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Ezekiel 27:35 — Word Study

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WLCכֹּ֚ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאִיִּ֔ים שָׁמְמ֖וּ עָלָ֑יִךְ וּמַלְכֵיהֶם֙ שָׂ֣עֲרוּ שַׂ֔עַר רָעֲמ֖וּ פָּנִֽים׃

BSAAllkôl [the inhabitants of the isles, everyone] the peopleyâshab of the coastlandsʼîy [islands, sea-lands] are appalledshâmêm [astonished, horrified] over youʻal Their kingsmelek [royal persons, rulers] shudder with fearsâʻar [are sore afraid, horrified, extreme fear, terror] their facespânîym [presence, countenance] are contortedrâʻam [troubled, twisted with fear]

Word
Listen & take awayEzekiel 27
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 35 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (pa.Nim) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Ezekiel 27:35quick helps
In a sentenceEzekiel describes the reaction of coastal peoples and their rulers to the downfall of Tyre.
Who is speakingThe prophet Ezekiel, conveying a message about the fate of Tyre.
Where we areThis verse is part of a lament over Tyre, detailing the shock and fear of those who depended on its trade.
The hard wordשָׁמְמ֖וּ
Take awayThe destruction of Tyre evokes terror and dismay among its former allies.
6 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectפָּנֶה verbיָשַׁב The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Ezekiel 27:35

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Lament Over Tyregenerated

33When your wares went out to sea, you satisfied many nations. You enriched the kings of the earth with your abundant wealth and merchandise.
34Now you are shattered by the seas in the depths of the waters; your merchandise and the people among you have gone down with you.
35All the people of the coastlands are appalled over you. Their kings shudder with fear; their faces are contorted.
36Those who trade among the nations hiss at you; you have come to a horrible end and will be no more.’”

Ezekiel 27:35 describes the profound impact of Tyre's destruction on the coastal peoples and their kings. This lament highlights their astonishment and fear, illustrating how the fall of a powerful city reverberates through its trade networks. The surrounding verses (Ezekiel 27:33-36) provide context, showing how Tyre's wealth and influence once satisfied many nations, only to leave them devastated in its wake.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Ezekiel 26:15–18This is what the Lord GOD says to Tyre: ‘Will not the coastlands quake at the sound of your downfall, when the wounded groan at the slaughter in your midst?
2Isaiah 23:6Cross over to Tarshish; wail, O inhabitants of the coastland!
3Ezekiel 28:17–19Your heart grew proud of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom because of your splendor; so I cast you to the earth; I made you a spectacle before kings.
4Ezekiel 32:10I will cause many peoples to be appalled over you, and their kings will shudder in horror because of you when I brandish My sword before them. On the day of your downfall each of them will tremble every moment for his life.’
5Revelation 18:9–10Then the kings of the earth who committed sexual immorality and lived in luxury with her will weep and wail at the sight of the smoke rising from the fire that consumes her.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word שָׁמְמ֖וּ, sha.me.Mugenerated

The verb שָׁמֵם (shamem) means to be desolated or appalled. It conveys a sense of devastation and horror, often used in contexts of destruction or loss. In this verse, it describes the reaction of the coastal peoples to the calamity that has befallen Tyre.

The parsing indicates that it is in the perfect tense, third person plural, meaning 'they have been appalled.' This suggests a completed action, where the coastal inhabitants are now left in a state of shock and horror due to Tyre's downfall.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb שָׁמְמ֖וּ governs the subject, כֹּ֚ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאִיִּ֔ים, followed by a series of clauses describing the kings' reactions. The structure emphasizes the collective response of both the inhabitants and their rulers to Tyre's destruction.

The Hebrew word order places the subject first, highlighting the collective nature of the appalled reaction, followed by the actions of the kings, which further underscores the widespread impact of the event.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates שָׁמְמ֖וּ as ἐστύγνασαν, which conveys a similar sense of being stunned or horrified. This choice reflects the translators' understanding of the emotional weight of the Hebrew term.

This rendering shows a consistent interpretation of the devastation felt by the coastal peoples, aligning with the overall theme of lamentation in this passage.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Ezekiel 27:35 tells us that all the people living on the coastlands are shocked and horrified by the destruction of Tyre. Their kings are also filled with fear, and their faces show their distress. This verse highlights the widespread impact of Tyre's downfall on those who depended on it.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that the people are appalled?

To be appalled means they are shocked and horrified by the news of Tyre's destruction, indicating a deep emotional response to the loss of a powerful trading partner.

Why are the kings mentioned specifically?

The kings represent the rulers of the nations that relied on Tyre for trade and wealth. Their fear signifies the broader political implications of Tyre's fall.

How does this verse connect to the surrounding context?

This verse is part of a lament that illustrates the far-reaching consequences of Tyre's destruction, affecting not only its inhabitants but also the rulers who benefited from its prosperity.

What can we learn from the reactions of the coastal peoples?

The reactions show how interconnected societies are and how the downfall of one can lead to widespread fear and uncertainty among others.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do I react when I hear about the downfall of someone or something powerful?
  2. What does this verse teach about the interconnectedness of nations and economies?
  3. In what ways can I support those who are affected by loss or destruction in my community?
  4. How can I cultivate empathy for those who are shocked by sudden changes in their circumstances?

Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 27:35 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee,.... Both near and afar off; and not only the inhabitants of the isles, properly so called, but all that dwelt on the continent by the

Read John Gill on Ezekiel 27 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee, and their kings shall be sore afraid, they shall be troubled in their countenance. All the inhabitants of the isles - i:e., the inhabitants of the sea coasts.

Read Robert Jamieson on Ezekiel 27 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

The isles; strictly and in a larger sense the seacoasts. Astonished; wondering it ever should be effected that Tyre should fall. Sore afraid: knowing how they are much less able to resist and defend themselves, and not knowing where that mighty conqueror would next try his arms and fortune. They shall be troubled; shall not be able to conceal the discomposure of their mind; but in their countenance a trouble made up of grief, fear, and indignation, grief for their friends, fear for themselves, against that cruelty and inhumanity which, without respect to any thing dear to mankind, ruined the glory of the world, destroyed what could not be repaired by all the riches, and wisdom, and bounty…

Read Matthew Poole on Ezekiel 27 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Ezekiel 27:35 All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee, and their kings shall be sore afraid, they shall be troubled in [their] countenance.Ver. 35. They shall be troubled in their countenance,] i.e., Appalled and dispirited.

Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 27 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

32–36. Lament over Tyre The lament appears to be in elegiac metre. The word “wailing” is a contracted form (ni = nehi). What city] Rather: who is like Tyre. like the destroyed] The form is very obscure, but nothing better has been proposed.

Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 27 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

The news of Tyre’s ruin shall reach to distant isles, to merchant cities who trade with her. These in their selfish love of gain shall rejoice over her who was once paramount over them, hissing out against her curses and scorn.

Read Albert Barnes on Ezekiel 27 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

All the people of the coastlands are appalled over you. Their kings shudder with fear; their faces are contorted.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

All the inhabitants of the islands are astonished at you, and their kings are horribly afraid. They are troubled in their face.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

All the people of the coastlands are appalled over you. Their kings shudder with fear; their faces are contorted.

NETBNew English Translation2006

All the inhabitants of the coastlands are shocked at you, and their kings are horribly afraid – their faces are troubled.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee, and their kings shall be sore afraid, they shall be troubled in their countenance.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

All the inhabitants of the isles are astonished at thee, and their kings are horribly afraid; they are troubled in their countenance.

RVARevised Version, American1894

All the inhabitants of the isles are astonished at thee, and their kings are horribly afraid, they are troubled in their countenance.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee, and their kings shall be terribly afraid, they shall be troubled in their countenance.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

All the inhabitantes of the yles shall be astonished at thee, and all their Kings shall be sore afraide and troubled in their countenance.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

All the inhabitants of the isles are amazed at thee, and their kings are horribly afraid, [their] countenance is troubled.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

All inhabitants of the isles have been astonished at thee, And their kings have been sore afraid, They have been troubled in countenance.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

All inhabitants of the islands have been astonished at you, || And their kings have been severely afraid, || They have been troubled in countenance.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

All the inhabitants of the isles are astonished at thee, and the hair of their kings stand at an end, grieved are their countenances.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

All the inhabitants of the coasts were appalled at you, and their kings shuddered in horror! Their faces trembled!

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

All the inhabitants of the islands are astonished at thee: and all their kings being struck with the storm have changed their countenance.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Everyone living on the coastlands is shocked at what happened to you. Their kings are horrified; their faces twisted with fear.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

All the people of the sea-lands are overcome with wonder at you, and their kings are full of fear, their faces are troubled.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · subjectכֹּ֚לallnoun phraseיֹשְׁבֵ֣יthe.inhabitantsnoun phraseהָofאִיִּ֔יםthe.islandsverbשָׁמְמ֖וּthey.have.been.appalledprepositional phrase · prepositionalעָלָ֑יִonךְyouוּandclausenoun phrase · subjectמַלְכֵיkingsהֶם֙theirverbשָׂ֣עֲרוּthey.have.shudderedobjectשַׂ֔עַרshudderingclauseverbרָעֲמ֖וּthey.have.been.disconcertedsubjectפָּנִֽיםfaces

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with nine out of ten words matching. This indicates a strong consistency in the portrayal of the coastal peoples' reactions to Tyre's downfall.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

כֹּ֚ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאִיִּ֔ים שָׁמְמ֖וּ עָלָ֑יִךְ וּמַלְכֵיהֶם֙ שָׂ֣עֲרוּ שַׂ֔עַר רָעֲמ֖וּ פָּנִֽים׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
כֹּ֚לπάντεςיֹשְׁבֵ֣יκατοικοῦντεςהָאִיִּ֔יםνήσουςשָׁמְמ֖וּἐστύγνασανעָלָ֑יִךְσέוּמַלְכֵיהֶם֙βασιλεῖςשָׂ֣עֲרוּἐκστάσειשַׂ֔עַרἐχέστησανפָּנִֽים׃πρόσωπον

9 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Ezekiel 27:35כֹּלallallכֹּליָשַׁב[the] inhab[the] inhabitanיָשַׁבאִיthe islandsthe islandsאִישָׁמֵםthey have bthey have been שָׁמֵםעַלon youon youעַלמֶ֫לֶךְand kings tand kings theirמֶ֫לֶךְשָׂעַרthey have sthey have shuddשָׂעַרשַׂ֫עַרshudderingshudderingשַׂ֫עַררָעַםthey have bthey have been רָעַםפָּנֶהfacesfacesפָּנֶהשָׂעַרto shudderto shudderשָׂעַרכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלאָוָהto desireto desireאָוָהמָלַךְto reignto reignמָלַךְפָּנָהCorner (GaCorner (Gate)פָּנָהעַלheightheightעַלעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהבֶּ֫טַחsecuritysecurityבֶּ֫טַחכְּנַעֲנִיCanaanitesCanaanitessכְּנַעֲנִיכִּתִּיCyprusCyprusכִּתִּיתַּרְשִׁישׁTarshishTarshishתַּרְשִׁישׁשָׁרַקto whistleto whistleשָׁרַקנָוֶהpasturepastureנָוֶהכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאנְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּרNebuchadneNebuchadnezzarנְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּראַשּׁוּרAsshurAsshurאַשּׁוּר
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 27:35

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
כֹּ֚לkol all H3605 Noun common · masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
the inhabitants of the isles, everyone
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
יֹשְׁבֵ֣יyo.she.Vei [the] inhabitants of H3427 Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine plural common
1,079× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to sit or dwell, and can also mean to remain or abide. It's used in the Bible to describe people living in a place or staying with someone, like in the book of Genesis.
Tyndale gloss
to dwell
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָשַׁב (yashab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to sit, remain, or dwell. It encompasses a range of actions from simply sitting down to more complex ideas like establishing a home or causing a place to be inhabited. The entries indicate various forms, including Qal (to sit), Niphal (to be inhabited), and Hiphil (to cause to dwell). There is an Aramaic equivalent, יְתִב (ye.tiv), meaning 'to dwell'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָשַׁב 1090 vb. sit, remain, dwell

Qal

sit

sit, sit down

sit down

sit = be set (as a jewel)

remain, stay, tarry

with special emphasis of qualifying phr.

dwell, have one’s abode

of a land or city, sit, abide, seated in its place, fig. for be inhabited

Niph. be inhabited, of land

Pi. and they shall set their encampments in thee

Hiph.

cause to sit

cause to abide

cause to dwell

cause cities to be inhabited

marry (prop. give a dwelling to)

Hoph. and ye be made to dwell alone in the midst of the land

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3427 יָשַׁב sit, remain, dwell

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3427 yashab yaw-shab'

a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as

judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to

remain; causatively, to settle, to marry:--(make to)

abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease

self, endure, establish, X fail, habitation, haunt, (make to)

inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, X marry(-ing),

(bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(- tle),

(down-)sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate),

take, tarry.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָשַׁב (ya.shav) — to dwell.

1) to dwell, remain, sit, abide

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to sit, sit down

1a2) to be set

1a3) to remain, stay

1a4) to dwell, have one's abode

1b) (Niphal) to be inhabited

1c) (Piel) to set, place

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to cause to sit

1d2) to cause to abide, set

1d3) to cause to dwell

1d4) to cause (cities) to be inhabited

1d5) to marry (give an dwelling to)

1e) (Hophal)

1e1) to be inhabited

1e2) to make to dwell

Aramaic equivalent: ye.tiv (יְתִב "to dwell" H3488)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine plural common
HVqrmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
הָאִיִּ֔יםha.'i.Yim the islands H339 Particle · noun common masculine plural absolute
36× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a habitable spot, such as a coast, island, or dry land. It is used to describe desirable places in the Bible, like a country or region.
Amplified meaning
islands, sea-lands
Tyndale gloss
coastland
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אִי (iy) refers to a habitable area, encompassing meanings like coast, region, island, and shore. It is derived from a root meaning 'dry land' and is used in contexts related to geographical features, such as in Isaiah 20:6. The term captures various types of landforms, highlighting its versatility in describing different coastal and insular terrains.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אִי n.m. Is 20:6 († f. Is 23:2) coast, region

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H339 אִי coast, region

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

339 'iy ee

from 183; properly, a habitable spot (as desirable); dry

land, a coast, an island:--country, isle, island.

see HEBREW for 0183

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אִי (i) — coastland.

coast, island, shore, region

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-mp — Particle · noun common masculine plural absolute
HTd/Ncmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Thompson Chain Reference topics

mentioned in the scriptures

Jer 2:10; Ac 16:11; 20:15; 21:1,3; 27:16; 28:1; Re 1:9

all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
שָׁמְמ֖וּsha.me.Mu they have been appalled H8074 Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
86× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The word 'shamem' means to be desolate or devastated, like a place left empty and destroyed, often used to describe the aftermath of war or disaster.
Amplified meaning
astonished, horrified
Tyndale gloss
be desolate: destroyed
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁמֵם (shamem) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be desolated or appalled. It is built from a primitive root and encompasses a range of meanings including to stun, devastate, and cause horror. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances like being made desolate or causing desolation.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁמֵם] vb. be desolated, appalled

Qal

be desolated

be appalled, awestruck

Niph.

be desolated

be appalled

Pō‛.

I sat appalled

transit. appalling, causing horror

Hiph.

devastate, ravage

appal

inwardly trans., shewing horror

Hoph. all the days of (its) being desolate

Hithpō‛.

be appalled, astounded

cause oneself desolation, ruin

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8074 [שָׁמֵם] be desolated, appalled

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8074 shamem shaw-mame'

a primitive root; to stun (or intransitively, grow numb),

i.e. devastate or (figuratively) stupefy (both usually in a

passive sense):--make amazed, be astonied, (be an)

astonish(-ment), (be, bring into, unto, lay, lie, make)

desolate(-ion, places), be destitute, destroy (self), (lay,

lie, make) waste, wonder.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁמֵם (sha.mem) — be desolate: destroyed.

: destroyed/deserted

1) to be desolate, be appalled, stun, stupefy

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be desolated, be deflowered, be deserted, be appalled

1a2) to be appalled, be awestruck

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be desolated, be made desolate

1b2) to be appalled

1c) (Polel)

1c1) to be stunned

1c2) appalling, causing horror (participle)

1c2a) horror-causer, appaller (subst)

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to devastate, ravage, make desolated

1d2) to appal, show horror

1e) (Hophal) to lay desolate, be desolated

1f) (Hithpolel)

1f1) to cause to be desolate

1f2) to be appalled, be astounded

1f3) to cause oneself desolation, cause oneself ruin

שָׁמֵם (sha.mem) — be desolate: appalled.

: appalled

1) to be desolate, be appalled, stun, stupefy

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be desolated, be deflowered, be deserted, be appalled

1a2) to be appalled, be awestruck

1b) (Niphal)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
HVqp3cp
all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
עָלָ֑יִךְ'a.La.yikh on you H5921 Preposition · suffix
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | Suff — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp2fs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
וּמַלְכֵיהֶם֙u.mal.khei.Hem and kings their H4428 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
2,526× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a king or royal person, like King David or King Saul. It can also describe something related to a king, like the King's Valley in Genesis. The Bible often uses this word to talk about the rulers of Israel.
Amplified meaning
royal persons, rulers
Tyndale gloss
King's
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word מֶ֫לֶךְ (*melek*) means 'king.' It is derived from a root that suggests royalty. The term appears in various contexts, including references to specific kings and locations, such as the 'King's Highway' in Numbers 20:17 and the 'King's Valley' in Genesis 14:17. The lexicons note its Aramaic equivalent and mention its use in the context of individuals like Hammelech in Jeremiah.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מֶ֫לֶךְ 2513 n.m. king

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4428 מֶ֫לֶךְ king

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4428 melek meh'-lek

from 4427; a king:--king, royal.

see HEBREW for 04427

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — king.

1) king

Aramaic equivalent: me.lekh (מֶ֫לֶךְ "king" H4430)

הַמֶּלֶךְ (me.lekh) — `the king`.

'the king' or a name, Hammelech in KJV of Jer.36.26; 38.6- a man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at Jer.36.26;

father of: Jerahmeel (H3396I) and Malchijah (H4441H); also translated "the king";

§ A man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at Jer.36.26;

father of: Jerahmeel (H3396I) and Malchijah (H4441H); also translated "the king";

מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — King's.

King's (Highway) (Num.20.17)

מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — King's.

Another name of she.lach (שֶׁ֫לַח "Shelah" H7975A)

מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — Milcom.

Another name of mo.lekh (מֹ֫לֶךְ "Molech" H4432)

מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — King's.

King's (Valley) (Gen.14.17)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-mp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HC/Ncmpc/Sp3mp
all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
שָׂ֣עֲרוּSa.'a.ru they have shuddered H8175 Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
8× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to be extremely afraid or to storm, implying a strong sense of fear or turmoil, as seen in its KJV translations. It can also mean to shiver or be tempestuous.
Amplified meaning
are sore afraid, horrified, extreme fear, terror
Tyndale gloss
to shudder
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׂעַר (sa'ar) is a Hebrew verb with meanings related to fear and storms. It can denote bristling with horror, shuddering, or being very afraid, as well as actions like sweeping or whirling away, often in a tempestuous manner. Some sources suggest it may also imply being acquainted with something. The word appears in contexts involving God's actions against the wicked.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׂעַר] vb. denom. bristle, with horror

base

[שָׂעַר] vb. sweep or whirl away (of storm wind)

Qal fig. he (י׳) shall sweep it away.

Niph. round about him it is tempestuous exceedingly.

Pi. and it [an E. wind] shall whirl him away fr. his place.

Hithp. the kg. shall storm against him.

base

[שָׂעַר] vb. perh. be acquainted with;—Qal Dt 32:17

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8175a שָׂעַר vb. denom. bristle, with horror H8175b שָׂעַר sweep or whirl away (of storm wind) H8175c שָׂעַר perh. be acquainted with

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8175 sa`ar saw-ar'

a primitive root; to storm; by implication, to shiver, i.e.

fear:--be (horribly) afraid, fear, hurl as a storm, be

tempestuous, come like (take away as with) a whirlwind.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׂעַר (sa.ar) — to shudder.

1) to shudder, shiver, dread, bristle (with horror), be very afraid

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to bristle (with horror)

1a2) to dread

שָׂעַר (sa.ar) — to storm.

1) to storm away, sweep away, whirl away

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to sweep away

1a2) to storm away (of God's action against the wicked) (fig)

1b) (Niphal) to be stormy, be tempestuous (exceedingly)

1c) (Piel) to whirl away, be stormed away

1d) (Hithpael) to storm against, come as a storm

שָׂעַר (sa.ar) — to know.

perhaps to be acquainted with

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
HVqp3cp
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
שַׂ֔עַרSa.'ar shuddering H8178 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
4× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A storm or tempest is what this Hebrew word describes, also implying a sense of terror or fear. It is used in the Bible to describe a frightening or intimidating event, such as a severe storm.
Tyndale gloss
shuddering
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שַׂ֫עַר (sa'ar) refers to both 'horror' and 'storm' or 'tempest.' It is derived from a root meaning to shudder. The term appears in contexts related to fear and violent weather, with a specific mention in Isaiah 28:2. The lexicons consistently define it in these two ways without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שַׂ֫עַר n.[m.] horror

base

שַׂ֫עַר n.[m.] storm;—only cstr. Is 28:2

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8178a שַׂ֫עַר horror H8178b שַׂ֫עַר storm

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8178 sa`ar sah'-ar

from 8175; a tempest; also a terror:--affrighted, X

horribly, X sore, storm. See 8181.

see HEBREW for 08175

see HEBREW for 08181

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שַׂ֫עַר (sa.ar) — shuddering.

terror, horror

שַׂ֫עַר (sa.ar) — storm.

storm, tempest,

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
רָעֲמ֖וּra.'a.Mu they have been disconcerted H7481 Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to make a loud, rumbling sound like thunder, and can also describe being violently angry or agitated, as seen in Psalm 104:7. It can be translated as thunder, roar, or trouble. In the Bible, it often describes God's powerful voice.
Amplified meaning
troubled, twisted with fear
Tyndale gloss
to thunder
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָעַם (ra`am) is a Hebrew verb primarily meaning 'to thunder.' It can refer to the sound of thunder or the act of causing thunder, with additional meanings of agitation or irritation. The entries indicate that it can be used in both the Qal and Hiphil forms, covering a range of meanings from making thunderous sounds to causing trembling.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רָעַם] vb. denom. thunder

Qal make the sound of thunder, thunder

Hiph. thunder, cause to thunder

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7481 רָעַם vb. denom. thunder

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7481 ra`am raw-am'

a primitive root; to tumble, i.e. be violently agitated;

specifically, to crash (of thunder); figuratively, to irritate

(with anger):--make to fret, roar, thunder, trouble.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָעַם (ra.am) — to thunder.

1) to thunder

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to make the sound of thunder, thunder

1a2) to rage

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to thunder, cause thunder

1b2) to tremble, cause to tremble (by extension)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
HVqp3cp
all [the] inhabitants of the islands they have been appalled on you and kings their they have shuddered shuddering they have been disconcerted faces
פָּנִֽים׃pa.Nim faces H6440 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
2,127× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means face or presence, like being in front of someone or something. It's used in many contexts, like in Genesis, Exodus, and Psalms, to describe interactions and relationships.
Amplified meaning
presence, countenance
Tyndale gloss
face
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word פָּנֶה (*pāneh*) is a noun meaning 'face' or 'presence,' and it appears in various contexts, including the faces of seraphim and animals, as well as the surface of the ground. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'before' or 'in front of.' The word is built from a root that suggests turning or facing, and it encompasses a wide range of applications, both literal and figurative.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[פָּנֶה], pl. פָּנִים 2123 n.m. face, also faces

face, faces

presence, person

technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence

face of seraphim

face of animals

face (= surface) of ground

as adv.loc. before

for other phrases

with prepositions

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6440 פָּנֶה, pl. פָּנִים face, also faces . . face, faces

. . presence, person

. technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence

. face of seraphim

. face of animals

. face (= surface) of ground

. as adv. loc. before

. for other phrases

. with prepositions

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6440 paniym paw-neem'

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun (paneh

{paw-neh'}; from 6437); the face (as the part that turns);

used in a great variety of applications (literally and

figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a

preposition (before, etc.):--+ accept, a-(be- )fore(-time),

against, anger, X as (long as), at, + battle, + because (of),

+ beseech, countenance, edge, + employ, endure, + enquire,

face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er

time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, X him(-self), +

honourable, + impudent, + in, it, look(-eth) (- s), X me, +

meet, X more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), X on,

open, + out of, over against, the partial, person, + please,

presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, + regard, right

forth, + serve, X shewbread, sight, state, straight, + street,

X thee, X them(-selves), through (+ - out), till, time(-s)

Read the full entry →
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face: before.

: before/to/front

1) face

1a) face, faces

1b) presence, person

1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)

1d) face (of animals)

1e) face, surface (of ground)

1f) as adv of loc/temp

1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before

1g) with prep

1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of

פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face.

: face

1) face

1a) face, faces

1b) presence, person

1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)

1d) face (of animals)

1e) face, surface (of ground)

1f) as adv of loc/temp

1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before

1g) with prep

1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from…

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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