Ezekiel 40:18 — Word Study
WLCוְהָרִֽצְפָה֙ אֶל־ כֶּ֣תֶף הַשְּׁעָרִ֔ים לְעֻמַּ֖ת אֹ֣רֶךְ הַשְּׁעָרִ֑ים הָרִֽצְפָ֖ה הַתַּחְתּוֹנָֽה׃
BSAwhich flankedkâthêph [by the side of, corresponding to] the gatewaysshaʻar [city entrances, temple doors] and corresponded toʻummâh [was as wide as, answerable unto] the lengthʼôrek [physical distance, extent] of the gatesshaʻar this was the lowertachtôwn [nethermost, lowermost, bottommost] pavementritspâh [decorative pavement, stone floor]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְהָרִֽצְפָה֙ | and the pavement | Conjunction, particle, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| אֶל־ | [was] to | Preposition |
| כֶּ֣תֶף | [the] side of | Noun common, feminine singular construct |
| הַשְּׁעָרִ֔ים | the gates | Particle, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| לְעֻמַּ֖ת | corresponding to | Preposition, noun common feminine singular construct |
| אֹ֣רֶךְ | [the] length of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| הַשְּׁעָרִ֑ים | the gates | Particle, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| הָרִֽצְפָ֖ה | the pavement | Particle, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| הַתַּחְתּוֹנָֽה׃ | lower | Particle |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | which flanked the gateways and corresponded to the length of the gates; this was the lower pavement. |
| KJV | And the pavement by the side of the gates over against the length of the gates was the lower pavement. |
| ASV | And the pavement was by the side of the gates, answerable unto the length of the gates, even the lower pavement. |
| YLT | and the pavement unto the side of the gates over-against the length of the gates [is] the lower pavement; |
| WEB | The pavement was by the side of the gates, corresponding to the length of the gates, even the lower pavement. |
| BBE | And the stone floor was by the side of the doorways, and was as wide as the doorways were long, even the lower floor. |
Where they part company is in the interpretation of רִצְפָה — see How Translations Differ.
The verse contains a main clause with two subordinate phrases that provide additional details about the pavement's location and characteristics.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Ezekiel 40:18
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Vision of the Templegenerated
Ezekiel 40:18 is part of a larger vision where Ezekiel describes the measurements and layout of the temple. This vision emphasizes the importance of the temple as a place of worship and the specific details of its construction. The surrounding context includes descriptions of the outer court and the various chambers that enhance the functionality of the temple.
Cross References
The Key Word — רִצְפָה, ritspahgenerated
The word רִצְפָה (ritspah) refers to pavement but also has connotations of 'glowing stone' or 'live coal.' It is derived from the root word for 'coal' (רֶצֶף, H7529), indicating a material that is both decorative and functional.
In this verse, רִצְפָה is used to describe the lower pavement that is adjacent to the gates, highlighting its role in the temple's design. The parsing as a feminine singular noun indicates that it is a specific type of pavement, emphasizing its importance in the overall structure.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses pavement for רִצְפָה.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main clause is centered around the subject הָרִֽצְפָה֙ (the pavement), which is described by a series of prepositional phrases detailing its position relative to the gates. The structure indicates that the pavement is both functional and descriptive of the temple's layout.
The sentence flows from the subject to the details of its location and characteristics, reflecting the Hebrew style of presenting information in a layered manner.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates רִצְפָה as περίστυλον, which conveys a sense of a colonnade or covered walkway. This choice indicates a broader interpretation of the pavement's function within the temple's architectural design.
This translation suggests that the pavement is not merely a flat surface but part of a larger structure that includes columns or supports, enhancing the visual and functional aspects of the temple.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Ezekiel 40:18 describes the pavement that is next to the gates of the temple. This pavement is lower than the gates and is an important part of the temple's structure, serving both practical and decorative purposes.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The pavement is significant as it serves as a foundation and decorative element in the temple's design, indicating the importance of structure in worship.
This verse is part of Ezekiel's detailed vision of the temple, emphasizing the careful planning and measurements that reflect its sacred purpose.
The term 'lower pavement' implies that this area is at a lower elevation compared to other parts of the temple, highlighting its specific role in the temple's layout.
Yes, the concept of pavement appears in various contexts throughout the Bible, often associated with important locations such as temples and city gates.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What does the description of the temple's pavement tell us about the significance of structure in worship?
- How does understanding the physical layout of the temple enhance our appreciation of its spiritual meaning?
- In what ways can we apply the concept of careful planning and design to our own lives and worship practices?
- What other elements of the temple's design stand out to you, and why are they important?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Gregory the Dialogist comments on this verse, emphasizing the significance of the pavement in relation to the treasury chambers described by Ezekiel.
But in this matter we must vigilantly observe that the prophet, after he had described the treasury chambers, added: "The pavement round about." And below he added: "The treasury chambers round about the pavement." So that both the…Early Church Fathers on Ezekiel 40 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 40:18 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd the pavement by the sides of the gates over against the length of the gates was the lower pavement.
Read John Gill on Ezekiel 40 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd the pavement by the side of the gates over against the length of the gates was the lower pavement. The pavement by the side of the gates, over against the length of the gates, was the lower pavement.
Read Robert Jamieson on Ezekiel 40 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe pavement; that mentioned . By the side of the gates; that part which lay on each side of the gate, and from thence spread itself towards the chambers, leaving a space of pavement of equal breadth with the porch, or gate in the middle. The length of the gates: this length was measured fifty cubits, , from the outside of the first wall to the outside of the inmost wall of the gate and porch, from which, on a pavement somewhat raised, as in other stately walks, this went on to the next gate of the next court. The lower pavement; the side pavement was laid somewhat lower than this middle pavement, not only for state, but for the more convenient keeping it clean; so the middle pavement rose…
Read Matthew Poole on Ezekiel 40 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsEzekiel 40:18 And the pavement by the side of the gates over against the length of the gates [was] the lower pavement.Ver. 18. Was the lower pavement.] See on Ezekiel 40:17.
Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 40 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(18) Over against the length of the gates.—The width of the pavement was the same as the projection of the gateways into the court, i.e., 44 cubits (50 cubits, less the thickness of the wall). Lower pavement.—In contradistinction to the pavement of the inner court, which was upon a higher level.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Ezekiel 40 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges18. Render: and the pavement was by the side of the gates, along the length of the gates, to wit, the lower pavement. The pavement is called “lower” because the outer court lay below the level of the inner (Ezekiel 40:34); it extended into the court along the whole length of the gateway, and was therefore (the outer wall being subtracted) 44 cubits broad.
Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 40 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible18. Rather, And the pavement was by the side of the gateways, corresponding to the length of the gateways [that is, the lower pavement].
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ezekiel 40 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
which flanked the gateways and corresponded to the length of the gates; this was the lower pavement.
The pavement was by the side of the gates, corresponding to the length of the gates, even the lower pavement.
which flanked the gateways and corresponded to the length of the gates; this was the lower pavement.
The pavement was beside the gates, corresponding to the length of the gates; this was the lower pavement.
Tyndale line
And the pavement by the side of the gates over against the length of the gates was the lower pavement.
And the pavement was by the side of the gates, answerable unto the length of the gates, even the lower pavement.
And the pavement was by the side of the gates, answerable unto the length of the gates, even the lower pavement.
And the pavement by the side of the gates over against the length of the gates was the lower pavement.
And the pauement was by the side of the gates ouer against the length of the gates, and the pauement was beneath.
Strictly literal
And the pavement was by the side of the gates, answering to the length of the gates, [namely] the lower pavement.
and the pavement unto the side of the gates over-against the length of the gates [is] the lower pavement;
and the pavement to the side of the gates, corresponding to the length of the gates, [is] the lower pavement;
And the pavement by the side of the gates was all along the whole length of the gates: this was the lower pavement.
The pavement went up to the side of the gates, and its width was the same as the gates' length. This was the lower pavement.
From the Latin
And the pavement in the front of the gates according to the length of the gates was lower.
Simplified
This was termed the lower pavement and it extended along the sides of the gateways and was the same length as them.
And the stone floor was by the side of the doorways, and was as wide as the doorways were long, even the lower floor.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of this verse, with all nine words matched in the Septuagint translation. This consistency reinforces the reliability of the descriptions provided in both texts.
וְהָרִֽצְפָה֙ אֶל־ כֶּ֣תֶף הַשְּׁעָרִ֔ים לְעֻמַּ֖ת אֹ֣רֶךְ הַשְּׁעָרִ֑ים הָרִֽצְפָ֖ה הַתַּחְתּוֹנָֽה׃
9 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 40:18
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
רִצְפָּה (ritspah) refers to both 'pavement' and 'glowing stone' or 'live coal.' It is derived from the root word for 'coal' (רֶצֶף, H7529). The entries indicate its use in contexts related to flooring or heated stones.
רִצְפָּה n.f. pavement
base
רִצְפָּה n.f. glowing stone (or coal)
base
H7531a רִצְפָּה pavement H7531b רִצְפָּה glowing stone (or coal)
7531 ritspah rits-paw'
feminine of 7529; a hot stone; also a tessellated
pavement:--live coal, pavement.
see HEBREW for 07529
רִצְפָּה (rits.pah) — pavement.
pavement
רִצְפָּה (rits.pah) — glowing stone.
glowing stone or coal, live coal
Also means: re.tseph (רֶצֶף "coal" H7529)
Art | N-fs — Conjunction · particle · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Td/Ncfsa
pav'-ment: In the Old Testament, with the exception of 2Ki 16:17, the Hebrew word is ritspah (2Ch 7:3; Es 1:6; Eze 40:17, etc.); in Sirach 20:18 and Bel and the Dragon verse 19 the word is edaphos; in Joh 19:13, the name "The Pavement" (lithostrotos, "paved with stone") is given to the place outside the Pretorium on which Pilate sat to give judgment upon Jesus. Its Hebrew (Aramaic) equivalent is declared to be GABBATHA (which see). The identification of the place is uncertain.
Pavement
It was the custom of the Roman governors to erect their tribunals in open places, as the market-place, the circus, or even the highway. Pilate caused his seat of judgment to be set down in a place called “the Pavement” (John 19:13) i.e., a place paved with a mosaic of coloured stones. It was probably a place thus prepared in front of the “judgment hall.” (See GABBATHA.)
[GABBATHA]
See GABBATHA.
The Hebrew word אֶל (el) is primarily a preposition indicating motion towards or direction to a person or place. It can also imply entering a limit, presence at a location, or a hostile direction (against). Additionally, it may express concepts such as concerning, in addition to, or according to. The entries highlight its versatility in both physical and metaphorical contexts.
אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph),
prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).of motion to or unto a person or place
Where the limit is actually entered, into
Of direction towards anything
Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against
Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to
Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of
Of rule or standard according to (rare)
Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion
Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to
base
H413 אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), . of motion to or unto a person or place
. Where the limit is actually entered, into
. Of direction towards anything
. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against
. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to
. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of
. Of rule or standard according to (rare)
. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion
. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to
413 'el ale
(but only used in the shortened constructive form sel {el});
a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but
occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e. near, with or
among; often in general, to:--about, according to ,after,
against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and,
by, concerning, for, from, X hath, in(- to), near, (out) of,
over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether,
with(-in).
אֶל (el) — to(wards).
1) to, toward, unto (of motion)
2) into (limit is actually entered)
2a) in among
3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion)
4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character)
5) in addition to, to
6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of
7) according to (rule or standard)
8) at, by, against (of one's presence)
9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)
HR — PrepositionHR
כָּתֵף (katheph) means 'shoulder' and can refer to the shoulder-blade, side, or slope of a mountain. It is derived from a root meaning to clothe, indicating the shoulder as the place where garments hang. The term can also describe shoulder-pieces of animals and supports, as well as lateral projections.
כָּתֵף n.f. shoulder, shoulder-blade, side
base
H3802 כָּתֵף shoulder, shoulder-blade, side
3802 katheph kaw-thafe'
from an unused root meaning to clothe; the shoulder (proper,
i.e. upper end of the arm; as being the spot where the
garments hang); figuratively, side-piece or lateral projection
of anything:--arm, corner, shoulder(-piece), side,
undersetter.
כָּתֵף (ka.teph) — shoulder.
1) shoulder, shoulder-blade, side, slope
1a) shoulder, shoulder-blade (of man)
1b) shoulder, shoulder-pieces (of animals)
1c) side, slope (of mountain)
1d) supports (of laver)
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular constructHNcfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
שַׁ֫עַר (sha'ar) means 'gate' and is derived from a root that signifies an opening. It encompasses various types of gates, including those of cities, palaces, and temples, as well as metaphorical uses like 'gate of heaven.' The entries consistently highlight its role as an entrance or threshold.
שַׁ֫עַר 373 n.m. gate
base
H8179 שַׁ֫עַר gate
8179 sha`ar shah'-ar
from 8176 in its original sense; an opening, i.e. door or
gate:--city, door, gate, port (X -er).
see HEBREW for 08176
שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate.
: gate
1) gate
1a) gate (of entrance)
1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)
1b1) city, town
1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)
1d) heaven
שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate: town.
: town
1) gate
1a) gate (of entrance)
1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)
1b1) city, town
1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)
1d) heaven
Art | N-mp — Particle · noun common masculine plural absoluteHTd/Ncmpa
עֻמָּה (ummah) refers to a concept of juxtaposition, primarily functioning as a preposition. It conveys meanings such as 'close by,' 'side by side,' and 'corresponding to.' The word is derived from a root meaning 'conjunction' and emphasizes proximity or agreement.
[עֻמָּה] n.f. juxtaposition, but only in st. c. with force of prep. close by, side by side with, parallel to, agreeing with, corresponding to
base
H5980 [עֻמָּה] juxtaposition, but only in st. c. with force of prep. close by, side by side with, parallel to, agreeing with, corresponding to
5980 `ummah oom-maw'
from 6004; conjunction, i.e. society; mostly adverb or
preposition (with prepositional prefix), near, beside, along
with:--(over) against, at, beside, hard by, in points.
see HEBREW for 06004
עֻמָּה (um.mah) — close.
1) juxtaposition
1a) used only as a prep
1a1) close by, side by side with, alongside of, parallel with
1a2) agreeing with, corresponding to, exactly as, close beside
1a3) correspondingly to
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular constructHR/Ncfsc
אֹ֫רֶךְ (orek) means 'length' and can refer to physical length or duration of time. It also encompasses concepts of forbearance and self-restraint, particularly in the context of patience. The word is derived from a root associated with the idea of length, as noted in Strong's entries.
אֹ֫רֶךְ 94 n.[m.] length
length
of time
forbearance, self-restraint
base
H753 אֹ֫רֶךְ length
753 'orek o'rek'
from 748; length:--+ forever, length, long.
see HEBREW for 0748
אֹ֫רֶךְ (o.rekh) — length.
1) length
1a) physical length
1b) of time
2) forbearance, self-restraint (of patience)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
שַׁ֫עַר (sha'ar) means 'gate' and is derived from a root that signifies an opening. It encompasses various types of gates, including those of cities, palaces, and temples, as well as metaphorical uses like 'gate of heaven.' The entries consistently highlight its role as an entrance or threshold.
שַׁ֫עַר 373 n.m. gate
base
H8179 שַׁ֫עַר gate
8179 sha`ar shah'-ar
from 8176 in its original sense; an opening, i.e. door or
gate:--city, door, gate, port (X -er).
see HEBREW for 08176
שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate.
: gate
1) gate
1a) gate (of entrance)
1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)
1b1) city, town
1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)
1d) heaven
שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate: town.
: town
1) gate
1a) gate (of entrance)
1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)
1b1) city, town
1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)
1d) heaven
Art | N-mp — Particle · noun common masculine plural absoluteHTd/Ncmpa
רִצְפָּה (ritspah) refers to both 'pavement' and 'glowing stone' or 'live coal.' It is derived from the root word for 'coal' (רֶצֶף, H7529). The entries indicate its use in contexts related to flooring or heated stones.
רִצְפָּה n.f. pavement
base
רִצְפָּה n.f. glowing stone (or coal)
base
H7531a רִצְפָּה pavement H7531b רִצְפָּה glowing stone (or coal)
7531 ritspah rits-paw'
feminine of 7529; a hot stone; also a tessellated
pavement:--live coal, pavement.
see HEBREW for 07529
רִצְפָּה (rits.pah) — pavement.
pavement
רִצְפָּה (rits.pah) — glowing stone.
glowing stone or coal, live coal
Also means: re.tseph (רֶצֶף "coal" H7529)
HTd/Ncfsa — Particle · noun common feminine singular absoluteHTd/Ncfsa
pav'-ment: In the Old Testament, with the exception of 2Ki 16:17, the Hebrew word is ritspah (2Ch 7:3; Es 1:6; Eze 40:17, etc.); in Sirach 20:18 and Bel and the Dragon verse 19 the word is edaphos; in Joh 19:13, the name "The Pavement" (lithostrotos, "paved with stone") is given to the place outside the Pretorium on which Pilate sat to give judgment upon Jesus. Its Hebrew (Aramaic) equivalent is declared to be GABBATHA (which see). The identification of the place is uncertain.
Pavement
It was the custom of the Roman governors to erect their tribunals in open places, as the market-place, the circus, or even the highway. Pilate caused his seat of judgment to be set down in a place called “the Pavement” (John 19:13) i.e., a place paved with a mosaic of coloured stones. It was probably a place thus prepared in front of the “judgment hall.” (See GABBATHA.)
[GABBATHA]
See GABBATHA.
תַּחְתּוֹן (tachtown) means 'lower' or 'lowest,' derived from a root that signifies 'bottommost.' It is used in contexts referring to something that is beneath or at a lower level, including a specific reference to Beth Horon. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning related to position and depth.
תַּחְתּוֹן adj. lower, lowest
base
H8481 תַּחְתּוֹן lower, lowest
8481 tachtown takh-tone'
or tachton {takh-tone'}; from 8478;
bottommost:--lower(-est), nether(-most).
see HEBREW for 08478
תַּחְתּוֹן (tach.ton) — Lower (Beth Horon).
Combined with bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032)
§ lower, lowest, nether
Another name of bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032G)
תַּחְתּוֹן (tach.ton) — lower.
lower, lowest, nether
Art | Adj — ParticleHTd/Aafsa