Isaiah 15:3 — Word Study
WLCבְּחוּצֹתָ֖יו חָ֣גְרוּ שָׂ֑ק עַ֣ל גַּגּוֹתֶ֧יהָ וּבִרְחֹבֹתֶ֛יהָ כֻּלֹּ֥ה יְיֵלִ֖יל יֹרֵ֥ד בַּבֶּֽכִי׃
BSAIn its streetschûwts [outside, in the public areas] they wearchâgar■ [gird themselves with] sackclothsaq [a coarse cloth] onʻal the rooftopsgâg [housetops, upper rooms] and in the public squaresrᵉchôb [broad places, open areas] they allkôl [every single one] wailyâlal▸ [howl, cry out in lament] falling downyârad [going down, descending] weepingBᵉkîy [with abundant tears, in bitter sorrow]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| בְּחוּצֹתָ֖יו | in streets its | Preposition, noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| חָ֣גְרוּ | they have girded on | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| שָׂ֑ק | sackcloth | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| עַ֣ל | on | Preposition |
| גַּגּוֹתֶ֧יהָ | roofs its | Noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| וּבִרְחֹבֹתֶ֛יהָ | and in open places its | Conjunction, preposition, noun common feminine plural construct |
| כֻּלֹּ֥ה | all of it | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| יְיֵלִ֖יל | it is wailing | Verb, Hiphil, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| יֹרֵ֥ד | going down | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine singular |
| בַּבֶּֽכִי׃ | in weeping | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | In its streets they wear sackcloth; on the rooftops and in the public squares they all wail, falling down weeping. |
| KJV | In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl, weeping abundantly. |
| ASV | In their streets they gird themselves with sackcloth; on their housetops, and in their broad places, every one waileth, weeping abundantly. |
| YLT | In its out-places they girded on sackcloth, On its pinnacles, and in its broad places, Every one howleth — going down with weeping. |
| WEB | In their streets, they clothe themselves in sackcloth. In their streets and on their housetops, everyone wails, weeping abundantly. |
| BBE | In their streets they are covering themselves with haircloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their public places, there is crying and bitter weeping. |
Where they part company is חָגְרוּ — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has a main clause followed by two phrases that elaborate on the locations and actions of mourning.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbחָגַר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 15:3
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Lament of Moabgenerated
Isaiah 15:3 describes the profound grief of the Moabites as they mourn their losses. The imagery of sackcloth and public wailing illustrates their sorrow and despair, as they express their lament both in the streets and on rooftops. This reflects the communal nature of mourning in ancient cultures, where public displays of grief were common, as also seen in other passages like 2 Samuel 3:31 and Jonah 3:6-8.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 Samuel 3:31 | Then David ordered Joab and all the people with him, “Tear your clothes, put on sackcloth, and mourn before Abner.” And King David himself walked behind the funeral bier. |
| 2 | 2 Kings 6:30 | When the king heard the words of the woman, he tore his clothes. And as he passed by on the wall, the people saw the sackcloth under his clothes next to his skin. |
| 3 | Jonah 3:6–8 | When word reached the king of Nineveh, he got up from his throne, took off his royal robe, covered himself with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. |
| 4 | Matthew 11:21 | “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the miracles that were performed in you had been performed in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. |
| 5 | Isaiah 15:2 | Dibon goes up to its temple to weep at its high places. Moab wails over Nebo, as well as over Medeba. Every head is shaved, every beard is cut off. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — חָגְרוּ, Cha.ge.rugenerated
The verb חָגַר (cha.gar) means to gird or put on, often in preparation for action. It conveys the idea of binding oneself, typically with clothing or armor, indicating readiness or urgency. Here, it suggests the Moabites are donning sackcloth as a sign of mourning.
This form is a perfect tense, indicating a completed action. The Moabites have already girded themselves with sackcloth, emphasizing the immediacy and seriousness of their grief.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb יְיֵלִ֖יל, it is wailing, governs the sentence, with several phrases describing the conditions of the mourning. The structure emphasizes the actions of the Moabites as they express their grief publicly.
The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase indicating location — בְּחוּצֹתָ֖יו — followed by the main action, which is described through participial and noun phrases that together depict the scene of mourning.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates חָגְרוּ as περιζώσασθε, which means 'to gird oneself' in a similar sense. This choice reflects the translators' understanding of the act of putting on sackcloth as a preparation for mourning.
The use of ὀλολύζετε for יְיֵלִ֖יל indicates a strong emotional expression, aligning with the Hebrew sense of wailing or howling in lament.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 15:3 shows the people of Moab mourning in public. They wear sackcloth, a sign of grief, and wail loudly in the streets and on rooftops. This reflects their deep sorrow and communal expression of loss.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Wearing sackcloth is a traditional sign of mourning and repentance, indicating deep sorrow and humility before God.
Public wailing reflects the communal nature of grief in ancient cultures, where shared mourning was a way to express collective sorrow and seek comfort.
The mention of rooftops indicates that the mourning is so intense that it spills into all areas of life, including elevated spaces, symbolizing the pervasive nature of their grief.
This verse parallels other biblical instances of public mourning, such as in 2 Samuel 3:31 and Jonah 3:6-8, where communities express their sorrow in visible and communal ways.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I express grief or sorrow in my own life?
- How can communal mourning provide support during difficult times?
- What symbols of mourning are present in my culture, and how do they compare to those in ancient times?
- How can I offer comfort to someone who is grieving?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators like Jerome reference Isaiah 15:3 to discuss the nature of mourning and lamentation in Moab, highlighting the public expressions of grief.
Over Nebo and over Medeba, Moab will wail; on every head there is baldness, every beard is shaved off. In its streets they are dressed in sackcloth; on its rooftops and in its squares everyone wails and goes down in weeping.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 15 →
In the crossroads of it, they are girded with sacks; over its roofs, and in its streets, all wailing will descend into weeping.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 15 →
Indeed, it is not inappropriate that the author of the abyss, the devil, should be identified with the abyss, as he is also called death, being the head of death: “Where, O death,Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 15 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 15:3 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleIn their streets they shall girt themselves with sackcloth,.... Instead of their fine clothes, with which they had used to deck themselves, being a very proud people; see Isaiah 16:6 this was usual
Read John Gill on Isaiah 15 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryIn their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl, weeping abundantly.
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 15 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleShall gird themselves with sackcloth: this was another practice of mourners. The tops of their houses, which were made flat, ; to which men used to go up, either to walk, or to cry to God in heaven or to men for help. In their streets; publicly, without shame; whereas in ordinary sorrows men are wont to seek secret places for their mourning.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 15 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 15:3 In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl, weeping abundantly.Ver. 3. In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth.] Saccum et silicium non curat Deus. God careth not for these externals where there is not a heart sprinkled with the blood of his Son. "The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination; how much more when he bringeth it with a wicked mind?" On the tops of their houses.] Thence, as it were, to require help from heaven. Weeping abundantly.] Heb., Descending with weeping, like as with weeping they ascended; they get nothing of their gods, though they cried to them. But he…
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 15 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(3) In their streets . . .—The picture of lamentation is continued. The flat roofs of Eastern houses were a natural resort for such wailings (Isaiah 22:1). The “broad places,” the bazaars or market-places, were also, like the agora of Greek cities, a natural place of concourse. The prophet represents them as filled with the sound of wailing.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 15 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 3. With sackcloth] שק sak. The word is in the plural שקים sakkim, sacks, in one of De Rossi's MSS.
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 15 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges3. (Jeremiah 48:37 f.) on the tops of their houses] See on Isaiah 22:1. The word streets should not be used twice; substitute in the second case broad places (as in R.V.). weeping abundantly] lit. “going down in weeping,” an unusually strong figure. In other passages the eye is said to “go down in tears” (Jeremiah 9:18; Lamentations 1:16; Lamentations 3:48); but nowhere else is the whole being spoken of as dissolved in weeping.
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 15 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleIn their streets - Publicly. Everywhere there shall be lamentation and grief. Some shall go into the streets, and some on the tops of the houses.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 15 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
In its streets they wear sackcloth; on the rooftops and in the public squares they all wail, falling down weeping.
In their streets, they clothe themselves in sackcloth. In their streets and on their housetops, everyone wails, weeping abundantly.
In its streets they wear sackcloth; on the rooftops and in the public squares they all wail, falling down weeping.
In their streets they wear sackcloth; on their roofs and in their town squares all of them wail, they fall down weeping.
Tyndale line
In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl, weeping abundantly.
In their streets they gird themselves with sackcloth; on their housetops, and in their broad places, every one waileth, weeping abundantly.
In their streets they gird themselves with sackcloth: on their housetops, and in their broad places, every one howleth, weeping abundantly.
In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl, weeping abundantly.
In their streetes shall they bee gilded with sackecloth: on the toppes of their houses, and in their streetes euery one shall howle, and come downe with weeping.
Strictly literal
In their streets they are girded with sackcloth; on their roofs, and in their broadways, every one howleth, melted into tears.
In its out-places they girded on sackcloth, On its pinnacles, and in its broad places, Every one howleth — going down with weeping.
In its out-places they girded on sackcloth, || On its pinnacles, and in its broad places, || Everyone howls—going down with weeping.
In its streets they are girded with sack-cloth, on its roofs, and in its public places every one shall wail, groan with weeping.
In their streets they wear sackcloth; on their housetops and in the square everyone wails, melting in tears.
From the Latin
In their streets they are girded with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets all shall howl and come down weeping.
Simplified
They wear sackcloth in their streets. On the rooftops and in the open squares they all weep, falling down crying.
In their streets they are covering themselves with haircloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their public places, there is crying and bitter weeping.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text (MT) of Isaiah 15:3 states, "בְּחוּצֹתָ֖יו חָ֣גְרוּ שָׂ֑ק עַ֣ל גַּגּוֹתֶ֧יהָ וּבִרְחֹבֹתֶ֛יהָ כֻּלֹּ֥ה יְיֵלִ֖יל יֹרֵ֥ד בַּבֶּֽכִי׃" The Dead Sea Scrolls (1Qisaa) closely align with the MT, with minor variations in spelling but retaining the same meaning. The 1Q8 variant has two words that are partially preserved, requiring editorial restoration for the full verse. The Septuagint's word-by-word correspondence matches 9 of the 10 words found in the MT, indicating a strong agreement overall, although the specific wording and structure differ due to the nature of the translation. This suggests that while the core message is consistent across these texts, there are slight textual variations that reflect the transmission history of the verse.
בְּחוּצֹתָ֖יו חָ֣גְרוּ שָׂ֑ק עַ֣ל גַּגּוֹתֶ֧יהָ וּבִרְחֹבֹתֶ֛יהָ כֻּלֹּ֥ה יְיֵלִ֖יל יֹרֵ֥ד בַּבֶּֽכִי׃
9 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
בחוצותי׳ה חגורו שק על גגותי׳ה וברחובתי׳ה כל׳ה יהיליל וירד בבכי
10 words on the leather.
[בחוצתי׳ה] [חגרו] [שק] [על] [גגותי׳ה] [וברחבתי׳ה] [כל׳ה] [ייליל] ירד בבכי
2 words on the leather — 8 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 15:3
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
חוּץ (chuwts) refers to the concept of being outside or outward, often associated with streets or highways. It is derived from a root meaning to sever, indicating separation by a wall. The term covers various contexts, including outdoors and fields.
חוּץ n.[m.] the outside, sts., esp. in pl., spec. a street
base
H2351 חוּץ
2351 chuwts khoots
or (shortened) chuts {khoots}; (both forms feminine in the
plural) from an unused root meaning to sever; properly,
separate by a wall, i.e. outside, outdoors:--abroad, field,
forth, highway, more, out(-side, -ward), street, without.
חוּץ (chuts) — outside.
outside, outward, street, the outside
Prep | N-mp | Suff — Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHR/Ncfpc/Sp3ms
חָגַר (chagar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to gird or to put on a belt. It is a primitive root that conveys the action of binding or restraining oneself, often in preparation for action. The entries consistently emphasize its use in the context of girding on clothing or armor.
[חָגַר] vb. gird, gird on, gird oneself
base
H2296 [חָגַר] gird, gird on, gird oneself
2296 chagar khaw-gar'
a primitive root; to gird on (as a belt, armor, etc.):--be
able to put on, be afraid, appointed, gird, restrain, X on
every side.
חָגַר (cha.gar) — to gird.
1) to gird, gird on, gird oneself, put on a belt
1a)(Qal)
1a1) to gird
1a2) to gird on, bind on
1a3) to gird oneself
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
שַׂק (saq) refers to a type of coarse cloth or sacking, often associated with mourning. It can denote both a sack used for carrying grain and sackcloth worn in times of grief or humiliation. The term is derived from a root meaning to allow liquid to pass through, indicating its mesh-like quality.
שַׂק n.m. sack, sackcloth
base
H8242 שַׂק sack, sackcloth
8242 saq sak
from 8264; properly, a mesh (as allowing a liquid to run
through), i.e. coarse loose cloth or sacking (used in mourning
and for bagging); hence, a bag (for grain,
etc.):--sack(-cloth, -clothes).
see HEBREW for 08264
שַׂק (saq) — sackcloth.
1) mesh, sackcloth, sack, sacking
1a) sack (for grain)
1b) sackcloth
1b1) worn in mourning or humiliation
1b2) same material spread out to lie on
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
sak'-kloth.
See BURIAL.
Sackcloth
Cloth made of black goats’ hair, coarse, rough, and thick, used for sacks, and also worn by mourners (Gen. 37:34; 42:25; 2 Sam. 3:31; Esther 4:1, 2; Ps. 30:11, etc.), and as a sign of repentance (Matt. 11:21). It was put upon animals by the people of Nineveh (Jonah 3:8).
cloth used in making sacks or bags, a coarse fabric, of a dark color, made of goat’s hair, (Isaiah 50:3; Revelation 6:12) end resembling the eilicium of the Romans. It, was used also for making the rough garments used by mourners, which were in extreme cases worn next the skin. (1 Kings 21:27; 2 Kings 6:30; Job 16:15; Isaiah 32:11)
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep — PrepositionHR
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
גָּג (gag) means 'roof' or 'top,' often referring specifically to the roof of a house or the top of an altar. It is derived from a root that suggests a form of reduplication. The term is used in contexts related to buildings and altars, indicating both physical structures and their elevated parts.
גָּג n.m. roof, top
roof
top of altar of incense, in tabern.
base
H1406 גָּג roof, top
1406 gag gawg
probably by reduplication from 1342; a roof; by analogy, the
top of an altar:--roof (of the house), (house) top (of the
house).
see HEBREW for 01342
גָּג (gag) — roof.
1) roof, top, housetop
1a) roof (of house)
1b) top (of altar of incense)
N-mp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHNcfpc/Sp3fs
רְחוֹב (re.chov) refers to a broad open place or plaza, often translated as street. It is derived from the root meaning width and encompasses areas like avenues or public spaces. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning related to open areas, with no significant disagreement noted among the lexicons.
רְחוֹב n.f. broad open place, plaza
base
H7339 רְחוֹב broad open place, plaza
7339 rchob rekh-obe'
or rchowb {rekh-obe'}; from 7337; a width, i.e. (concretely)
avenue or area:--broad place (way), street. See also 1050.
see HEBREW for 07337
see HEBREW for 01050
רְחוֹב (re.chov) — street/plaza.
broad or open place or plaza
Conj | Prep | N-fp | Suff — Conjunction · preposition · noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHC/R/Ncfpc/Sp3fs
כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.
כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all
with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
Absolutely:
without the art., all things, all
with the art. הַכֹּל
where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
base
H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all
. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
3605 kol kole
or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;
hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a
plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any
(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as
many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,
whoso(-ever).
see HEBREW for 03634
כֹּל (kol) — all.
1) all, the whole
1a) all, the whole of
1b) any, each, every, anything
1c) totality, everything
Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3ms
יָלַל (yalal) is a Hebrew verb meaning to howl or wail, often with a wailing tone. It is classified as a primitive root and appears in the Hiphil form, indicating an action of making a howling sound. The entries consistently emphasize its onomatopoeic nature, reflecting the sound associated with the action.
[יָלַל] vb. Hiph. howl, make a howling (onomatop.)
base
H3213 [יָלַל] Hiph. howl, make a howling (onomatop.)
3213 yalal yaw-lal'
a primitive root; to howl (with a wailing tone) or yell (with
a boisterous one):--(make to) howl, be howling.
יָלַל (ya.lal) — to wail.
(Hiphil) to howl, wail, make a howling
V-Hiphil-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singularHVhi3ms
The Hebrew word יָרַד (yarad) means to come or go down, covering various contexts such as descending from mountains, going to battle, or sinking in water. It can also refer to divine manifestations descending or being prostrated. The word has different forms including Qal, Hiphil, and Hophal, which indicate various nuances of bringing down or being brought down.
יָרַד 380 vb. come or go down, descend
Qal 306
come or go down
go down (usu. from mountain or hill-country into plain), to battle
go down to (acc.) threshing-floor
go down (abs.) from Palestine to Egypt
from Jerusalem
from altar
go down
= sink, in water
go down to She’ôl
fig. going down (dissolving) in tears
= be prostrated
of divine manifestations: descend
of inanimate things
Hiph.
cause to come or go down
bring down
send down rain = cause to flow down
= lay prostrate to (acc.) threshing-floor
bring down to She’ôl
take down (from cart)
let down
Hoph.
be brought down
be taken down
base
H3381 יָרַד come or go down, descend .. . come or go down
. go down (usu. from mountain or hill-country into plain), to battle
. go down to (acc.) threshing-floor
. go down (abs.) from Palestine to Egypt
. from Jerusalem
. from altar
. go down
. = sink, in water
. go down to She’ôl
. fig. going down (dissolving) in tears
. = be prostrated
. of divine manifestations: descend
. of inanimate things
. . cause to come or go down . bring down
. send down rain = cause to flow down
. = lay prostrate to (acc.) threshing-floor
. bring down to She’ôl
. take down (from cart)
. let down
. . be brought down
. be taken down
3381 yarad yaw-rad'
a primitive root; to descend (literally, to go downwards; or
conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary,
the enemy, etc.; or figuratively, to fall); causatively, to
bring down (in all the above applications); -X abundantly,
bring down, carry down, cast down, (cause to) come(-ing) down,
fall (down), get down, go(-ing) down(-ward), hang down, X
indeed, let down, light (down), put down (off), (cause to,
let) run down, sink, subdue, take down.
יָרַד (ya.rad) — to go down.
1) to go down, descend, decline, march down, sink down
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to go or come down
1a2) to sink
1a3) to be prostrated
1a4) to come down (of revelation)
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to bring down
1b2) to send down
1b3) to take down
1b4) to lay prostrate
1b5) to let down
1c) (Hophal)
1c1) to be brought down
1c2) to be taken down
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singularHVqrmsa
The Hebrew word בְּכִי (*bkiy*) means 'weeping' and is derived from a root that suggests a sense of dripping or overflowing. It covers the concept of continual weeping or sorrow. The entries consistently define it as a noun related to the act of weeping.
בְּכִי n.m. weeping
base
H1065 בְּכִי weeping
1065 Bkiy bek-ee'
from 1058; a weeping; by analogy, a dripping:--overflowing,
X sore, (continual) weeping, wept.
see HEBREW for 01058
בְּכִי (be.khi) — weeping.
a weeping, weeping
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
wep'-ing.
See BURIAL, IV, 4, 5, 6.
See FUNERAL.