plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any
(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as
many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,
whoso(-ever).
see HEBREW for 03634
כֹּל (kol) — all.
1) all, the whole
1a) all, the whole of
1b) any, each, every, anything
1c) totality, everything
Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.
(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.
(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).
עָשָׂה (asah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to do or make, encompassing a wide range of actions such as producing, preparing, and observing. It can refer to both concrete and abstract activities, including making offerings and attending to tasks. The verb also has forms indicating passive meanings, such as being made or offered. Notably, the Piel form refers to pressing or squeezing.
עָשָׂה 2622 vb. do, make
Qal 2524
do (1560 t.)
deal with
oft. in phr. do kindness with
abs. act, act with effect
make (670 t.)
produce, yield
prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food
make offering
attend to, put in order
observe, celebrate, religious festival
acquire property of various kinds
appoint priests
bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance
use
spend, pass, days of life
Niph.
97be done
be made, of concr. things
be produced from vine
be prepared, of food
be offered
be observed, passover
be used
Pu. I was made
base
[עָשָׂה] vb. Pi. press, squeeze
base
H6213a עָשָׂה do, make .. . do (1560 + t.)
. deal with
. oft. in phr. do kindness with
. abs. act, act with effect
. . make (670 + t.)
. produce, yield
. prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food
. make offering
. attend to, put in order
. observe, celebrate, religious festival
. acquire property of various kinds
. appoint priests
. bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance
. use
. spend, pass, days of life
. . be done
. . be made, of concr. things
. be produced from vine
. be prepared, of food
. be offered
. be observed, passover
. be used
. I was made
H6213b עָשָׂה Pi. press, squeeze
6213 `asah aw-saw'
a primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and
widest application (as follows):--accomplish, advance,
appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth,
bruise, be busy, X certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal
(with), deck, + displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in)
execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, + feast, (fight-)ing man, +
finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go
about, govern, grant, great, + hinder, hold ((a feast)), X
indeed, + be industrious, + journey, keep, labour, maintain,
make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, + officer, pare,
bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure,
provide, put, requite, X sacrifice, serve, set, shew, X sin,
spend, X surely, take, X thoroughly, trim, X very, + vex, be
(warr-)ior, work(-man), yield, use.
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make: do.
: do/perform
1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to do, work, make, produce
1a1a) to do
1a1b) to work
1a1c) to deal (with)
1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect
1a2) to make
1a2a) to make
1a2b) to produce
1a2c) to prepare
1a2d) to make (an offering)
1a2e) to attend to, put in order
1a2f) to observe, celebrate
1a2g) to acquire (property)
1a2h) to appoint, ordain, institute
1a2i) to bring about
1a2j) to use
1a2k) to spend, pass
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be done
1b2) to be made
1b3) to be produced
1b4) to be offered
1b5) to be observed
1b6) to be used
1c) (Pual) to be made
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to press.
(Piel) to press, squeeze
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make.
: make(OBJECT)
1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to do, work, make, produce
1a1a) to do
1a1b) to work
1a1c) to deal (with)
1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect
1a2) to make
1a2a) to make
1a2b) to produce
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine plural commonHVqrmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
שֶׂ֫כֶר (se.kher) means hire or wages, referring to payment for work. It is derived from the root word for 'reward' and is used in contexts related to compensation. The entries consistently define it as a form of remuneration without significant disagreement.
שֶׂ֫כֶר n.[m.] hire, wages
base
H7938 שֶׂ֫כֶר hire, wages
7938 seker seh'-ker
from 7936; wages:--reward, sluices.
see HEBREW for 07936
שֶׂ֫כֶר (se.kher) — hire.
hire, wages
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
אַגֵם (agem) is an adjective meaning 'sad' or 'grieved,' and is associated with stagnant water, suggesting a sense of stillness or lack of vitality. The term appears in contexts such as Isaiah 19:10, where it is linked to emotional distress.
[אָגֵם] adj. sad (cf. Mish.) אַגְמֵי־נֶפֶשׁ Is 19:10.
done
H99 [אָגֵם] sad
99 'agem aw-game'
probably from the same as 98 (in the sense of stagnant
water); figuratively, sad:--pond.
see HEBREW for 098
אָגֵם (a.gem) — grieved.
stagnant pond
Adj — AdjHAampc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
The Hebrew word נֶ֫פֶשׁ (*nephesh*) broadly means 'soul' or 'living being,' encompassing concepts like life, self, person, desire, and emotion. It is derived from the root meaning 'to breathe' and signifies both physical and mental aspects of existence. The lexicons note its use in various contexts, including as the seat of appetites and emotions, though its application to will and character is uncertain.
נֶ֫פֶשׁ 756 n.f. soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion
= that which breathes, the breathing substance or being
The נפשׁ becomes a living being
The נפשׁ is specif.
The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself
נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)
נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions
נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts
נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.
נפשׁ = character is still more dub.
נ׳ in D
base
H5315 נֶ֫פֶשׁ soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion . = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being
. The נפשׁ becomes a living being
. The נפשׁ is specif.
. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself
. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)
. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions
. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts
. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.
. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.
. נ׳ in D
5315 nephesh neh'-fesh
from 5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of
(abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal,
accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental):--any,
appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead(-ly), desire,
X (dis-)contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart(-y),
(hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me,
mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-,
thy-)self, them (your)-selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they,
thing, (X she) will, X would have it.
see HEBREW for 05314
נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul.
1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion
1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man
1b) living being
1c) living being (with life in the blood)
1d) the man himself, self, person or individual
1e) seat of the appetites
1f) seat of emotions and passions
1g) activity of mind
1g1) uncertain
1h) activity of the will
1h1) uncertain
1i) activity of the character
1i1) uncertain
נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul: life.
1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion
1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man
1b) living being
1c) living being (with life in the blood)
1d) the man himself, self, person or individual
1e) seat of the appetites
1f) seat of emotions and passions
1g) activity of mind
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
sol (nephesh; psuche; Latin anima):
1. Shades of Meaning in the Old Testament:
(1) Soul, like spirit, has various shades of meaning in the Old Testament, which may be summarized as follows: "Soul," "living being," "life," "self," "person," "desire," "appetite," "emotion" and "passion" (BDB under the word). In the first instance it meant that which breathes, and as such is distinguished from basar, "flesh" (Isa 10:18; De 12:23); from she'er, "the inner flesh," next the bones (Pr 11:17, "his own flesh"); from beTen, "belly" (Ps 31:10, "My soul and my belly are consumed with grief"), etc.
The ancients supposed the soul, or rather the animating principle of life, to reside in the breath, that it departed from the body with the breath. Hence the Hebrew and Greek words which, when they refer to man, in our Bibles are translated "soul," are usually rendered "life" or "breath" when they refer to animals, Ge 2:7 7:15 Nu 16:22 Job 12:10 34:14,15 Ps 104:29 Ec 12:7 Ac 17:25.
But together with this principle of life, which is common to men and brutes, and which in brutes perishes with the body, there is in man a spiritual, reasonable, and immortal soul, the…
→ See SPIRIT
→ See IMMORTALITY
→ See MAN, A SPIRIT
→ See RIGHTEOUS, FUTURE STATE OF
→ See WICKED, PUNISHMENT OF
