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Ezekiel 32:20 — Word Study

Depth

WLCבְּת֥וֹךְ חַלְלֵי־ חֶ֖רֶב יִפֹּ֑לוּ חֶ֣רֶב נִתָּ֔נָה מָשְׁכ֥וּ אוֹתָ֖הּ וְכָל־ הֲמוֹנֶֽיהָ׃

BSAThey will fallnâphal amongtâvek [among the slain, in the midst of them] those slainchâlâl [killed, pierced] by the swordchereb [a cutting instrument, a tool of war] The swordchereb [an instrument of judgment, a symbol of divine wrath] is appointednâthan [given, ordained] Let [them] drag her awaymâshak [draw her out, pull her along] along with allkôl [every, the entire] her multitudeshâmôwn [crowds, large groups of people]

Word
Listen & take awayEzekiel 32
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 20 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ha.mo.Nei.ha) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Ezekiel 32:20quick helps
In a sentenceThe verse describes the fate of the slain, emphasizing their fall by the sword and the appointed judgment.
Who is speakingThe prophet Ezekiel, conveying a message of judgment.
Where we areIn a prophetic declaration about the judgment on Egypt and its allies.
The hard wordחַלְלֵי־, cha.lei-
Take awayThe sword is a symbol of judgment, and the multitudes are to be dragged away.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectחֶרֶב verbנָפַל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Ezekiel 32:20

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Prophecy Against Egyptgenerated

19Whom do you surpass in beauty? Go down and be placed with the uncircumcised!
20They will fall among those slain by the sword. The sword is appointed! Let them drag her away along with all her multitudes.
21Mighty chiefs will speak from the midst of Sheol about Egypt and her allies: ‘They have come down and lie with the uncircumcised, with those slain by the sword.’
22Assyria is there with her whole company; her graves are all around her. All of them are slain, fallen by the sword.

Ezekiel 32:20 speaks of the impending doom for Egypt, where the slain will fall by the sword, symbolizing divine judgment. This passage is part of a larger oracle against Egypt, where the fate of its people is likened to those already dead, emphasizing their impending destruction and the finality of their judgment.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Ezekiel 32:23–26Her graves are set in the depths of the Pit, and her company is all around her grave. All of them are slain, fallen by the sword— those who once spread terror in the land of the living.
2Ezekiel 29:8–12Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: I will bring a sword against you and cut off from you man and beast.
3Psalm 28:3Do not drag me away with the wicked, and with the workers of iniquity, who speak peace to their neighbors while malice is in their hearts.
4Proverbs 24:11Rescue those being led away to death, and restrain those stumbling toward the slaughter.
5Jeremiah 22:19He will be buried like a donkey, dragged away and thrown outside the gates of Jerusalem.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word חַלְלֵי־, cha.lei-generated

The word חַלָּל (chalal) primarily means 'slain' or 'pierced,' indicating those who have suffered fatal wounds. It emphasizes the violent nature of death, often in the context of warfare or divine judgment.

In this verse, it highlights the fate of those who fall victim to the sword, underscoring the severity of the judgment being pronounced against Egypt.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against. The BSB has slain, which is also used in the KJV and ASV.

Where they part company is חַלְלֵי־killed (FBV, NETB, ULB) versus pierced (LSV, YLT). This difference reflects nuances in the understanding of the fatality described.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb is יִפֹּ֑לוּ, they will fall, which governs the entire clause. The structure includes prepositional phrases indicating the location of the fall and the subjects involved.

The sentence is complex, with multiple phrases detailing the action of falling, the instrument of death (the sword), and the subsequent action of dragging away the multitudes.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates חֶ֖רֶב as μαξαίρας, which indicates a focus on the sword as a tool of destruction. This choice emphasizes the lethal aspect of judgment.

The Greek word τραυματιῶν for חַלְלֵי־ suggests a broader interpretation of the slain, focusing on the wounds inflicted rather than just the act of killing.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Ezekiel 32:20 describes how those who are slain will fall by the sword, which is a symbol of judgment. The verse emphasizes the severity of the fate awaiting Egypt and its multitudes, who will be dragged away as part of this judgment.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that they will fall among those slain?

It indicates that the people of Egypt will meet the same fate as those already dead, emphasizing the totality of their destruction.

What is the significance of the sword in this verse?

The sword symbolizes divine judgment and is a tool of war, representing the lethal consequences of God's wrath.

Why is the term 'multitudes' used?

It signifies the large number of people affected by this judgment, highlighting the extent of the calamity.

How does this verse connect with the rest of Ezekiel's prophecies?

It is part of a larger narrative where God pronounces judgment on nations, using vivid imagery to convey the seriousness of their sins and the resulting consequences.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways do I see the consequences of judgment in the world around me?
  2. How can I apply the lessons of divine judgment to my own life and choices?
  3. What does it mean for me to understand the weight of the sword as a symbol of judgment?
  4. How can I help others understand the seriousness of their actions in light of divine principles?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 32:20 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword,.... The Egyptians shall fall in battle by the sword of the Chaldeans: she is delivered to the sword; Egypt is given to the sword, to

Read John Gill on Ezekiel 32 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her and all her multitudes. She is delivered to the sword - namely, by God.

Read Robert Jamieson on Ezekiel 32 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Now the prophet determines concerning the people, which die as others, fall undistinguished, and. as undistinguished, must be laid in the pit. They; the Egyptians. In the midst; in battle shall die. By the sword; either of one another in civil war, or of their neighbours they invaded, or of Babylonians that invaded them. She is delivered; the whole Egyptian kingdom is given up of God. To the sword of wasting enemies, especially of the Chaldean. Draw her; make no ceremony more than usually is made, when common soldiers, slain in the field where the battle is fought, are dragged by scores into mighty pits, and thrown into them promiscuously; or, as the interlude will bear it, suppose any of…

Read Matthew Poole on Ezekiel 32 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Ezekiel 32:20 They shall fall in the midst of [them that are] slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her and all her multitudes.Ver. 20. They shall fall.] Carcases have their names both in Greek and Latin from falling. “ Fit subito funus, qui modo virus erat. ” We wonder now and then at the sudden death of a man. In war many thousands exhale their breath without so much as, Lord have mercy on us! Death heweth its way through a wood of men in a minute of time, &c. ðôùìá. Cadaver.

Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 32 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(20) Draw her.—Viz., down to her judgment.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Ezekiel 32 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

20. she is delivered to the sword] Rather: the sword is put forth, lit. given, a peculiar phrase and wanting in LXX. draw her] i. e. Egypt down into the pit. The simple “draw” leaves rather much to be understood, and LXX. reads the clause differently: and all his multitude shall lie.

Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 32 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

She is delivered to the sword - Rather, the sword is put forth. Draw her down as one dragged to execution.

Read Albert Barnes on Ezekiel 32 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

20. She is delivered to the sword — Rather, the sword is appointed.Draw her — R.V., “draw her away;” that is, into the pit.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ezekiel 32 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

They will fall among those slain by the sword. The sword is appointed! Let them drag her away along with all her multitudes.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

They will fall among those who are slain by the sword. She is delivered to the sword. Draw her away with all her multitudes.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

They will fall among those slain by the sword. The sword is appointed! Let them drag her away along with all her multitudes.

NETBNew English Translation2006

They will fall among those killed by the sword. The sword is drawn; they carry her and all her hordes away.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her and all her multitudes.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword; draw her away and all her multitudes.

RVARevised Version, American1894

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her away and all her multitudes.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her and all her multitudes.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

They shall fall in the middes of them that are slaine by the sword: shee is deliuered to the sword: draw her downe, and all her multitude.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword. The sword hath been given: draw her out, and all her multitudes.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

In the midst of the pierced of the sword they fall, [To] the sword she hath been given, They drew her out, and all her multitude.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

They fall in the midst of the pierced of the sword, || She has been given [to] the sword, || They drew her out, and all her multitude.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

In the midst of those that are slain by the sword shall they fall: to the sword is she given up; drag her away and all her multitudes.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

They will fall among those who were killed by the sword. The sword has been drawn! She has been given to the sword; they will seize her and her multitudes.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain with the sword: the sword is given, they have drawn her down, and all her people.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

They will lie among those killed by the sword. A sword is ready to kill all the many people of Egypt.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Among those who have been put to the sword: they will give a resting-place with them to all their people.

Word by word, the decisions they made

חַלְלֵי־cha.lei- [those] slain of H2491 2 different renderings
killedFBV NETB ULB
piercedLSV YLT

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalבְּamongnoun phraseת֥וֹךְmidstnoun phraseחַלְלֵי[those].slainחֶ֖רֶבof.a.swordverbיִפֹּ֑לוּthey.will.fallclausesubjectחֶ֣רֶבa.swordverbנִתָּ֔נָהit.has.been.appointedclauseverbמָשְׁכ֥וּthey.have.drawn.downnoun phrase · objectnoun phraseאוֹתָ֖הּitוְandnoun phraseכָלallnoun phraseהֲמוֹנֶֽיmultitudesהָits

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text of Ezekiel 32:20 states, 'They will fall among those slain by the sword. The sword is appointed! Let them drag her away along with all her multitudes.' The Septuagint, while it has a different structure and wording, contains similar themes, but it does not provide a direct word-for-word translation of the Hebrew. The specific wording and order differ, indicating a variation in translation approach, but the overall message aligns with the Masoretic Text. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls do not provide additional evidence for this verse, so the primary comparison remains between the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint.'

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

בְּת֥וֹךְ חַלְלֵי־ חֶ֖רֶב יִפֹּ֑לוּ חֶ֣רֶב נִתָּ֔נָה מָשְׁכ֥וּ אוֹתָ֖הּ וְכָל־ הֲמוֹנֶֽיהָ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
בְּת֥וֹךְμέσῳחַלְלֵי־τραυματιῶνחֶ֖רֶבμαξαίραςיִפֹּ֑לוּπεσοῦνταιוְכָל־πᾶσαהֲמוֹנֶֽיהָ׃

6 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Ezekiel 32:20תָּ֫וֶךְin amongin amongתָּ֫וֶךְחָלָל[those] sla[those] slain oחָלָלחֶ֫רֶבa sworda swordחֶ֫רֶבנָפַלthey will fthey will fallנָפַלחֶ֫רֶבa sworda swordחֶ֫רֶבנָתַןit has beenit has been appנָתַןמָשַׁךְthey have dthey have drawnמָשַׁךְאֵתthe object the object markאֵתכֹּלand alland allכֹּלהָמוֹןmultitudes multitudes itsהָמוֹןחָרֵבto dryto dryחָרֵבחָלַלto boreto boreחָלַלאוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלהָמָהto roarto roarהָמָהפָּלַלto prayto prayפָּלַלחָלָלslain: kilslain: killedחָלָלרָעָבfaminefamineרָעָבגֵּרsojournersojournerגֵּרגּוּרto sojournto sojournגּוּרחֶ֫רֶבswordswordחֶ֫רֶבגּוֹרָלallottedallottedגּוֹרָלנַחֲלָהinheritancinheritanceנַחֲלָהזֶ֫רַעseedseedזֶ֫רַעתֹּםintegrityintegrityתֹּםחֶ֫בֶלcordcordחֶ֫בֶלמִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 32:20

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
בְּת֥וֹךְbe.Tokh in among H8432 Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
418× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to the middle or center of something, such as a group of people or a physical space. It can also mean among or between things, as seen in various Bible translations.
Amplified meaning
among the slain, in the midst of them
Tyndale gloss
midst
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

תָּ֫וֶךְ (tavek) means 'midst' or 'middle,' indicating a central position or location. It can also imply being 'among' or 'between' things, particularly in contexts involving separation or division. The term appears in various forms, such as 'into' or 'through,' especially after verbs of motion.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

תָּ֫וֶךְ 416 subst. midst

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8432 תָּ֫וֶךְ subst. midst

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8432 tavek taw'-vek

from an unused root meaning to sever; a bisection, i.e. (by

implication) the centre:--among(-st), X between, half, X

(there- ,where-), in(-to), middle, mid(-night), midst (among),

X out (of), X through, X with(-in).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

תָּ֫וֶךְ (ta.vekh) — midst.

1) midst, middle

1a) midst, middle

1b) into, through (after verbs of motion)

1c) among (of a number of persons)

1d) between (of things arranged by twos)

1e) from among (as to take or separate etc)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
HR/Ncmsc
English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

AMONG',

AMONGST', preposition [Gr. See Mingle.]

1. In a general or primitive sense, mixed or mingled with; as tares among wheat.

2. Conjoined or associated with, or making part of the number.

Blessed art thou among women. Luke 1:1.

3. Of the number; as, there is not one among a thousand, possessing the like qualities.

{ A‐mong″ , A‐mongst″ , } prep. [OE. amongist, amonges, amonge, among, AS. onmang, ongemang, gemang, in a crowd or mixture. For the ending -st see Amidst. See Mingle.] 1. Mixed or mingled; surrounded by.

They heard,

And from his presence hid themselves among

The thickest trees.

Milton.

2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the number of; in the number or class of.

Blessed art thou among women.

Luke i. 28.

3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution, etc.; also, a relation of reciprocal action.

What news among the merchants?

Shak.

in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
חַלְלֵי־cha.lei- [those] slain of H2491 Adj
94× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word describes something or someone that has been profaned or hurt, like in Numbers 35:33. It can also mean to be pierced or wounded, as in physically harmed.
Amplified meaning
killed, pierced
Tyndale gloss
slain: killed
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָלָל (chalal) primarily means 'pierced' or 'slain,' often in a context of fatal wounding. It can also refer to something that is 'profaned' or 'defiled.' The word is built from the root associated with piercing and carries both literal and figurative meanings related to death and pollution.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חָלָל 90 n.m. pierced

pierced, fatally wounded

slain

base

חָלָל adj. profaned

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2491a חָלָל pierced H2491b חָלָל profaned

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2491 chalal khaw-lawl'

from 2490; pierced (especially to death); figuratively,

polluted:--kill, profane, slain (man), X slew, (deadly)

wounded.

see HEBREW for 02490

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָלָל (cha.lal) — slain: killed.

: killed

1) slain, fatally wounded, pierced

1a) pierced, fatally wounded

1b) slain

Also means: cha.lal (חָלָל ": wounded" H2491H)

חָלָל (cha.lal) — profaned.

adj

1) (CLBL) profaned

1a) defiled, profaned (by divorce)

חָלָל (cha.lal) — slain: wounded.

: wounded

1) slain, fatally wounded, pierced

1a) pierced, fatally wounded

1b) slain

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAampc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
חֶ֖רֶבChe.rev a sword H2719 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
413× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A sword or cutting instrument is what this Hebrew word refers to, including knives and tools for cutting stone. It is used in the Bible to describe weapons and sharp objects.
Amplified meaning
a cutting instrument, a tool of war
Tyndale gloss
sword
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֶ֫רֶב (chereb) means 'sword' and can also refer to other cutting instruments like knives and tools. It is derived from a root meaning 'drought,' highlighting its destructive nature. The term is used in various contexts in the Old Testament, primarily to denote weapons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֶ֫רֶב 411 n.f. sword (as weapon)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2719 חֶ֫רֶב sword (as weapon)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2719 chereb kheh'-reb

from 2717; drought; also a cutting instrument (from its

destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp

implement:--axe, dagger, knife, mattock, sword, tool.

see HEBREW for 02717

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֶ֫רֶב (che.rev) — sword.

1) sword, knife

1a) sword

1b) knife

1c) tools for cutting stone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sord.

See ARMOR, III, 5.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Sword

Of the Hebrew was pointed, sometimes two-edged, was worn in a sheath, and suspended from the girdle (Ex. 32:27; 1 Sam. 31:4; 1 Chr. 21:27; Ps. 149:6: Prov. 5:4; Ezek. 16:40; 21:3-5).

It is a symbol of divine chastisement (Deut. 32:25; Ps. 7:12; 78:62), and of a slanderous tongue (Ps. 57:4; 64:3; Prov. 12:18). The word of God is likened also to a…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[ARMS, ARMOR]

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Used by

Gideon Jud 7:20

Goliath 1Sa 21:9

Peter Mt 26:51; Joh 18:10

→ David' s army equipped with 1Ch 21:5

→ To be beaten into plowshares Isa 2:4; Mic 4:3

→ Made of plowshares Joe 3:10

→ Two-edged Heb 4:12; Re 1:16; 2:12

→ FIGURATIVE

Of war Ge 27:40

in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
יִפֹּ֑לוּyi.Po.lu they will fall H5307 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
435× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to fall, and it's used in many ways, like falling down, failing, or being defeated. It appears in books like Genesis and Isaiah. God's people often fell away from Him, but He always offered a way back.
Tyndale gloss
to fall: fall
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָפַל (naphal) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to fall,' encompassing a wide range of applications, including falling by accident, experiencing violent death, or going to ruin. It can also refer to prostrating oneself, attacking, or causing someone to fall. The term appears in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, often indicating physical or metaphorical downfall.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָפַל 433 vb. fall, lie

Qal 366

fall, by accident

Esp. of violent death

fig. = go to ruin, perish, etc.

fig. = experience calamity

fall, of a city

Fall prostrate

fall = prostrate oneself before

fall upon one's neck, in embrace

Fall upon = attack

desert or fall away to, go over to

Fig., of deep sleep

Other idiomatic uses

= lie; = lie prostrate

Hiph.

cause to fall

Of causing death; = overthrow, bring to destruction

Esp. of casting lot

Fig., let drop, cause to fail

cause deep sleep to fall

Other idioms

Hithp. throw, or prostrate oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5307 נָפַל fall, lie .. fall, by accident

. . Esp. of violent death

. fig. = go to ruin, perish, etc.

. fig. = experience calamity

. fall, of a city

. . Fall prostrate

. fall = prostrate oneself before

. fall upon one's neck, in embrace

. . Fall upon = attack

. desert or fall away to, go over to

. Fig., of deep sleep

. Other idiomatic uses

. = lie; = lie prostrate

. . cause to fall

. Of causing death; = overthrow, bring to destruction

. Esp. of casting lot

. Fig., let drop, cause to fail

. cause deep sleep to fall

. Other idioms

. throw, or prostrate oneself

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5307 naphal naw-fal'

a primitive root; to fall, in a great variety of applications

(intransitive or causative, literal or figurative):--be

accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide

(by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall

(away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have

(inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for 6419), lay

(along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be (X hast) lost,

lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make

to) rot, slay, smite out, X surely, throw down.

see HEBREW for 06419

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָפַל (na.phal) — to fall: fall.

: fall/drop/fail

1) to fall, lie, be cast down, fail

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to fall

1a2) to fall (of violent death)

1a3) to fall prostrate, prostrate oneself before

1a4) to fall upon, attack, desert, fall away to, go away to, fall into the hand of

1a5) to fall short, fail, fall out, turn out, result

1a6) to settle, waste away, be offered, be inferior to

1a7) to lie, lie prostrate

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to cause to fall, fell, throw down, knock out, lay prostrate

1b2) to overthrow

1b3) to make the lot fall, assign by lot, apportion by lot

1b4) to let drop, cause to fail (fig.)

1b5) to cause to fall

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to throw or prostrate oneself, throw oneself upon

1c2) to lie prostrate, prostrate oneself

1d) (Pilel) to fall

נָפַל (na.phal) — to fall: deserting.

: deserting

1) to fall, lie, be cast down, fail

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to fall

1a2) to fall (of violent death)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

fol (vb.): The idea of falling is most frequently expressed in Hebrew by naphal, but also by many other words; in Greek by pipto, and its compounds. The uses of the word in Scripture are very varied. There is the literal falling by descent; the falling of the countenance in sorrow, shame, anger, etc. (Ge 4:5,6); the falling in battle (Ge 14:10; Nu 14:3, etc.); the falling into trouble, etc. (Pr 24:16,17); prostration in supplication and reverence (Ge 17:3; Nu 14:5, etc.); falling of the Spirit of Yahweh (Eze 11:5

in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
חֶ֣רֶבChe.rev a sword H2719 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
413× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A sword or cutting instrument is what this Hebrew word refers to, including knives and tools for cutting stone. It is used in the Bible to describe weapons and sharp objects.
Amplified meaning
an instrument of judgment, a symbol of divine wrath
Tyndale gloss
sword
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֶ֫רֶב (chereb) means 'sword' and can also refer to other cutting instruments like knives and tools. It is derived from a root meaning 'drought,' highlighting its destructive nature. The term is used in various contexts in the Old Testament, primarily to denote weapons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֶ֫רֶב 411 n.f. sword (as weapon)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2719 חֶ֫רֶב sword (as weapon)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2719 chereb kheh'-reb

from 2717; drought; also a cutting instrument (from its

destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp

implement:--axe, dagger, knife, mattock, sword, tool.

see HEBREW for 02717

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֶ֫רֶב (che.rev) — sword.

1) sword, knife

1a) sword

1b) knife

1c) tools for cutting stone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sord.

See ARMOR, III, 5.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Sword

Of the Hebrew was pointed, sometimes two-edged, was worn in a sheath, and suspended from the girdle (Ex. 32:27; 1 Sam. 31:4; 1 Chr. 21:27; Ps. 149:6: Prov. 5:4; Ezek. 16:40; 21:3-5).

It is a symbol of divine chastisement (Deut. 32:25; Ps. 7:12; 78:62), and of a slanderous tongue (Ps. 57:4; 64:3; Prov. 12:18). The word of God is likened also to a…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[ARMS, ARMOR]

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Used by

Gideon Jud 7:20

Goliath 1Sa 21:9

Peter Mt 26:51; Joh 18:10

→ David' s army equipped with 1Ch 21:5

→ To be beaten into plowshares Isa 2:4; Mic 4:3

→ Made of plowshares Joe 3:10

→ Two-edged Heb 4:12; Re 1:16; 2:12

→ FIGURATIVE

Of war Ge 27:40

in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
נִתָּ֔נָהni.Ta.nah it has been appointed H5414 Verb · Niphal · perfect third person feminine singular
2,011× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to give, put, or set something, with a wide range of applications. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, describing God's actions and human interactions. The word is used to convey giving, selling, or exchanging something.
Amplified meaning
given, ordained
Tyndale gloss
to give: give
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָתַן (natan) means 'to give' and encompasses a wide range of applications such as putting, setting, and making. It can also indicate actions like bestowing, delivering, and assigning. The entries describe its use in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreements among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָתַן 2007 vb. give, put, set

Qal 1917

give

Put, set

Make, constitute

Niph.

82be given

Be put, set

Hoph.

be given, bestowed

= be given to one for wife

be put upon

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5414 נָתַן give, put, set .. give

. Put, set

. Make, constitute

. . be given

. Be put, set

. . . be given, bestowed

. = be given to one for wife

. be put upon

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5414 nathan naw-than'

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of

application (put, make, etc.):--add, apply, appoint, ascribe,

assign, X avenge, X be ((healed)), bestow, bring (forth,

hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, +

cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, X doubtless, X

without fail, fasten, frame, X get, give (forth, over, up),

grant, hang (up), X have, X indeed, lay (unto charge, up),

(give) leave, lend, let (out), + lie, lift up, make, + O that,

occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, X

pull , put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send

(out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), + sing, + slander,

strike, (sub-)mit, suffer, X surely, X take, thrust, trade,

turn, utter, + weep, + willingly, + withdraw, + would (to)

God, yield.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: give.

: give/deliver/send/produce

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend

1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate

1a3) to make, constitute

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned

1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up

1c2) to be put upon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: put.

: put/set/apppoint

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal-Perf-3fs — Verb · Niphal · perfect third person feminine singular
HVNp3fs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
מָשְׁכ֥וּma.she.Khu they have drawn down H4900 Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine plural
36× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To draw can mean many things in the Bible, such as to pull or lead something, to sow seeds, or to make music. It is used in various contexts, including war, farming, and worship. The word is used in different forms throughout the Old Testament.
Amplified meaning
draw her out, pull her along
Tyndale gloss
to draw
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָשַׁךְ (mashak) is a Hebrew verb meaning to draw or drag, with a wide range of applications. It can refer to actions like drawing a bow, prolonging time, or trailing seed during sowing. The entries also note uses in contexts of sound and cheer, as well as implications of height and postponement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָשַׁךְ vb. draw, drag

Qal

draw and lift out of

draw the bow

proceed, march

draw out a sound, give a sound

draw out, prolong, continue

trail seed (draw along in sowing)

(late) cheer (draw, attract, gratigy)

Niph. they shall not be prolonged (days of Babylon); it shall not be postponed

Pu. long drawn out: of persons, = tall; hope postponed, deferred

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4900 מָשַׁךְ draw, drag .. draw and lift out of

. draw the bow

. proceed, march

. draw out a sound, give a sound

. draw out, prolong, continue

. trail seed (draw along in sowing)

. (late) cheer (draw, attract, gratigy)

. they shall not be prolonged (days of Babylon); it shall not be postponed

. long drawn out: of persons, = tall; hope postponed, deferred

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4900 mashak maw-shak'

a primitive root; to draw, used in a great variety of

applications (including to sow, to sound, to prolong, to

develop, to march, to remove, to delay, to be tall,

etc.):--draw (along, out), continue, defer, extend, forbear,

X give, handle, make (pro-, sound)long, X sow, scatter,

stretch out.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָשַׁךְ (ma.shakh) — to draw.

1) to draw, drag, seize

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to draw (and lift out), drag along, lead along, drag or lead off, draw down

1a2) to draw (the bow)

1a3) to proceed, march

1a4) to draw out or give (a sound)

1a5) to draw out, prolong, continue

1a6) to trail (seed in sowing)

1a7) to cheer, draw, attract, gratify

1b) (Niphal) to be drawn out

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to be drawn out, be postponed, be deferred

1c2) to be tall

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Impv-2mp — Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine plural
HVqv2mp
in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
אוֹתָ֖הּ'o.Tah the object marker it H853 Particle · suffix
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTo/Sp3fs — Particle · suffix
HTo/Sp3fs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
וְכָל־ve.khol and all H3605 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
every, the entire
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
HC/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
in among [those] slain of a sword they will fall a sword it has been appointed they have drawn down the object marker it and all multitudes its
הֲמוֹנֶֽיהָ׃ha.mo.Nei.ha multitudes its H1995 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
83× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Being in a state of turmoil or having a lot of noise is what this Hebrew word means. It can also refer to a large crowd or abundance of something, like in the book of Proverbs where it describes a multitude of people.
Amplified meaning
crowds, large groups of people
Tyndale gloss
crowd
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הָמוֹן (hamown) refers to a sound or noise, encompassing meanings like murmur, roar, tumult, and crowd. It also conveys concepts of abundance and wealth. The verb form הָמַן (haman) means to rage or be turbulent. The entries highlight a range of uses, from describing a multitude to expressing confusion or disquiet.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָמוֹן n.m. sound, murmur, roar, crowd, abundance

sound, murmur, rush, roar

tumult, confusion (as occasioning a roar)

crowd, multitude

great number, abundance (late)

abundance, wealth

base

[הָמַן] vb. rage, be turbulent

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1995a הָמוֹן sound, murmur, roar, crowd, abundance H1995b הָמַן rage, be turbulent

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1995 hamown haw-mone'

or hamon (Ezek. 5:7) {haw-mone'}; from 1993; a noise, tumult,

crowd; also disquietude, wealth:--abundance, company, many,

multitude, multiply, noise, riches, rumbling, sounding, store,

tumult.

see HEBREW for 01993

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָמוֹן (ha.mon) — crowd.

1) murmur, roar, crowd, abundance, tumult, sound

1a) sound, murmur, rush, roar

1b) tumult, confusion

1c) crowd, multitude

1d) great number, abundance

1e) abundance, wealth

הָמַן (ha.man) — be turbulent.

to rage, be turbulent

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp3fs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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