Deuteronomy 32:32 — Word Study
WLCכִּֽי־ מִגֶּ֤פֶן סְדֹם֙ גַּפְנָ֔ם וּמִשַּׁדְמֹ֖ת עֲמֹרָ֑ה עֲנָבֵ֙מוֹ֙ עִנְּבֵי־ ר֔וֹשׁ אַשְׁכְּלֹ֥ת מְרֹרֹ֖ת לָֽמוֹ׃
BSAButkîy their vine [is]gephen [of the vine of Sodom, from a corrupted source] from the vinegephen of SodomÇᵉdôm and from the fieldsshᵉdêmâh [cultivated lands, blasted areas] of GomorrahʻĂmôrâh Their grapesʻênâb [clusters of gall, poisonous fruit] are poisonousrôʼsh [full of gall, venomous] clusters [are]ʼeshkôwl [bunches of fruit, gatherings] bittermᵉrôrâh [full of sorrow, painful]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| כִּֽי־ | for | Particle |
| מִגֶּ֤פֶן | [is] from [the] vine of | Preposition, noun common both singular construct |
| סְדֹם֙ | Sodom | Noun proper |
| גַּפְנָ֔ם | vine their | Noun common both singular construct, suffix |
| וּמִשַּׁדְמֹ֖ת | and from [the] terraced fields of | Conjunction, preposition, noun common feminine plural construct |
| עֲמֹרָ֑ה | Gomorrah | Noun proper |
| עֲנָבֵ֙מוֹ֙ | grapes their | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| עִנְּבֵי־ | [are] grapes of | Noun common, masculine plural construct |
| ר֔וֹשׁ | poison | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| אַשְׁכְּלֹ֥ת | clusters | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| מְרֹרֹ֖ת | [are] bitter | N-fp |
| לָֽמוֹ׃ | of them | Preposition, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | But their vine is from the vine of Sodom and from the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes are poisonous; their clusters are bitter. |
| KJV | For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter: |
| ASV | For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, And of the fields of Gomorrah: Their grapes are grapes of gall, Their clusters are bitter: |
| YLT | For of the vine of Sodom their vine [is], And of the fields of Gomorrah; Their grapes [are] grapes of gall — They have bitter clusters; |
| WEB | For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, of the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes are poison grapes. Their clusters are bitter. |
| BBE | For their vine is the vine of Sodom, from the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are the grapes of evil, and the berries are bitter: |
Where they part company is מְרֹרֹ֖ת — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has a main clause followed by several descriptive phrases that detail the nature of the vine and its fruit.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Deuteronomy 32:32
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Song of Mosesgenerated
Deuteronomy 32:32 reflects on the unfaithfulness of Israel, comparing their vine to that of Sodom and Gomorrah. This passage is part of a larger song that Moses recited to remind the Israelites of their covenant with God and the consequences of turning away from Him. The imagery of vine and grapes serves to illustrate the bitterness and corruption resulting from their actions, as seen in the following verses that further describe the consequences of their choices.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 1:10 | Hear the word of the LORD, you rulers of Sodom; listen to the instruction of our God, you people of Gomorrah! |
| 2 | Jeremiah 2:21 | I had planted you like a choice vine from the very best seed. How could you turn yourself before Me into a rotten, wild vine? |
| 3 | Lamentations 4:6 | The punishment of the daughter of my people is greater than that of Sodom, which was overthrown in an instant without a hand turned to help her. |
| 4 | Ezekiel 16:45–51 | You are the daughter of your mother, who despised her husband and children. You are the sister of your sisters, who despised their husbands and children. Your mother was a Hittite and your father an Amorite. |
| 5 | Matthew 11:24 | But I tell you that it will be more bearable for Sodom on the day of judgment than for you.” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — מְרֹרֹ֖ת, me.ro.Rotgenerated
The word מְרֹרֹ֖ת (me.ro.Rot) is derived from the root for bitterness and refers to something very bitter, like gall. In this verse, it describes the clusters of grapes that are not only sour but also harmful, emphasizing the negative consequences of Israel's actions.
This word highlights the severity of the situation. The grapes, which should be sweet and nourishing, are instead poisonous, reflecting the spiritual state of Israel. The use of this term underscores the depth of their corruption and the pain it brings.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main clause is centered around the finite verb that describes the state of their vine, with multiple phrases detailing its source and the nature of the grapes. The structure emphasizes the contrast between what is expected of a vine and the reality of the one being described.
The Hebrew word order places the source of the vine first, emphasizing the corrupted lineage of the vine from Sodom and Gomorrah, followed by the description of the grapes, which are poisonous and bitter, reinforcing the negative outcome.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the word מְרֹרֹ֖ת is rendered as πικρίας, which means 'bitterness.' This choice narrows the focus to the taste aspect, while the Hebrew carries a broader implication of toxicity and harm. The translation reflects a slightly different emphasis on the nature of the grapes.
The Greek word for 'vine' is ἄμπελος, which aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning, maintaining the agricultural imagery while possibly losing some of the moral implications present in the Hebrew context.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Deuteronomy 32:32 compares Israel's vine to that of Sodom and Gomorrah, indicating that their fruit is bitter and poisonous. This imagery illustrates the consequences of their actions and the corruption of their ways.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The comparison highlights the corruption and wickedness of Israel, suggesting that their actions are as destructive as those of Sodom and Gomorrah.
The poisonous grapes symbolize the harmful consequences of Israel's unfaithfulness and the bitterness that results from their choices.
The vine is a common symbol for Israel, representing prosperity and fruitfulness, so its corruption signifies a profound spiritual failure.
This verse serves as a warning within the Song of Moses, reminding Israel of the consequences of turning away from God and the importance of remaining faithful.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways can I identify areas in my life where I might be drawing from a corrupted source?
- How can I cultivate a 'vine' in my life that reflects faithfulness and fruitfulness?
- What are some practical steps I can take to avoid the bitterness that comes from poor choices?
- How does understanding the consequences of Israel's actions help me in my own walk of faith?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early church fathers have referenced this verse to discuss the consequences of sin, particularly in relation to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
It was the work of the good God, indeed, to destroy the land of the Sodomites and to dry up all its remaining moisture, so that there might no longer be a vineyard of the Sodomites, or a vine branch of Gomorrah, or grapes of gall,Early Church Fathers on Deuteronomy 32 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Deuteronomy 32:32 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleFor their vine [is] of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah,.... This respects the false Christians in the Roman empire, who should have taken warning by the Jews, and not have embraced
Read John Gill on Deuteronomy 32 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryFor their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter: Their vine is of the vine of Sodom.
Read Robert Jamieson on Deuteronomy 32 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleFor, or but; for these words seem to contain an answer to that question, , How should, &c. To this he answers, 1. Negatively; It was not from impotency in God, for if he had not forsaken and delivered them up, they could not have been so easily chased. 2. Positively; But, saith he, the true reason was this, their vine, &c. Of the vine of Sodom: The people of Israel, which I planted and brought up as a choice vine, are now degenerated and become like the vine of Sodom; their principles and practices are all corrupt and abominable. Compare . Their clusters are bitter; their fruits or actions are most loathsome to me, malicious and mischievous to others, and at last will be pernicious to…
Read Matthew Poole on Deuteronomy 32 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsDeuteronomy 32:32 For their vine [is] of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes [are] grapes of gall, their clusters [are] bitter:Ver. 32. For their vine is of the vine.] Vitis non vinifera, sed venenifera. The vine is the wicked nature, the grapes are the evil works. So Isaiah 59:5; - "They hatch cockatrice’ eggs, and weave the spider’ s web"; vanity or villainy is their whole trade; "he that eateth of their eggs dieth," &c. Look how the bird that sitteth on the serpent’ s eggs, by breaking and hatching them, brings forth a perilous brood to her own destruction: so do those that are yet in the state of nature, being the heirs of original and the fathers of actual…
Read John Trapp on Deuteronomy 32 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(32) Their vine—i.e., Israel’s,” not the enemies; going back to Deuteronomy 32:30, “Their Rock,” i.e., Israel’s Rock, “had sold them . . . for their vine is of the vine of Sodom.” Comp. Hosea 10:1 : “Israel is an empty vine; he bringeth forth fruit unto himself;” and Isaiah 5:2; Isaiah 5:7 : “He looked that it should bring forth grapes, and it brought forth wild grapes . . . He looked for judgment, but behold oppression; for righteousness, but behold a cry.”
Read Charles John Ellicott on Deuteronomy 32 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 32. For their vine is of the vine of Sodom] The Jews are as wicked and rebellious as the Sodomites; for by the vine the inhabitants of the land are signified; see Isaiah 5:2; Isaiah 5:7. Their grapes] Their actions, are gall and worm-wood-producing nothing but mischief and misery to themselves and others. Their clusters are bitter] Their united exertions, as well as their individual acts, are sin, and only sin, continually. That by vine is meant the people, and by grapes their moral conduct, is evident from Isaiah 5:1-7. It is very likely that the grapes produced about the lake Asphaltites, where Sodom and Gomorrah formerly stood, were not only of an acrid, disagreeable taste, but of…
Read AdamClarke on Deuteronomy 32 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges32. These foes of Israel are of the same stock morally (can one produce grapes of thistles?) as the cities whose destruction for their wickedness was proverbial. They are therefore doomed. fields] Heb. sedemôth, a rare word of uncertain meaning. Tracts is probably nearer it. It may have been chosen here for its assonance to Sedom in the previous line.
Read Cambridge on Deuteronomy 32 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible32. For their vine is of the vine of Sodom — Israel is compared to a vine. For similar imagery comp. Psalms 80:8 : “Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt.” So in Isaiah, chap.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Deuteronomy 32 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
But their vine is from the vine of Sodom and from the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes are poisonous; their clusters are bitter.
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, of the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes are poison grapes. Their clusters are bitter.
But their vine is from the vine of Sodom and from the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes are poisonous; their clusters are bitter.
For their vine is from the stock of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes contain venom, their clusters of grapes are bitter.
Tyndale line
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, And of the fields of Gomorrah: Their grapes are grapes of gall, Their clusters are bitter:
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, And of the fields of Gomorrah: Their grapes are grapes of gall, Their clusters are bitter:
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the vines of Gomorah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters be bitter.
Strictly literal
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, And of the fields of Gomorrah: Their grapes are grapes of poison, Bitter are their clusters;
For of the vine of Sodom their vine [is], And of the fields of Gomorrah; Their grapes [are] grapes of gall — They have bitter clusters;
For their vine [is] of the vine of Sodom, || And of the fields of Gomorrah; Their grapes [are] grapes of gall—They have bitter clusters;
For from the vine of Sodom is their vine, and from the fields of Gomorrah; their grapes are grapes of gall, they bear bitter clusters.
For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomorrah; their grapes are grapes of poison; their clusters are bitter.
From the Latin
Their vines are of the vineyard of Sodom, and of the suburbs of Gomorrha: their grapes are grapes of gall, and their clusters most bitter.
Simplified
But their vine comes from the vine of Sodom, from the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes are poisonous; they are bitter bunches.
For their vine is the vine of Sodom, from the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are the grapes of evil, and the berries are bitter:
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text is supported by the Septuagint in most respects, though the Samaritan Pentateuch differs in five words, altering some of the imagery. The Dead Sea Scrolls fragment shows partial agreement with the MT, indicating a consistent tradition in the transmission of this verse.
כִּֽי־ מִגֶּ֤פֶן סְדֹם֙ גַּפְנָ֔ם וּמִשַּׁדְמֹ֖ת עֲמֹרָ֑ה עֲנָבֵ֙מוֹ֙ עִנְּבֵי־ ר֔וֹשׁ אַשְׁכְּלֹ֥ת מְרֹרֹ֖ת לָֽמוֹ׃
10 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
כי מגפן סדם גפנם ומשׁדמות עמרה ענביהם ענבי ראשׁ ואשׁכלי מררות למו
5 words differ from the Masoretic Text: שׁדמות (terrace), ענביהם (grape), ראשׁ (head), אשׁכלי (grape), מררות (bitter)
ענב י׳המה ענב רוש אשכל ות מררים ל׳מו
8 words of the verse are on this fragment — 2 partly restored.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Deuteronomy 32:32
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'
כִּי conj. that, for, when
that
Of time, when, of the past
elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
Because, since
base
כִּי אם־
each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:
that if
for if
(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—
limiting the prec. clause, except
the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
after an oath, surely
base
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that
. . Of time, when, of the past
. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
. Because, since
H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if
. for if
. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except
. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
. after an oath, surely
H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
3588 kiy kee
a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional
prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent
or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative
conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by
other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,
where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,
even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +
nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,
therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,
whether, while, whom, yea, yet.
כִּי (ki) — for.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if
1f) but rather, but
1g) except that
1h) only, nevertheless
1i) surely
1j) that is
1k) but if
1l) for though
1m) forasmuch as, for therefore
כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.
1) except if
1a) but if
1b) even though
כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
Conj — ParticleHTc
for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.
In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…
גֶּ֫פֶן (gephen) means 'vine' and is derived from a root suggesting bending, reflecting the twining nature of vines. It encompasses literal uses, such as the grapevine, as well as metaphorical applications related to prosperity and even the fading of stars at divine judgment.
גֶּ֫פֶן n.f. vine
base
H1612 גֶּ֫פֶן vine
1612 gephen gheh'-fen
from an unused root meaning to bend; a vine (as twining),
especially the grape:--vine, tree.
גֶּ֫פֶן (ge.phen) — vine.
1) vine, vine tree
1a) of Israel (fig.)
1b) of stars fading at Jehovah's judgment (metaph.)
1c) of prosperity
Prep | N-cs — Preposition · noun common both singular constructHR/Ncbsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
סְדֹם (sedom) refers to Sodom, a significant Canaanite city often mentioned alongside Gomorrah. The name is linked to the idea of burning, possibly due to its volcanic or bituminous landscape. It is located near the Dead Sea and is known for its destruction by divine judgment.
סְדֹם 39 n.pr.loc. Sodom, important Canaanitish name (usu.) with Gomorrah
base
H5467 סְדֹם Sodom, important Canaanitish name (usu.) with Gomorrah
5467 Cdom sed-ome'
from an unused root meaning to scorch; burnt (i.e. volcanic
or bituminous) district; Sedom, a place near the Dead Sea:--
Sodom.
סְדֹם (se.dom) — Sodom.
Sodom = "burning"
a Canaanite city, usually paired with Gomorrah, located in the area of the Dead Sea and the Jordan river; both cities destroyed by God in judgment
Also named: Sodoma (Σόδομα "Sodom" G4670)
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
sod'-um (cedhom; Sodoma) One of the 5 CITIES OF THE PLAIN (which see), destroyed by fire from heaven in the time of Abraham and Lot (Ge 19:24). The wickedness of the city became proverbial. The sin of sodomy was an offense against nature frequently connected with idolatrous practices (see Rawlinson, History of Phoenicia). See SODOMITE. The fate of Sodom and Gomorrah is used as a warning to those who reject the gospel (Mt 10:15; 11:24; 2Pe 2:6; Jude 1:7). The word is used in a typical sense in Re 11:8. Sodom was probably located in plain South of the Dead Sea, now covered with water. The name is still preserved in Jebel…
Sodom
Burning; the walled, a city in the vale of Siddim (Gen. 13:10; 14:1-16). The wickedness of its inhabitants brought down upon it fire from heaven, by which it was destroyed (18:16-33; 19:1-29; Deut. 23:17). This city and its awful destruction are frequently alluded to in Scripture (Deut. 29:23; 32:32; Isa. 1:9, 10; 3:9; 13:19; Jer. 23:14; Ezek. 16:46-56; Zeph. 2:9; Matt. 10:15; Rom. 9:29;
(burning), one of the most ancient cities of Syria. It is commonly mentioned in connection with Gomorrah, but also with Admah and Zeboim, and on one occasion -- (Genesis 14:1) ... --with Bela or Zoar. Sodom was evidently the chief town in the settlement. The four are first named in the ethnological records of (Genesis 10:19) as belonging to the Canaanites. The next mention of the name of Sodom, (Genesis 13:10-13) gives more certain indication of the position of the city. Abram and Lot are standing together between Bethel and Ai, ver. 3, taking a survey of the land around and below them. Eastward of them, and absolutely at their feet, lay the "circle of Jordan." The whole circle was one great oasis --"a garden of Jehovah."…
One of the cities of the plain, and for some time the dwellingplace of Lot, Ge 13:10-13 14:12. Its crimes and vices were so enormous, that God destroyed it by fire from heaven, with three neighboring cities, Gomorrah, Zeboim, and Admah, which were as wicked as itself, Ge 19:1-20. The plain of Siddim in which they stood was pleasant and fruitful, like an earthy paradise; but it was first burned, and afterwards mostly overflowed by the waters of the Dead Sea or Lake of Sodom. See JORDAN, and SEA 3.
The prophets, in denouncing woes upon other countries, mention the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, and intimate that these places shall be desert and dried up and uninhabited, Jer 49:18 50:40; that they shall be covered with briers…
גֶּ֫פֶן (gephen) means 'vine' and is derived from a root suggesting bending, reflecting the twining nature of vines. It encompasses literal uses, such as the grapevine, as well as metaphorical applications related to prosperity and even the fading of stars at divine judgment.
גֶּ֫פֶן n.f. vine
base
H1612 גֶּ֫פֶן vine
1612 gephen gheh'-fen
from an unused root meaning to bend; a vine (as twining),
especially the grape:--vine, tree.
גֶּ֫פֶן (ge.phen) — vine.
1) vine, vine tree
1a) of Israel (fig.)
1b) of stars fading at Jehovah's judgment (metaph.)
1c) of prosperity
N-cs | Suff — Noun common both singular construct · suffixHNcbsc/Sp3mp
שְׁדֵמָה (shdemah) means 'field' and is derived from a related term. It refers to a cultivated area, and can also imply a blasted field. The entries consistently define it as a type of field without significant disagreement.
[שְׁדֵמָה] n.f. field
base
H7709 [שְׁדֵמָה] field
7709 shdemah shed-ay-maw'
apparently from 7704; a cultivated field; -- blasted, field.
see HEBREW for 07704
שְׁדֵמָה (she.de.mah) — field.
field
Also means: she.re.mah (שְׁרֵמָה "field" H8309)
Conj | Prep | N-fp — Conjunction · preposition · noun common feminine plural constructHC/R/Ncfpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
עֲמֹרָה (Amorah) refers to Gomorrah, a city known for its wickedness and destruction by divine judgment. The term is derived from a root meaning 'a (ruined) heap.' It is often associated with Sodom, and both cities are noted for their sinful nature in biblical texts.
עֲמֹרָה 19 n.pr.loc. Gomorrah
base
H6017 עֲמֹרָה Gomorrah
6017 `Amorah am-o-raw'
from 6014; a (ruined) heap; Amorah, a place in
Palestine:--Gomorrah.
see HEBREW for 06014
עֲמֹרָה (a.mo.rah) — Gomorrah.
Gomorrah = "submersion"
the twin-city in evil with Sodom, both destroyed in judgment by God with fire from heaven
Also named: Gomorra (Γόμορρα "Gomorrah" G1116)
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
go-mor'-a (`amorah; Septuagint and New Testament Gomorra, or Gomorra; Arabic Ghamara, "to overwhelm with water"): One of the CITIES OF THE PLAIN (which see) destroyed by fire from heaven in the time of Abraham and Lot (Ge 19:23-29). It was located probably in the plain South of the Dead Sea, now covered with water. See ARABAH; CITIES OF THE PLAIN; DEAD SEA. De Saulcy, however, with others who place the Cities of the Plain at the North end of the Dead Sea, fixes upon Khumran (or Gumran), marked on the Survey Map of Palestine North of Ras Feshkeh, where there are ruins about a mile from the Dead Sea. But there is nothing to support this view except the faint resemblance of the name and the inconclusive arguments placing the Cities of the Plain at that end of the sea.
George Frederick Wright
Gomorrah
Submersion, one of the five cities of the plain of Siddim (q.v.) which were destroyed by fire (Gen. 10:19; 13:10; 19:24, 28). These cities probably stood close together, and were near the northern extremity of what is now the Dead Sea. This city is always mentioned next after Sodom, both of which were types of impiety and wickedness (Gen. 18:20; Rom. 9:29). Their destruction is mentioned as an “ensample unto those that after should live ungodly” (2 Pet. 2:6; Jude 1:4-7). Their wickedness became proverbial (Deut. 32:32;
(submersion), one of the five "cities of the plain" or "vale of Siddim" that under the irrespective kings joined battle there with Chedorlaomer (Genesis 14:2-8) and his allies by whom they were discomfited till Abraham came to the rescue. Four out of the five were afterwards destroyed by the Lord with fire from heaven. (Genesis 19:23-29) One of them only, Zoar (or Bela; which was its original name), was spared at the request of Lot, in order that he might take refuge there. The geographical position of these cities is discussed under SODOM.
One of the cities in the fruitful vale of Siddim, near the southern part of the ancient Dead Sea, miraculously blasted by God. See SODOM.
עֵנָב (enab) means 'grape' or 'grapes,' referring to the fruit. It is derived from a root that likely means to bear fruit. The entries consistently focus on the fruit itself, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.
עֵנָב n.m. grape(s)
base
H6025 עֵנָב grape(s)
6025 `enab ay-nawb'
from an unused root probably meaning to bear fruit; a
grape:--(ripe) grape, wine.
עֵנָב (e.nav) — grape.
grape(s)
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3mp
עֵנָב (enab) means 'grape' or 'grapes,' referring to the fruit. It is derived from a root that likely means to bear fruit. The entries consistently focus on the fruit itself, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.
עֵנָב n.m. grape(s)
base
H6025 עֵנָב grape(s)
6025 `enab ay-nawb'
from an unused root probably meaning to bear fruit; a
grape:--(ripe) grape, wine.
עֵנָב (e.nav) — grape.
grape(s)
HNcmpc — Noun common · masculine plural constructHNcmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
רֹאשׁ (ro'sh) refers to a bitter and poisonous herb, often associated with venom or poison. The entries suggest it may specifically denote a plant like the poppy, and it is used figuratively to indicate bitterness or toxicity. The term appears in contexts related to poison, gall, and hemlock.
רֹאשׁ and רוֹשׁ n.m. a bitter and poisonous herb, then venom, alw. fig.
base
H7219 רֹאשׁ and רוֹשׁ a bitter and poisonous herb, then venom, alw. fig.
7219 ro'sh roshe
or rowsh (Deut. 32:32) {roshe}; apparently the same as 7218;
a poisonous plant, probably the poppy (from its conspicuous
head); generally poison (even of serpents):--gall, hemlock,
poison, venom.
see HEBREW for 07218
רֹאשׁ (rosh) — poison.
gall, venom, bitter, poisonous
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
poi'-z'-n (chemah, ro'-sh; thumos, ios): Residents in Palestine must, from the first, have been acquainted with venomous serpents. Six species of these are widely diffused in the land, and at least three of them are fairly common in places. Besides, there are scorpions, centipedes and the large spider, which are as much dreaded by the fellahin as are the serpents, not to speak of the minor but very serious discomforts of mosquitoes, sandflies and ticks, some of which were credited with lethal powers. In The Wisdom of Solomon 16:9 the Revised Version (British and American) we read that "the bites of locusts and flies did slay, and there was not found a healing for their life." There are also many poisonous plants, such as belladonna, henbane, thorn apple, and the opium poppy. None of these is mentioned in the Bible; the only names found there are the hemlock (Conium maculatum) of
Poison
(1.) Heb. hemah, “heat,” the poison of certain venomous reptiles (Deut. 32:24, 33; Job 6:4; Ps. 58:4), causing inflammation.
(2.) Heb. rosh, “a head,” a poisonous plant (Deut. 29:18), growing luxuriantly (Hos. 10:4), of a bitter taste (Ps. 69:21; Lam. 3:5), and coupled with wormwood; probably the poppy. This word is rendered “gall”, q.v., (Deut. 29:18; 32:33; Ps. 69:21;
אֶשְׁכּוֹל (eshkowl) means 'cluster,' specifically referring to a bunch of grapes or flowers. The entries highlight its use as a metaphor for love, particularly in the context of flowers. The word is likely derived from a related term, but the exact derivation is not detailed.
אֶשְׁכּוֹל n.m. cluster
cluster of grapes
cluster of henna-flowers
base
H811 אֶשְׁכּוֹל cluster
811 'eshkowl esh-kole'
or meshkol {esh-kole'}; probably prolonged from 810; a bunch
of grapes or other fruit:--cluster (of grapes).
see HEBREW for 0810
אֶשְׁכּוֹל (esh.kol) — cluster.
1) cluster
1a) of grapes
1b) of flowers (metaphor of lover)
N-mp — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
מְרֹרָה (mrorah) refers to a bitter substance, including gall and poison. It is derived from the root word for bitterness and can denote bile or venom, particularly from a serpent. The entries consistently emphasize its association with bitterness and toxic substances.
[מְרֹרָה] n.f. bitter thing, gall, poison
base
H4846 [מְרֹרָה] bitter thing, gall, poison
4846 mrorah mer-o-raw'
or mrowrah {mer-o-raw'}; from 4843; properly, bitterness;
concretely, a bitter thing; specifically bile; also venom (of
a serpent):--bitter (thing), gall.
see HEBREW for 04843
מְרֹרָה (me.ro.rah) — gall.
1) bitter thing, gall, poison
1a) gall, gall-bladder (seat of gall)
1b) poison, venom
1c) bitter thing
1d) bitterness
N-fp — N-fpHAafpa
Bitter
Bitterness is symbolical of affliction, misery, and servitude (Ex. 1:14; Ruth 1:20; Jer. 9:15). The Chaldeans are called the “bitter and hasty nation” (Hab. 1:6). The “gall of bitterness” expresses a state of great wickedness (Acts 8:23). A “root of bitterness” is a wicked person or a dangerous sin (Heb. 12:15).
The Passover was to be eaten with “bitter herbs” (Ex. 12:8; Num. 9:11). The kind of herbs so designated is not known. Probably they were…
הֶם (hem) — them.
Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural
HRd/Sp3mp — Preposition · suffixHRd/Sp3mp