Ezra 4:15 — Word Study
WLCדִּ֡י יְבַקַּר֩ בִּֽסְפַר־ דָּכְרָ֨נַיָּ֜א דִּ֣י אֲבָהָתָ֗ךְ וּ֠תְהַשְׁכַּח בִּסְפַ֣ר דָּכְרָנַיָּא֮ וְתִנְדַּע֒ דִּי֩ קִרְיְתָ֨א דָ֜ךְ קִרְיָ֣א מָֽרָדָ֗א וּֽמְהַנְזְקַ֤ת מַלְכִין֙ וּמְדִנָ֔ן וְאֶשְׁתַּדּוּר֙ עָבְדִ֣ין בְּגַוַּ֔הּ מִן־ יוֹמָ֖ת עָלְמָ֑א עַ֨ל־ דְּנָ֔ה קִרְיְתָ֥א דָ֖ךְ הָֽחָרְבַֽת׃
BSAthatdîy a search should be madebᵉqar [investigation, inquiry] of the recorddikrôwn booksçᵉphar [scrolls, written archives] ofdîy your fathersʼab [ancestors, forefathers] [In these]dikrôwn booksçᵉphar you will discovershᵉkach▸ [find, uncover] and verifyyᵉdaʻ▸ [confirm, know] thatdîy the cityqiryâʼ is a rebelliousmârâd [insubordinate, defiant] cityqiryâʼ harmfulnᵉzaq [causing injury, destructive] to kingsmelek [rulers, monarchs] and provincesmᵉdîynâh [regions, territories] incitingʻăbad [stirring up, fomenting] ◂seditionʼeshtaddûwr [rebellion, revolt] frommin ancientʻâlam timesyôwm [of old, long ago] That is whyʻal [for this reason, therefore] thisdên cityqiryâʼ was destroyedchărab△ [laid waste, devastated]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| דִּ֡י | that | Conjunction |
| יְבַקַּר֩ | he will search | Verb, Piel, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| בִּֽסְפַר־ | in [the] book of | Preposition, noun common both singular construct |
| דָּכְרָ֨נַיָּ֜א | records the | Noun common masculine plural determined, particle |
| דִּ֣י | of | Conjunction |
| אֲבָהָתָ֗ךְ | fathers your | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| וּ֠תְהַשְׁכַּח | so you may find | Conjunction, verb hiphil second person masculine singular |
| בִּסְפַ֣ר | in [the] book of | Preposition, noun common both singular construct |
| דָּכְרָנַיָּא֮ | records the | Noun common masculine plural determined, particle |
| וְתִנְדַּע֒ | so you may know | Conjunction, verb qal second person masculine singular |
| דִּי֩ | that | Conjunction |
| קִרְיְתָ֨א | city the | Noun common feminine singular determined, particle |
| דָ֜ךְ | this | Particle |
| קִרְיָ֣א | [is] a city | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| מָֽרָדָ֗א | rebellious | Adj |
| וּֽמְהַנְזְקַ֤ת | and injuring | Conjunction, verb hiphil participle (active) feminine singular common |
| מַלְכִין֙ | kings | Noun common, masculine plural absolute |
| וּמְדִנָ֔ן | and provinces | Conjunction, noun common feminine plural absolute |
| וְאֶשְׁתַּדּוּר֙ | and a revolt | Conjunction, noun common both singular absolute |
| עָבְדִ֣ין | [it was] making | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine plural |
| בְּגַוַּ֔הּ | in midst its | Preposition, noun common both singular construct, suffix |
| מִן־ | from | Preposition |
| יוֹמָ֖ת | [the] days of | Noun common, feminine plural construct |
| עָלְמָ֑א | antiquity | Noun common both singular determined, particle |
| עַ֨ל־ | on | Preposition |
| דְּנָ֔ה | this | Particle |
| קִרְיְתָ֥א | city the | Noun common feminine singular determined, particle |
| דָ֖ךְ | this | Particle |
| הָֽחָרְבַֽת׃ | it was laid waste | Verb, Hophal, perfect third person feminine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | that a search should be made of the record books of your fathers. In these books you will discover and verify that the city is a rebellious city, harmful to kings and provinces, inciting sedition from ancient times. That is why this city was destroyed. |
| KJV | That search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed. |
| ASV | that search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time; for which cause was this city laid waste. |
| YLT | so that he doth seek in the book of the records of thy fathers, and thou dost find in the book of the records, and dost know, that this city [is] a rebellious city, and causing loss [to] kings and provinces, and makers of sedition [are] in its midst from the days of old, therefore hath this city been wasted. |
| WEB | that search may be made in the book of the records of your fathers. You will see in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful to kings and provinces, and that they have started rebellions within it in the past. That is why this city was destroyed. |
| BBE | So that search may be made in the book of the records of your fathers: and you will see in the book of the records that this town has been uncontrolled, and a cause of trouble to kings and countries, and that there were outbursts against authority there in the past: for which reason the town was made waste. |
Where they part company is יוֹמָ֖ת — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence contains a main clause and several subordinate phrases that elaborate on the investigation and the city's characteristics.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbבְּקַר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 29 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Ezra 4:15
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Inquiry About the Citygenerated
Ezra 4:15 describes a request for an investigation into the historical records of a city, indicating its rebellious nature and the consequences it faced. This inquiry is part of a larger discussion about the city's relationship with the ruling powers and its past actions that led to its destruction. The officials emphasize the importance of understanding the city's history to inform the king's decisions regarding its future.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ezra 4:12 | Let it be known to the king that the Jews who came from you to us have returned to Jerusalem. And they are rebuilding that rebellious and wicked city, restoring its walls, and repairing its foundations. |
| 2 | Nehemiah 2:19 | But when Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah the Ammonite official, and Geshem the Arab heard about this, they mocked us and ridiculed us, saying, “What is this you are doing? Are you rebelling against the king?” |
| 3 | Nehemiah 6:6 | that read: “It is reported among the nations—and Geshem agrees—that you and the Jews are plotting to revolt, and this is why you are building the wall. According to these reports, you are to become their king, |
| 4 | Esther 3:5–8 | When Haman saw that Mordecai would not bow down or pay him homage, he was filled with rage. |
| 5 | Daniel 6:4–13 | Thus the administrators and satraps sought a charge against Daniel concerning the kingdom, but they could find no charge or corruption, because he was trustworthy, and no negligence or corruption was found in him. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — מָרָדָא, ma.ra.Da'generated
The word מָרָדָא (ma.ra.Da') means 'rebellious' and is used to describe a city that defies authority. It indicates a state of insubordination, suggesting that the city has a long-standing reputation for resistance against rulers.
This adjective highlights the city's character and serves as a crucial point in the argument being made about its past actions and their implications for the present. The use of this term underscores the gravity of the situation as the officials seek to inform the king.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against. The BSB has rebellious, and so do the KJV and ASV: all three maintain the essential meaning of מָרָדָא.
Where others part company with the BSB they part company over a real fork in the lexicon, not over style. Insubordinate (YLT) and defiant (WEB) provide alternative renderings that capture the essence of the city's character as described in the original Hebrew.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb יְבַקַּר֩, ye.va.Kar ('he will search'), governs the main clause, indicating the action being taken. The structure includes several phrases that elaborate on the investigation, the records being examined, and the conclusions drawn from them.
The sentence is complex, with multiple clauses and phrases that provide details about the records, the rebellious nature of the city, and the consequences of its actions. This structure emphasizes the importance of the inquiry and its implications.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יְבַקַּר֩ as ἐπισκέψηται, which means 'he will inspect' or 'he will examine'. This choice suggests a thorough and formal investigation, aligning with the seriousness of the inquiry into the city's history.
The Greek term carries a sense of careful examination, indicating that the records will be scrutinized to uncover the truth about the city's past.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Ezra 4:15 discusses the need to search the historical records of the city to confirm its rebellious nature. The officials argue that the city has a long history of defiance against authority, which ultimately led to its destruction.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The city's history of rebellion is critical in understanding its relationship with the ruling powers and the reasons behind its destruction.
The investigation aims to provide evidence of the city's past actions, which could influence the king's decisions regarding its future.
This verse highlights the challenges faced by the returning exiles and the political dynamics at play as they sought to rebuild their community.
The city's past serves as a warning about the consequences of rebellion against authority and the importance of understanding history to inform present actions.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What does the city's rebellious history teach us about the importance of authority?
- How can understanding the past help us make better decisions in the present?
- In what ways can we apply the lessons from this verse to our own lives?
- How does the concept of rebellion manifest in today's society?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Ezra 4:15 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThat search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers,.... That is, his predecessors in the Babylonian monarchy; though, as the Medes and Persians were included in that, and joined the
Read John Gill on Ezra 4 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThat search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces,
Read Robert Jamieson on Ezra 4 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe records of thy fathers; political fathers, i.e. thy predecessors, the former emperors of this empire, namely, in the Assyrian and Babylonish records, which together with the empire were now in the hands of the Persian kings, to be searched or read as the king’ s pleasure was, or as the affairs of the empire required.
Read Matthew Poole on Ezra 4 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsEzra 4:15 That search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city [is] a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed.Ver. 15. In the book of the records] Chaldee, of the remembrances, that is, the chronicles usual in all kingdoms. And know that this city is a rebellious city] Learn, that fidelity to governors is ever both safe and honourable. Zedekiah’ s falsifying his oath to the king of Babylon, was the overthrow of that commonwealth. See what God himself saith, not without great indignation…
Read John Trapp on Ezra 4 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(15) The book of the records of thy fathers.—“The book of the records of the Chronicles” which in Esther 6:1 is “read before the king.” This extended beyond his own fathers back to the times of the predecessors of the Median dynasty. Of old time.—From the days of eternity, or time immemorial. The spirit of exaggeration if not of falsehood appears in every word here.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Ezra 4 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 15. The book of the records of thy fathers] That is, the records of the Chaldeans, to whom the Persians succeeded.
Read AdamClarke on Ezra 4 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges15. that search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers] Literally, that one may search, i.e. the officials in whose keeping the records were. Perhaps the plural should be read, as in Ezra 4:19. For this appeal to ‘the book of records’, compare chap. Ezra 6:1-2, and the allusions in the book of Esther to the existence of such an official register recording facts and events of State importance, Esther 2:23; Esther 6:1; Esther 10:2. Rawlinson refers to Diodorus Siculus (II. 32) who speaks of ‘the royal parchments in which the Persians in accordance with some law preserved the record of the deeds of former time’ (ἐκτῶνβασιλικῶνδιφθερῶν…
Read Cambridge on Ezra 4 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThe book of the records - Compare Esther 2:23; Esther 6:1; Esther 10:2. The existence of such a “book” at the Persian court is attested also by Ctesias. Of thy fathers - i.
Read Albert Barnes on Ezra 4 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
that a search should be made of the record books of your fathers. In these books you will discover and verify that the city is a rebellious city, harmful to kings and provinces, inciting sedition from ancient times. That is why this city was destroyed.
that search may be made in the book of the records of your fathers. You will see in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful to kings and provinces, and that they have started rebellions within it in the past. That is why this city was destroyed.
that a search should be made of the record books of your fathers. In these books you will discover and verify that the city is a rebellious city, harmful to kings and provinces, inciting sedition from ancient times. That is why this city was destroyed.
so that he may initiate a search of the records of his predecessors and discover in those records that this city is rebellious and injurious to both kings and provinces, producing internal revolts from long ago. It is for this very reason that this city was destroyed.
Tyndale line
That search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed.
that search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time; for which cause was this city laid waste.
that search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city laid waste.
That search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so wilt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful to kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed.
That one may searche in the booke of the Chronicles of thy fathers, and thou shalt finde in the booke of the Chronicles, and perceiue that this citie is rebellious and noysome vnto Kings and prouinces, and that they haue moued sedition of olde time, for the which cause this citie was destroyed.
Strictly literal
that search may be made in the book of the annals of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the annals and know that this city is a rebellious city, which has done damage to kings and provinces, and that they have raised sedition within the same of old time, for which cause this city was destroyed.
so that he doth seek in the book of the records of thy fathers, and thou dost find in the book of the records, and dost know, that this city [is] a rebellious city, and causing loss [to] kings and provinces, and makers of sedition [are] in its midst from the days of old, therefore hath this city been wasted.
so that he seeks in the scroll of the records of your fathers, and you find in the scroll of the records, and know, that this city [is] a rebellious city, and causing loss [to] kings and provinces, and makers of sedition [are] in its midst from the days of old, therefore this city has been ruined.
That search may be made in the book of the memorable events of thy fathers, and thou wilt find in the book of the memorable events, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have practised sedition within the same from the most ancient time; for which cause this city was destroyed.
to search your father's record and to verify that this is a rebellious city that will harm kings and provinces. It has caused many problems to the kings and provinces. It has been a center for rebellion from long ago. It was for this reason that the city was destroyed.
From the Latin
That search may be made in the books of the histories of thy fathers, and thou shalt find written in the records: and shalt know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful to the kings and provinces, and that wars were raised therein of old time: for which cause also the city was destroyed.
Simplified
and order a search of the royal archives. You will discover in these records that this is a rebellious city, damaging to kings and countries, having often risen up in revolt in the past. That is what led to this city being destroyed.
So that search may be made in the book of the records of your fathers: and you will see in the book of the records that this town has been uncontrolled, and a cause of trouble to kings and countries, and that there were outbursts against authority there in the past: for which reason the town was made waste.
Word by word, the decisions they made
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree, with 27 of the 29 words matched between them. This consistency indicates a strong alignment in the core message of the verse, focusing on the city's rebellious history and the need for investigation.
דִּ֡י יְבַקַּר֩ בִּֽסְפַר־ דָּכְרָ֨נַיָּ֜א דִּ֣י אֲבָהָתָ֗ךְ וּ֠תְהַשְׁכַּח בִּסְפַ֣ר דָּכְרָנַיָּא֮ וְתִנְדַּע֒ דִּי֩ קִרְיְתָ֨א דָ֜ךְ קִרְיָ֣א מָֽרָדָ֗א וּֽמְהַנְזְקַ֤ת מַלְכִין֙ וּמְדִנָ֔ן וְאֶשְׁתַּדּוּר֙ עָבְדִ֣ין בְּגַוַּ֔הּ מִן־ יוֹמָ֖ת עָלְמָ֑א עַ֨ל־ דְּנָ֔ה קִרְיְתָ֥א דָ֖ךְ הָֽחָרְבַֽת׃
27 of the 29 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Ezra 4:15
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
דִּי (diy) is an Aramaic word meaning 'that,' functioning as a relative conjunction and a preposition in various contexts. It can indicate relationships such as 'who,' 'which,' or 'because,' and is used in adverbial phrases. The entries highlight its role in connecting clauses and marking possession.
דִּי part. of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of gen. and conj. that, because
base
H1768 דִּי
1768 diy dee
(Aramaic) apparently for 1668; that, used as relative
conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial
phrases; also as preposition of:--X as, but, for(-asmuch +), +
now, of, seeing, than, that, therefore, until, + what
(-soever), when, which, whom, whose.
see HEBREW for 01668
דִּי (di) — that.
part of relation
1) who, which, that
mark of genitive
2) that of, which belongs to, that
conj
3) that, because
Adj — ConjunctionAC
בְּקַר (beqar) primarily means to inquire or seek. It appears in the context of making a search, specifically noted in the book of Ezra. The verb can take on different forms, such as in the Pael and Ithpael stems, indicating various nuances of seeking or letting a search be made.
[בְּקַר] vb. Pa. inquire, seek (only Ezr)
Hithpa. let search be made.
base
H1240 בְּקַר
1240 bqar bek-ar'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 1239:--inquire, make search.
see HEBREW for 01239
בְּקַר (be.qar) — to enquire.
1) to seek, enquire
1a) (Pael) to enquire
1b) (Ithpael) to let search be made
Adj — Verb · Piel · imperfect third person masculine singularAVpi3ms
surch: Some peculiar senses are:
(1) In the books of Moses, especially in Nu, "searching out the land" means to spy out (raggel), to investigate carefully, to examine with a view to giving a full and accurate report on.
(2) When applied to the Scriptures, as in Ezr 4:15,19 (baqqer); Joh 5:39; 1Pe 1:11 (eraunao), it means to examine, to study out the meaning. In Ac 17:11, the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "examining" for the "searched" of the King James Version. See SEARCHINGS.
(3) "Search out" often means to study critically, to investigate carefully, e.g. Job 8:8; 29:16;
סְפַר (se.phar) refers to a scroll or book, derived from a root related to another Hebrew word for document. It is noted in Aramaic contexts, indicating its use in literature or written records.
H5609 סְפַר
5609 cphar sef-ar'
(Aramaic) from a root corresponding to 5608; a book:--book,
roll.
see HEBREW for 05608
סְפַר (se.phar) — scroll.
scroll, book
Aramaic of se.pher (סֵ֫פֶר ": document" H5612A)
Adj | N-ms — Preposition · noun common both singular constructAR/Ncbsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
דִּכְרוֹן (dikh.ron) and דָּכְרָן (dak.ran) both refer to a record or memorandum in Aramaic, derived from the word for 'memorial' (זִכָּרוֹן, H2146). The term is emphasized in Ezra 6:2, where it denotes a formal record.
[דִּכְרוֹן] n.[m.] memorandum, record;—emph. Ezr 6:2.
ref
[דָּכְרָן] n.[m.] id. [xd.aj.ab]
base
H1799a דִּכְרוֹן memorandum, record H1799b דָּכְרָן id. [1799a]
1799 dikrown dik-rone'
(Aramaic) or dokran {dok-rawn'} (Aramaic); corresponding to
2146; a register:--record.
see HEBREW for 02146
דִּכְרוֹן (dikh.ron) — record.
record, memorandum
Aramaic of zikh.ron (זִכָּרוֹן "memorial" H2146)
דָּכְרָן (dak.ran) — record.
record, memorandum
Aramaic of zikh.ron (זִכָּרוֹן "memorial" H2146)
Adj | Art — Noun common masculine plural determined · particleANcmpd/Ta
דִּי (diy) is an Aramaic word meaning 'that,' functioning as a relative conjunction and a preposition in various contexts. It can indicate relationships such as 'who,' 'which,' or 'because,' and is used in adverbial phrases. The entries highlight its role in connecting clauses and marking possession.
דִּי part. of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of gen. and conj. that, because
base
H1768 דִּי
1768 diy dee
(Aramaic) apparently for 1668; that, used as relative
conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial
phrases; also as preposition of:--X as, but, for(-asmuch +), +
now, of, seeing, than, that, therefore, until, + what
(-soever), when, which, whom, whose.
see HEBREW for 01668
דִּי (di) — that.
part of relation
1) who, which, that
mark of genitive
2) that of, which belongs to, that
conj
3) that, because
Adj — ConjunctionAC
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
אַב (ab) means 'father' in Hebrew and is also used in Aramaic. The entries confirm that it is a noun and emphasize its meaning as a parental figure.
[אַב, אַבָּא] n.m. father
base
H2 [אַב, אַבָּא] father
2 'ab ab
(Aramaic) corresponding to 1:--father.
see HEBREW for 01
אַב (av) — father.
father
Aramaic of av (אָב "father" H0001)
Adj | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixANcfsc/Sp2ms
שְׁכַח (shkach) means 'to find' and can also imply the state of being found. It is built from the idea of discovering something that was covered or forgotten. The entries indicate its use in both literal and figurative contexts, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
[שְׁכַח] vb. Haph. find
Hithpe. be found
base
H7912 שְׁכַח
7912 shkach shek-akh'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 7911 through the idea of
disclosure of a covered or forgotten thing; to discover
(literally or figuratively):--find.
see HEBREW for 07911
שְׁכַח (she.khach) — to find.
1) to find
1a) (Aphel) to find
1b) (Ithp'al) to be found
Adj | V-Hiphil-Imperf-2ms — Conjunction · verb hiphil second person masculine singularAC/Vhu2ms
סְפַר (se.phar) refers to a scroll or book, derived from a root related to another Hebrew word for document. It is noted in Aramaic contexts, indicating its use in literature or written records.
H5609 סְפַר
5609 cphar sef-ar'
(Aramaic) from a root corresponding to 5608; a book:--book,
roll.
see HEBREW for 05608
סְפַר (se.phar) — scroll.
scroll, book
Aramaic of se.pher (סֵ֫פֶר ": document" H5612A)
Adj | N-ms — Preposition · noun common both singular constructAR/Ncbsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
דִּכְרוֹן (dikh.ron) and דָּכְרָן (dak.ran) both refer to a record or memorandum in Aramaic, derived from the word for 'memorial' (זִכָּרוֹן, H2146). The term is emphasized in Ezra 6:2, where it denotes a formal record.
[דִּכְרוֹן] n.[m.] memorandum, record;—emph. Ezr 6:2.
ref
[דָּכְרָן] n.[m.] id. [xd.aj.ab]
base
H1799a דִּכְרוֹן memorandum, record H1799b דָּכְרָן id. [1799a]
1799 dikrown dik-rone'
(Aramaic) or dokran {dok-rawn'} (Aramaic); corresponding to
2146; a register:--record.
see HEBREW for 02146
דִּכְרוֹן (dikh.ron) — record.
record, memorandum
Aramaic of zikh.ron (זִכָּרוֹן "memorial" H2146)
דָּכְרָן (dak.ran) — record.
record, memorandum
Aramaic of zikh.ron (זִכָּרוֹן "memorial" H2146)
Adj | Art — Noun common masculine plural determined · particleANcmpd/Ta
יְדַע (yda) means 'to know' and encompasses various forms of knowledge and communication. It can refer to knowing something personally or causing someone else to know. The entries indicate its use in both Hebrew and Aramaic contexts, with a focus on the act of informing or teaching.
יְדַע vb. know
Pe. know
Haph. cause to know, inform
base
H3046 יְדַע
3046 yda` yed-ah'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 3045:--certify, know, make known,
teach.
see HEBREW for 03045
יְדַע (ye.da) — to know.
1) to know
1a) (P'al) to know
1b) (Aphel) to let someone know, communicate, inform, cause to know
Adj | V-Qal-Imperf-2ms — Conjunction · verb qal second person masculine singularAC/Vqu2ms
דִּי (diy) is an Aramaic word meaning 'that,' functioning as a relative conjunction and a preposition in various contexts. It can indicate relationships such as 'who,' 'which,' or 'because,' and is used in adverbial phrases. The entries highlight its role in connecting clauses and marking possession.
דִּי part. of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of gen. and conj. that, because
base
H1768 דִּי
1768 diy dee
(Aramaic) apparently for 1668; that, used as relative
conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial
phrases; also as preposition of:--X as, but, for(-asmuch +), +
now, of, seeing, than, that, therefore, until, + what
(-soever), when, which, whom, whose.
see HEBREW for 01668
דִּי (di) — that.
part of relation
1) who, which, that
mark of genitive
2) that of, which belongs to, that
conj
3) that, because
Adj — ConjunctionAC
קִרְיָה (qirya') means 'city' or 'town' in Hebrew and is noted as an Aramaic term as well. It is derived from a root that corresponds to another word for 'city' (H7151). The entries consistently emphasize its meaning as a place of habitation.
קִרְיָה, קִרְיָא, n.f. city
base
H7149 קִרְיָה, קִרְיָא
7149 qirya' keer-yaw'
(Aramaic) or qiryah (Aramaic) {keer-yaw'}; corresponding to
7151:--city.
see HEBREW for 07151
קִרְיָה (qir.yah) — town.
city
Aramaic of qir.yah (קִרְיָה "town" H7151)
Adj | Art — Noun common feminine singular determined · particleANcfsd/Ta
sit'-i (`ir, qiryah; polis):
I. THE CANAANITE CITY
1. Origin
2. Extent
3. Villages
4. Sites
5. External Appearance
6. General
II. THE CITY OF THE JEWISH OCCUPATION
1. Tower or Stronghold
2. High Place
3. Broad Place
4. Streets
5. General Characteristics
III. STORE CITIES
IV. LEVITICAL CITIES
LITERATURE
I. The Canaanite City.
1. Origin:
The development of the Canaanite city has been traced by Macalister in his report on the excavation at Gezer (Palestine Exploration Fund Statement, 1904, 108 ff). It originated on the slopes of a bare rocky spur, in which the Neolithic Troglodytes quarried their habitations out of the solid rock, the stones therefrom being used to form a casing to the earthen ramparts, with which the site was afterwards surrounded and which served as a protection against the intrusion of enemies. Later Semitic intruders occupied the site, stone houses were built, and high stone defense…
City
The earliest mention of city-building is that of Enoch, which was built by Cain (Gen. 4:17). After the confusion of tongues, the descendants of Nimrod founded several cities (10:10-12). Next, we have a record of the cities of the Canaanites, Sidon, Gaza, Sodom, etc. (10:12, 19; 11:3, 9; 36:31-39). The earliest description of a city is that of Sodom (19:1-22). Damascus is said to be the oldest existing city in the world. Before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt (Num. 13:22). The Israelites in Egypt were employed in building the “treasure cities” of Pithom and Raamses (Ex. 1:11); but it does not seem that they had any cities of their own in Goshen (Gen.…
The towns and cities of Palestine were commonly built on heights, for better security against robbers or invaders. These heights, surrounded by walls, sometimes formed the entire city. In other cases, the citadel alone crowned the hill, around and at the base of which the town was built; and in time of danger the surrounding population all took refuge in the fortified place. Larger towns and cities were often not only defended by strong outer walls, with towers and gates, but by a citadel or castle within these limits-a last resort when the rest of the city was taken, Jud 9:46,51. The "fenced cities" of the Jews, De 3:5, were of various sizes and degrees of strength; some being surrounded by high and thick stone walls, and others by feebler ramparts, often of clay or sun-dried…
דֵּךְ (dek) is an Aramaic word meaning 'this.' It is derived from a prolonged form of another root, and is used in a demonstrative sense. The entries consistently affirm its meaning as a pronoun, specifically referring to something nearby.
דֵּךְ demonstr.pr.m. this
base
H1791 דֵּךְ, דָּךְ
1791 dek dake
(Aramaic) or dak (Aramaic) {dawk}; prolonged from 1668;
this:--the same, this.
see HEBREW for 01668
דֵּךְ (dekh) — this.
this
Aramaic of zeh (זֶה "this" H2088)
ATm — ParticleATm
קִרְיָה (qirya') means 'city' or 'town' in Hebrew and is noted as an Aramaic term as well. It is derived from a root that corresponds to another word for 'city' (H7151). The entries consistently emphasize its meaning as a place of habitation.
קִרְיָה, קִרְיָא, n.f. city
base
H7149 קִרְיָה, קִרְיָא
7149 qirya' keer-yaw'
(Aramaic) or qiryah (Aramaic) {keer-yaw'}; corresponding to
7151:--city.
see HEBREW for 07151
קִרְיָה (qir.yah) — town.
city
Aramaic of qir.yah (קִרְיָה "town" H7151)
Adj — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteANcfsa
sit'-i (`ir, qiryah; polis):
I. THE CANAANITE CITY
1. Origin
2. Extent
3. Villages
4. Sites
5. External Appearance
6. General
II. THE CITY OF THE JEWISH OCCUPATION
1. Tower or Stronghold
2. High Place
3. Broad Place
4. Streets
5. General Characteristics
III. STORE CITIES
IV. LEVITICAL CITIES
LITERATURE
I. The Canaanite City.
1. Origin:
The development of the Canaanite city has been traced by Macalister in his report on the excavation at Gezer (Palestine Exploration Fund Statement, 1904, 108 ff). It originated on the slopes of a bare rocky spur, in which the Neolithic Troglodytes quarried their habitations out of the solid rock, the stones therefrom being used to form a casing to the earthen ramparts, with which the site was afterwards surrounded and which served as a protection against the intrusion of enemies. Later Semitic intruders occupied the site, stone houses were built, and high stone defense…
City
The earliest mention of city-building is that of Enoch, which was built by Cain (Gen. 4:17). After the confusion of tongues, the descendants of Nimrod founded several cities (10:10-12). Next, we have a record of the cities of the Canaanites, Sidon, Gaza, Sodom, etc. (10:12, 19; 11:3, 9; 36:31-39). The earliest description of a city is that of Sodom (19:1-22). Damascus is said to be the oldest existing city in the world. Before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt (Num. 13:22). The Israelites in Egypt were employed in building the “treasure cities” of Pithom and Raamses (Ex. 1:11); but it does not seem that they had any cities of their own in Goshen (Gen.…
The towns and cities of Palestine were commonly built on heights, for better security against robbers or invaders. These heights, surrounded by walls, sometimes formed the entire city. In other cases, the citadel alone crowned the hill, around and at the base of which the town was built; and in time of danger the surrounding population all took refuge in the fortified place. Larger towns and cities were often not only defended by strong outer walls, with towers and gates, but by a citadel or castle within these limits-a last resort when the rest of the city was taken, Jud 9:46,51. The "fenced cities" of the Jews, De 3:5, were of various sizes and degrees of strength; some being surrounded by high and thick stone walls, and others by feebler ramparts, often of clay or sun-dried…
מָרָד (marad) is an Aramaic word meaning 'rebellious.' It is derived from a related term, מָרָד (H4776). The entries consistently describe it as an adjective that can refer to a city, indicating a broader application of the term.
[מָרָד] adj. rebellious;—of city, f. abs.
base
H4779 מָרָד
4779 marad maw-rawd'
(Aramaic) from the same as 4776; rebellious:--rebellious.
see HEBREW for 04776
מָרָד (ma.rad) — rebellious.
rebellious
Adj — AdjAAafsa
נְזַק (nzaq) refers to the concept of suffering injury or inflicting damage. It is derived from a root that suggests loss or harm. The entries indicate its use in both active and passive forms, with the potential to convey both suffering injury and causing injury.
[נְזַק] vb. suffer injury
Pe.
Haph. injure
base
H5142 נְזַק
5142 nzaq nez-ak'
(Aramaic) corresponding to the root of 5143; to suffer
(causatively, inflict) loss:--have (en-)damage, hurt(-ful).
see HEBREW for 05143
נְזַק (ne.zaq) — to suffer injury.
1) to suffer injury
1a) (P'al) to suffer injury
1b) (Aphel) to injure
Adj | V-Hiphil — Conjunction · verb hiphil participle (active) feminine singular commonAC/Vhrfsc
מֶ֫לֶךְ (melek) means 'king' in Hebrew and is also noted in Aramaic. The entries confirm its singular meaning related to royalty, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
מֶ֫לֶךְ 178 n.m. king
base
H4430 מֶ֫לֶךְ
4430 melek meh'-lek
(Aramaic) corresponding to 4428; a king:--king, royal.
see HEBREW for 04428
מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — king.
king
Aramaic of me.lekh (מֶ֫לֶךְ "king" H4428)
§ 1) king
Adj — Noun common · masculine plural absoluteANcmpa
of Judah and Israel. For the list see table at the end of this volume.
מְדִינָה (mdiynah) refers to a judicial district or province. It is derived from the Aramaic word for province and is linked to the Hebrew word represented by Strong's H4082. The entries consistently define it in the context of administrative regions.
[מְדִינָה] n.f. (judicial) district, province
base
H4083 מְדִינָה
4083 mdiynah med-ee-naw'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 4082:--province.
see HEBREW for 04082
מְדִינָה (me.di.nah) — province.
district, province
Aramaic of me.di.nah (מְדִינָה "province" H4082)
Adj | N-fp — Conjunction · noun common feminine plural absoluteAC/Ncfpa
אֶשְׁתַּדּוּר (esh.tad.dur) refers to sedition or revolt, derived from a root meaning rebellion. The term is used in a negative context, indicating a form of insurrection or dissent.
אֶשְׁתַּדּוּר n.m. revolt
base
H849 אֶשְׁתַּדּוּר
849 'eshtadduwr esh-tad-dure'
(Aramaic) from 7712 (in a bad sense); rebellion:--sedition.
see HEBREW for 07712
אֶשְׁתַּדּוּר (esh.tad.dur) — sedition.
revolt, sedition
Adj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common both singular absoluteAC/Ncbsa
During Solomon's reign the people were greatly oppressed by Taxation, and after his death they appealed to his successor and asked For relief. Receiving insults in return, they rebelled against his Authority and declared that they had no part in his government (1 Kings 12:1-25).
→ Of the ten tribes 1Ki 12:1-24
עֲבַד (abad) primarily means to make or do. It encompasses actions such as creating, performing, or executing tasks. The word can also imply a state of being made or done, as noted in its various forms. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.
עֲבַד vb. make, do
Pe.
make
do
Hithpe.
be made into
be done, wrought
base
H5648 עֲבַד
5648 `abad ab-bad'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 5647; to do, make, prepare, keep,
etc.:--X cut, do, execute, go on, make, move, work.
see HEBREW for 05647
עֲבַד (a.vad) — to make.
1) to make, do
1a)(P'al)
1a1) to make, create
1a2) to do, perform
1b) (Ithp'al)
1b1) to be made into
1b2) to be done, be wrought, be performed, be executed, be carried out
Adj — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine pluralAVqrmpa
גַּו (gav) refers to the concept of 'midst' or 'middle.' It is an Aramaic term related to the Hebrew word גֵּו (gev, H1460), which also means 'midst.' The entries consistently emphasize this central position without significant disagreement.
[גַּו] n.m. midst
base
H1459 גַּו
1459 gav gav
(Aramaic) corresponding to 1460; the middle:--midst, same,
there- (where-) in.
see HEBREW for 01460
גַּו (gav) — midst.
midst, the midst
Aramaic of gev (גֵּו "midst" H1460B)
AR/Ncbsc/Sp3fs — Preposition · noun common both singular construct · suffixAR/Ncbsc/Sp3fs
מִן (min) is a preposition meaning 'from' or 'out of,' and it covers a range of uses including source, reason, and comparison. It can indicate physical origin, temporal aspects, or causation. The entries agree on its various applications, with no significant disagreement noted.
מִן prep. from, out of, by, by reason of, at, more then
base
H4481 מִן
4481 min min
(Aramaic) corresponding to 4480:--according, after, +
because, + before, by, for, from, X him, X more than, (out)
of, part, since, X these, to, upon, + when.
see HEBREW for 04480
מִן־ (min) — from.
1) from, out of, by, by reason of, at, more than
1a) from, out of (of place)
1b) from, by, as a result of, by reason of, at, according to, (of source)
1c) from (of time)
1d) beyond, more than (in comparisons)
Adj — PrepositionAR
יוֹם (yowm) means 'day' and refers to a twenty-four hour period, especially when specified by a number. It can also denote a time or period in a broader sense. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.
H3118 יוֹם
3118 yowm yome
(Aramaic) corresponding to 3117; a day:--day (by day), time.
see HEBREW for 03117
יוֹם (yom) — day.
1) day
2) day always refers to a twenty-four hour period when the word is modified by a definite or cardinal number
Adj — Noun common · feminine plural constructANcfpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
עָלַם (alam) refers to concepts of perpetuity and antiquity, indicating a sense of time that is indefinite, whether in the future or the past. It is often used adverbially to mean 'forever' or 'lasting.' The term is linked to the Aramaic word for 'old' and is associated with Strong's H5769.
עָלַם n.[m.] perpetuity, antiquity
base
H5957 עָלַם
5957 `alam aw-lam'
(Aramaic) corresponding to 5769; remote time, i.e. the future
or past indefinitely; often adverb, forever:--for ((n-))ever
(lasting), old.
see HEBREW for 05769
עָלַם (a.lam) — perpetuity.
perpetuity, antiquity, for ever
Aramaic of o.lam (עוֹלָם ": old" H5769J)
Adj | Art — Noun common both singular determined · particleANcbsd/Ta
עַל (al) is a preposition meaning 'upon,' 'over,' or 'against.' It covers a range of uses, including direction, comparison, and causation. The entries indicate it can express relationships concerning location, purpose, or authority. There is a note that it corresponds to the Aramaic term related to another Hebrew word, עַל (H5921), but no significant disagreement among lexicons is noted.
עַל prep. upon, over, on account of, above, to, against
base
H5922 עַל
5922 `al al
(Aramaic) corresponding to 5921:--about, against,
concerning, for, (there-)fore, from, in, X more, of, (there-,
up-)on, (in-)to, + why with.
see HEBREW for 05921
עַל (al) — since.
1) upon, over, on account of, above, to, against
1a) upon, over, on account of, regarding, concerning, on behalf of
1b) over (with verbs of ruling)
1c) above, beyond (in comparison)
1d) to, against (of direction)
Adj — PrepositionAR
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
דְּנָה (denah) is an Aramaic word meaning 'this' and is used as a demonstrative pronoun. It can also imply 'therefore' or 'on account of this.' The entries indicate that it is an orthographical variation of another word, דָּן (dan), but do not provide specific Old Testament references.
דְּנָה 57 demonstr.pr.comm. this
base
H1836 דְּנָה, דֵּן
1836 den dane
(Aramaic) an orthographical variation of 1791; this:--
(afore-)time, + after this manner, here (-after),
one...another, such, there(-fore), these, this (matter), +
thus, where(-fore), which.
see HEBREW for 01791
דְּנָה (de.nah) — this.
demons pron
1) this, on account of this
adv
2) therefore
Adj — ParticleATm
קִרְיָה (qirya') means 'city' or 'town' in Hebrew and is noted as an Aramaic term as well. It is derived from a root that corresponds to another word for 'city' (H7151). The entries consistently emphasize its meaning as a place of habitation.
קִרְיָה, קִרְיָא, n.f. city
base
H7149 קִרְיָה, קִרְיָא
7149 qirya' keer-yaw'
(Aramaic) or qiryah (Aramaic) {keer-yaw'}; corresponding to
7151:--city.
see HEBREW for 07151
קִרְיָה (qir.yah) — town.
city
Aramaic of qir.yah (קִרְיָה "town" H7151)
Adj | Art — Noun common feminine singular determined · particleANcfsd/Ta
sit'-i (`ir, qiryah; polis):
I. THE CANAANITE CITY
1. Origin
2. Extent
3. Villages
4. Sites
5. External Appearance
6. General
II. THE CITY OF THE JEWISH OCCUPATION
1. Tower or Stronghold
2. High Place
3. Broad Place
4. Streets
5. General Characteristics
III. STORE CITIES
IV. LEVITICAL CITIES
LITERATURE
I. The Canaanite City.
1. Origin:
The development of the Canaanite city has been traced by Macalister in his report on the excavation at Gezer (Palestine Exploration Fund Statement, 1904, 108 ff). It originated on the slopes of a bare rocky spur, in which the Neolithic Troglodytes quarried their habitations out of the solid rock, the stones therefrom being used to form a casing to the earthen ramparts, with which the site was afterwards surrounded and which served as a protection against the intrusion of enemies. Later Semitic intruders occupied the site, stone houses were built, and high stone defense…
City
The earliest mention of city-building is that of Enoch, which was built by Cain (Gen. 4:17). After the confusion of tongues, the descendants of Nimrod founded several cities (10:10-12). Next, we have a record of the cities of the Canaanites, Sidon, Gaza, Sodom, etc. (10:12, 19; 11:3, 9; 36:31-39). The earliest description of a city is that of Sodom (19:1-22). Damascus is said to be the oldest existing city in the world. Before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt (Num. 13:22). The Israelites in Egypt were employed in building the “treasure cities” of Pithom and Raamses (Ex. 1:11); but it does not seem that they had any cities of their own in Goshen (Gen.…
The towns and cities of Palestine were commonly built on heights, for better security against robbers or invaders. These heights, surrounded by walls, sometimes formed the entire city. In other cases, the citadel alone crowned the hill, around and at the base of which the town was built; and in time of danger the surrounding population all took refuge in the fortified place. Larger towns and cities were often not only defended by strong outer walls, with towers and gates, but by a citadel or castle within these limits-a last resort when the rest of the city was taken, Jud 9:46,51. The "fenced cities" of the Jews, De 3:5, were of various sizes and degrees of strength; some being surrounded by high and thick stone walls, and others by feebler ramparts, often of clay or sun-dried…
דֵּךְ (dek) is an Aramaic word meaning 'this.' It is derived from a prolonged form of another root, and is used in a demonstrative sense. The entries consistently affirm its meaning as a pronoun, specifically referring to something nearby.
דֵּךְ demonstr.pr.m. this
base
H1791 דֵּךְ, דָּךְ
1791 dek dake
(Aramaic) or dak (Aramaic) {dawk}; prolonged from 1668;
this:--the same, this.
see HEBREW for 01668
דֵּךְ (dekh) — this.
this
Aramaic of zeh (זֶה "this" H2088)
ATm — ParticleATm
חֲרַב (charab) means to be wasted or to dry up. It is primarily used in the Hoph'al form, indicating something that has been laid waste, as seen in Ezra 4:15. The word is linked to a root that conveys the idea of destruction.
[חֲרַב] vb. be waste;—Hoph. Ezr 4:15
ref
H2718 חֲרַב
2718 charab khar-ab'
(Aramaic) a root corresponding to 2717; to
demolish:--destroy.
see HEBREW for 02717
חֲרַב (cha.rav) — be wasted.
1) to dry up, be waste
1a) (Hophal) to be laid waste
Adj — Verb · Hophal · perfect third person feminine singularAVHp3fs