Haggai 1:10 — Word Study
WLCעַל־ כֵּ֣ן עֲלֵיכֶ֔ם כָּלְא֥וּ שָמַ֖יִם מִטָּ֑ל וְהָאָ֖רֶץ כָּלְאָ֥ה יְבוּלָֽהּ׃
BSAThereforeʻal [on account of your actions] on account of youʻal [because of your behavior] the heavensshâmayim [the sky, the spiritual realm] have withheldkâlâʼ■ [restrained, held back] their dewṭal [moisture, gentle rain] and the earthʼerets [the land, the ground] has withheldkâlâʼ■ [restricted, denied] its cropsyᵉbûwl [fruits, produce, harvest]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| עַל־ | there- | Preposition |
| כֵּ֣ן | -fore | Adverb |
| עֲלֵיכֶ֔ם | on you | Preposition, suffix |
| כָּלְא֥וּ | they have withheld | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| שָמַ֖יִם | [the] heavens | Noun common, masculine plural absolute |
| מִטָּ֑ל | from dew | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| וְהָאָ֖רֶץ | and the land | Conjunction, particle, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| כָּלְאָ֥ה | it has withheld | Verb, Qal, perfect third person feminine singular |
| יְבוּלָֽהּ׃ | produce its | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Therefore, on account of you the heavens have withheld their dew and the earth has withheld its crops. |
| KJV | Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed from her fruit. |
| ASV | Therefore for your sake the heavens withhold the dew, and the earth withholdeth its fruit. |
| YLT | Therefore, over you refrained have the heavens from dew, And the land hath refrained its increase. |
| WEB | Therefore for your sake the heavens withhold the dew, and the earth withholds its fruit. |
| BBE | For this cause the heaven over you is kept from giving dew, and the earth from giving her fruit. |
Where they part company is in the rendering of כָּלָא — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence is structured around a main clause with supporting phrases that clarify the reason and the subjects involved.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectשָׁמַיִם
verbכָּלָא
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Haggai 1:10
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Consequences of Neglecting God's Housegenerated
Haggai 1:10 highlights the consequences faced by the people of Israel due to their neglect of God's house. The Lord communicates through Haggai that their actions have led to a withholding of blessings, such as dew and crops, which are essential for sustenance. This verse serves as a reminder of the connection between the people's priorities and the blessings they receive from God, as seen in the surrounding verses that emphasize their focus on personal gain over divine responsibility.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Leviticus 26:19 | I will break down your stubborn pride and make your sky like iron and your land like bronze, |
| 2 | Deuteronomy 28:23–24 | The sky over your head will be bronze, and the earth beneath you iron. |
| 3 | 1 Kings 8:35 | When the skies are shut and there is no rain because Your people have sinned against You, and they pray toward this place and confess Your name, and they turn from their sins because You have afflicted them, |
| 4 | 1 Kings 17:1 | Now Elijah the Tishbite, who was among the settlers of Gilead, said to Ahab, “As surely as the LORD lives—the God of Israel before whom I stand—there will be neither dew nor rain in these years except at my word!” |
| 5 | Jeremiah 14:1–6 | This is the word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah concerning the drought: |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 7 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — כָּלָא, kal.'Ugenerated
The verb כָּלָא (*kala'*) means to restrain or withhold. It indicates an action where something is intentionally held back, which in this context refers to the heavens and the earth withholding their blessings due to the people's behavior. The parsing as a perfect third person common plural shows that this action is ongoing and collective.
This word is used in various contexts throughout the Bible, often relating to God's control over nature and the consequences of human actions. The emphasis here is on the divine response to the people's neglect of God's house, illustrating a direct link between their behavior and the withholding of necessary resources.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb כָּלְא֥וּ (*they have withheld*) governs the entire verse, with two noun phrases serving as subjects: the heavens and the earth. The structure emphasizes the cause-and-effect relationship between the people's actions and the withholding of blessings.
The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the subjects, the heavens and the earth, highlighting their role in the withholding of dew and crops. The conjunction at the beginning connects the two clauses, reinforcing the idea of collective consequence.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates כָּלָא as ἀνέχει, which means to hold back or restrain. This choice reflects a similar understanding of the divine withholding of blessings in response to human behavior.
The use of οὐρανὸς for שָמַיִם emphasizes the spiritual realm's involvement in the withholding, aligning with the Hebrew notion of the heavens as an active participant in the divine response.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Haggai 1:10 explains that the heavens and the earth are not providing dew and crops because of the people's neglect of God's house. This verse serves as a warning that their actions have consequences, as they focus on their own needs rather than God's priorities.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It signifies that due to the people's neglect of God's house, they are experiencing a lack of essential resources for their agricultural needs, which is represented by the dew.
The verse indicates that the people's behavior directly affects their blessings, showing that they are accountable for their actions and their consequences.
It serves as a reminder that neglecting spiritual responsibilities can lead to tangible consequences in our lives, such as lack of provision or blessings.
This dual emphasis highlights the comprehensive nature of God's creation and His control over both the spiritual and physical realms, indicating that both are affected by human actions.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways might I be neglecting my spiritual responsibilities that could lead to a lack of blessings?
- How can I ensure that my priorities align with God's will, especially regarding my responsibilities?
- What steps can I take to be more aware of the consequences of my actions in my daily life?
- How does understanding the connection between my behavior and God's blessings change my perspective on my responsibilities?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Jerome comments on this verse, arguing that the withholding of rain and produce is a direct consequence of the people's neglect of God's house.
Therefore, says the Lord of hosts, because my house is deserted, and each of you hastens to his own house, for this reason the heavens are withheld from you so that they do not give rain, and the earth withholds its produce.Early Church Fathers on Haggai 1 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Haggai 1:10 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleTherefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew,.... Or, "therefore over", or "upon you" (a); where should be a stop; that is, because, of your neglect of the house of God; therefore upon you, and
Read John Gill on Haggai 1 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryTherefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed from her fruit. Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew - literally, stays itself.
Read Robert Jamieson on Haggai 1 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleTherefore; for your great intolerable neglect of God, his house and worship. The heaven, Heb. heavens. is stayed; shut up, sealed, prohibited; God, whose they are, hath forbidden them, they drop not one pearl of dew; and the earth must be barren, when dry without the fructifying influences of heaven.
Read Matthew Poole on Haggai 1 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsHaggai 1:10 Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed [from] her fruit.Ver. 10. Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from rain, &c.] It is never well with man (whose life is ever in fuga, in flight, as the philosopher hath it, and must be maintained by meat, as the fire is by fuel) till God "hear the heaven, and the heaven hear the earth, and the earth hear the corn, the wine, and the oil, and these hear Jezreel," Hosea 2:21-22, where we may see the genealogy of these good creatures resolved into God. The earth, though a kind mother, cannot open her bowels, and yield "seed to the sower, and bread to the eater," if not watered from above. The heaven, though…
Read John Trapp on Haggai 1 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(10) Over you.—Better, on your account.—Scil., because of the neglect of God’s House, mentioned in Haggai 1:9.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Haggai 1 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 10. Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew] It appears from the following verse that God had sent a drought upon the land, which threatened them with scarcity and famine.
Read AdamClarke on Haggai 1 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges10. the heaven over you, &c.] Lit. upon you are stayed the heavens. Some understand by “upon” or “against” you, “on your account,” on account of, or in punishment of your sins (for your sake, R. V. text). But there would be something of tautology in this, because the same thing has been said in the first word of the verse, “therefore” (on account of what has been mentioned in the preceding verses) has this judgment come upon you. It is better therefore to take it, as in A. V., and R. V. margin, “the heaven over you.” Compare the terms in which the judgment had been threatened by Moses, “thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass,” Deuteronomy 28:23. from dew] not rain only, but even…
Read Cambridge on Haggai 1 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleTherefore, for you, - on your account; (As in Ps. 44:43.) for your sins, (Jon.) He points out the moral cause of the drought, whereas men think of this or that cause of the variations of the seasons, and we, e.
Read Albert Barnes on Haggai 1 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Therefore, on account of you the heavens have withheld their dew and the earth has withheld its crops.
Therefore for your sake the heavens withhold the dew, and the earth withholds its fruit.
Therefore, on account of you the heavens have withheld their dew and the earth has withheld its crops.
This is why the sky has held back its dew and the earth its produce.
Tyndale line
Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed from her fruit.
Therefore for your sake the heavens withhold the dew, and the earth withholdeth its fruit.
Therefore for your sake the heaven is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed from her fruit.
Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed from her fruit.
Therefore the heauen ouer you stayed it selfe from dewe, and the earth stayed her fruite.
Strictly literal
Therefore over you the heavens withhold their dew, and the earth withholdeth its fruit.
Therefore, over you refrained have the heavens from dew, And the land hath refrained its increase.
Therefore, over you the heavens have refrained from dew, || And the land has refrained its increase.
Therefore do the heavens for your sake withhold the dew, and the earth withholdeth her products.
Because of this the heavens withhold the dew from you, and the earth withholds its produce.
From the Latin
Therefore the heavens over you were stayed from giving dew, and the earth was hindered from yielding her fruits:
Simplified
That's why the clouds of heaven refused to send rain, and the earth refused to produce crops.
For this cause the heaven over you is kept from giving dew, and the earth from giving her fruit.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with the Septuagint maintaining the same meaning through its choice of words. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration, but the essential message aligns with the Masoretic Text, indicating a consistent understanding of the text's implications.
עַל־ כֵּ֣ן עֲלֵיכֶ֔ם כָּלְא֥וּ שָמַ֖יִם מִטָּ֑ל וְהָאָ֖רֶץ כָּלְאָ֥ה יְבוּלָֽהּ׃
8 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
על כן עלי׳כם כלאו [שמים] [מטל] [והארץ] [כלאה] יבול׳ה
3 words on the leather — 2 partly restored, 4 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Haggai 1:10
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep — PrepositionHR
The Hebrew word כֵּן (*ken*) is built from the root meaning 'set upright.' It functions as an adjective meaning 'right,' 'veritable,' or 'honest,' and as an adverb meaning 'so,' 'therefore,' or 'thus.' It appears in various contexts, often indicating manner or relation, and is used in phrases like 'forasmuch as.'
כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest
right
veritable, true
pl. concr. honest (men)
base
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
כֵּן adv. so
base
H3651a כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest H3651b כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as H3651c כֵּן so
3651 ken kane
from 3559; properly, set upright; hence (figuratively as
adjective) just; but usually (as adverb or conjunction)
rightly or so (in various applications to manner, time and
relation; often with other particles):--+ after that
(this, -ward, -wards), as ... as, + (for-)asmuch as yet, + be
(for which) cause, + following, howbeit, in (the) like
(manner, -wise), X the more, right, (even) so, state,
straightway, such (thing), surely, + there (where)-fore, this,
thus, true, well, X you.
see HEBREW for 03559
כֵּן (ken) — right.
adv
adj
1) right, just, honest, true, veritable
1a) right, just, honest
1b) correct
1c) true, veritable
[כִּי עַל] כֵּן ([ki al] ken) — as.
adv
forasmuch as, since
כֵּן (ken) — so.
adv
1) so, therefore, thus
1a) thus, so
1b) just so
1c) therefore
1d) so...as (paired with adv)
1e) then
1f) forasmuch as (in phrase)
1g) (with prep)
1g1) therefore, this being so (specific)
1g2) hitherto
1g3) therefore, on this ground (general)
1g4) afterwards
1g5) in such case
Aramaic equivalent: ken (כֵּן "thus" H3652)
HD — AdverbHD
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep | Suff — Preposition · suffixHR/Sp2mp
The Hebrew word כָּלָא (*kala'*) is a primitive root meaning to shut up, restrain, or withhold. It encompasses actions such as prohibiting or finishing something. The word appears in various forms and contexts in the Old Testament, including instances of restraint and withholding, as seen in verses like Genesis 23:6 and Psalm 119:101.
[כָּלָא] vb. shut up, restrain, withhold (NH id.; Aram. כְּלָא, Syriac; Eth. Ethiopic restrain, hinder; As. kâlû, id.; Ar. Arabic protect Qor 21:43 cf. Ba ZMG 1887, 605 Anm. 4)—
Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. כְּלָאוֹ Je 32:3; 3 fs. כָּֽלְאָה Hg 1:10; 2 fs. sf. כְּלִתִ֫נִי I S 25:33; 1 s. כָּלִאתִי ψ 119:101; 3 pl. כָּֽלְאוּ Hg 1:10, כָּלוּ I S 6:10; Impf. 3 ms. יִכְלֶה Gn 23:6; 2 ms. תִכְלָא ψ 40:12; 2 fs. תִּכְלָ֑אִי Is 43:6; 1 s. אֶכְלָא ψ 40:10; Imv. sf. כְּלָאֵֽם Nu 11:28; Inf. cstr. לִכְלוֹא Ec 8:8; Pt.…
Read the full entry →H3607 כָּלָא shut up, restrain, withhold
3607 kala' kaw-law'
a primitive root; to restrict, by act (hold back or in) or
word (prohibit):--finish, forbid, keep (back), refrain,
restrain, retain, shut up, be stayed, withhold.
כָּלָא (ka.la) — to restrain.
1) to restrict, restrain, withhold, shut up, keep back, refrain, forbid
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to shut up
1a2) to restrain
1a3) to withhold
1b) (Niphal) to be restrained
1c) (Piel) to finish
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
The Hebrew word שָׁמַיִם (*shamayim*) is a dual noun meaning 'heavens' or 'sky.' It refers to the visible heavens where celestial bodies are found, as well as the abode of God. The dual form may suggest both the arch of the sky and the higher ether. It is noted in contexts such as Elijah's ascent in a whirlwind.
[שָׁמַי] n.m. only pl. שָׁמַיִם 421 heavens, sky
visible heavens, sky, where stars, etc., are
phrases
as abode of God
Elijah taken up הַשּׁ׳ in whirlwind
הַשּׁ׳ personified in various relations
base
H8064 שָׁמַי only pl. שָׁמַיִם heavens, sky . . visible heavens, sky, where stars, etc., are
. phrases
. . as abode of God
. Elijah taken up הַשּׁ׳ in whirlwind
. הַשּׁ׳ personified in various relations
8064 shamayim shaw-mah'-yim
dual of an unused singular shameh {shaw-meh'}; from an unused
root meaning to be lofty; the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps
alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well
as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies
revolve):--air, X astrologer, heaven(-s).
שָׁמַיִם (sha.ma.yim) — heaven.
1) heaven, heavens, sky
1a) visible heavens, sky
1a1) as abode of the stars
1a2) as the visible universe, the sky, atmosphere, etc
1b) Heaven (as the abode of God)
Aramaic equivalent: sha.ma.yin (שָׁמַ֫יִן "heaven" H8065)
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absoluteHNcmpa
hev'-'nz (shamayim; ouranoi): On the physical heavens see ASTRONOMY; WORLD. Above these, in popular conception, were the celestial heavens, the abode of God and of the hosts of angels (Ps 11:4; 103:19-21; Isa 66:1; Re 4:2; 5:11; compare Da 7:10), though it was recognized that Yahweh's presence was not confined to any region (1Ki 8:27). Later Judaism reckoned seven heavens. The apostle Paul speaks of himself as caught up into "the third heaven," which he evidently identifies with Paradise (2Co 12:2).
See HEAVENLY.
טַל (tal) refers to 'dew' or 'night-mist' in Hebrew. It is derived from a root that suggests a covering over vegetation. The term is consistent across entries, with no significant disagreement noted among lexicographers.
טַל n.m. night-mist, dew
base
H2919 טַל night-mist, dew
2919 tal tal
from 2926; dew (as covering vegetation):--dew.
see HEBREW for 02926
טַל (tal) — dew.
dew, night mist
Aramaic equivalent: tal (טַל "dew" H2920)
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
du (Tal; drosos).
1. Formation of Dew:
Two things are necessary for the formation of dew, moisture and cold. In moist countries there is less dew because the change in temperature between day and night is too small. In the deserts where the change in temperature between day and night is sometimes as much as 40 degrees F., there is seldom dew because of lack of moisture in the atmosphere. Palestine is fortunate in being near the sea, so that there is always a large percentage of water vapor in the air. The skies are clear, and hence, there is rapid radiation beginning immediately after sunset, which cools the land and the air until the moisture is condensed and settles on cool objects. Air at a low temperature is not capable of holding as much water vapor in suspension as warm air. The ice pitcher furnishes an example of the formation of dew. Just as the drops of water form on the cool…
Dew
“There is no dew properly so called in Palestine, for there is no moisture in the hot summer air to be chilled into dew-drops by the coldness of the night. From May till October rain is unknown, the sun shining with unclouded brightness day after day. The heat becomes intense, the ground hard, and vegetation would perish but for the moist west winds that come each night from the sea. The bright skies cause the heat of the day to radiate very quickly into space, so that the nights are as cold as the day is the reverse, a peculiarity of climate from which poor Jacob suffered thousands of years ago (Gen. 31:40). To this coldness of the night air the indispensable watering of all plant-life is due. The winds, loaded with moisture, are robbed of it as they pass over the land, the cold air condensing it into drops of water, which fall…
This in the summer is so copious in Palestine that it supplies to some extent the absence of rain and becomes important to the agriculturist. Thus it is coupled in the divine blessing with rain, or mentioned as a prime source of fertility, (Genesis 27:28; 33:13; Zechariah 8:12) and its withdrawal is attributed to a curse. (2 Samuel 1:21; 1 Kings 17:1; Haggai 1:10) It becomes a leading object in prophetic imagery by reason of its penetrating moisture without the apparent effort of rain, (32:2; Job 29:19; Psalms…
The dews in Palestine and some other oriental countries are very copious, and serve very greatly to sustain and promote vegetation in seasons when little or no rain falls. Maundrell tells us that the tents of his company, when pitched on Tabor and Hermon, "were as wet with dew as if it had rained on them all night," Jud 6:38 So 5:2. Dew was especially heavy near the mountains, and just before and after the rainy season. It was prized as a precious boon of Providence, Ge 27:28 De 33:28 1Ki 17:1 Job 29:19 Hag 1:10…
אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.
אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land
earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
earth, opp. to heaven, sky
earth = inhabitants of earth
land =
country, territory
district, region
trial territory
piece of ground
specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
= inhabitants of land
used even of Shᵉʼôl
ground, surface of ground
soil, as productive
אֶרֶץ in phrases
people of the land
in measurements of distance
the country of the plain, level or plain country
land of the living
end(s) of the earth
pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
base
H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
. earth, opp. to heaven, sky
. earth = inhabitants of earth
. land = . country, territory
. district, region
. trial territory
. piece of ground
. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
. = inhabitants of land
. used even of Shᵉʼôl
. . ground, surface of ground
. soil, as productive
. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land
. in measurements of distance
. the country of the plain, level or plain country
. land of the living
. end(s) of the earth
. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
776 'erets eh'-rets
from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth
(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,
field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.
: country/field
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
1b2) district, region
1b3) tribal territory
1b4) piece of ground
1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
1b6) inhabitants of land
1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world
1b8) city (-state)
1c) ground, surface of the earth
1c1) ground
1c2) soil
1d) (in phrases)
1d1) people of the land
1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
1d3) level or plain country
1d4) land of the living
1d5) end(s) of the earth
1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
1e1) lands, countries
1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.
: soil
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
Conj | Art | N-cs — Conjunction · particle · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Td/Ncfsa
((1) 'erets;
(2) 'adhamah;
(3) sadheh,
"a piece of land";
(4) ge, "earth";
(5) agros, "field";
(6) chora, "region";
(7) chorion, diminutive of chora;
(8) xeros, "dry land";
(9) 'ezrach, "native" the King James Version "born in the land," "born among you," the Revised Version (British and American) "home-born" (Le 19:34; 14:16; Nu 15:30); "like a green tree in its native soil" (Ps 37:35)):
→ Appeared on the third creative day Ge 1:9
→ Original title to, from God Ge 13:14-17; 15:7; Ex 23:31; Le 25:23
→ Bought and sold Ge 23:3-18; 33:19; Ac 4:34; 5:1-8
→ Sale and redemption of, laws concerning Le 25:15,16,23-33; 27:17-24; Nu 36:4; Jer 32:7-16,25,44; Eze 46:18
The Hebrew word כָּלָא (*kala'*) is a primitive root meaning to shut up, restrain, or withhold. It encompasses actions such as prohibiting or finishing something. The word appears in various forms and contexts in the Old Testament, including instances of restraint and withholding, as seen in verses like Genesis 23:6 and Psalm 119:101.
[כָּלָא] vb. shut up, restrain, withhold (NH id.; Aram. כְּלָא, Syriac; Eth. Ethiopic restrain, hinder; As. kâlû, id.; Ar. Arabic protect Qor 21:43 cf. Ba ZMG 1887, 605 Anm. 4)—
Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. כְּלָאוֹ Je 32:3; 3 fs. כָּֽלְאָה Hg 1:10; 2 fs. sf. כְּלִתִ֫נִי I S 25:33; 1 s. כָּלִאתִי ψ 119:101; 3 pl. כָּֽלְאוּ Hg 1:10, כָּלוּ I S 6:10; Impf. 3 ms. יִכְלֶה Gn 23:6; 2 ms. תִכְלָא ψ 40:12; 2 fs. תִּכְלָ֑אִי Is 43:6; 1 s. אֶכְלָא ψ 40:10; Imv. sf. כְּלָאֵֽם Nu 11:28; Inf. cstr. לִכְלוֹא Ec 8:8; Pt.…
Read the full entry →H3607 כָּלָא shut up, restrain, withhold
3607 kala' kaw-law'
a primitive root; to restrict, by act (hold back or in) or
word (prohibit):--finish, forbid, keep (back), refrain,
restrain, retain, shut up, be stayed, withhold.
כָּלָא (ka.la) — to restrain.
1) to restrict, restrain, withhold, shut up, keep back, refrain, forbid
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to shut up
1a2) to restrain
1a3) to withhold
1b) (Niphal) to be restrained
1c) (Piel) to finish
V-Qal-Perf-3fs — Verb · Qal · perfect third person feminine singularHVqp3fs
יְבוּל (yebul) refers to the produce of the soil, specifically crops or fruit. It is derived from a root that suggests increase or wealth. The term emphasizes agricultural yield and is associated with the bounty of the earth.
יְבוּל n.m. produce of soil
base
H2981 יְבוּל produce of soil
2981 ybuwl yeb-ool'
from 2986; produce, i.e. a crop or (figuratively)
wealth:--fruit, increase.
see HEBREW for 02986
יְבוּל (ye.vul) — crops.
produce, fruit, produce (of the soil)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3fs