1 Kings 4:17 — Word Study
WLCיְהוֹשָׁפָ֥ט בֶּן־ פָּר֖וּחַ בְּיִשָׂשכָֽר׃ ס
BSAJehoshaphatYᵉhôwshâphâṭ [son of God, Jehova's gift] sonbên [descendant, offspring] of ParuahPârûwach△ [father of Jehoshaphat, Israelite leader] in IssacharYissâˢkâr [within the territory of, belonging to, the 9th son of Jacob, tribe of recompense]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| יְהוֹשָׁפָ֥ט | Jehoshaphat | Noun proper masculine |
| בֶּן־ | [the] son of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| פָּר֖וּחַ | Paruah | Noun proper masculine |
| בְּיִשָׂשכָֽר׃ ס | in Issachar | Preposition, noun proper masculine |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Jehoshaphat son of Paruah in Issachar; |
| KJV | Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar: |
| ASV | Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar; |
| YLT | Jehoshaphat Ben-Paruah [is] in Issachar. |
| WEB | Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar; |
| BBE | Jehoshaphat, the son of Paruah, in Issachar; |
There are no significant differences among the translations on this verse.
The sentence is structured simply, with a main clause followed by a lineage and a location, emphasizing the identity of Jehoshaphat.
6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 4 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — 1 Kings 4:17
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Governors of Israelgenerated
1 Kings 4:17 lists Jehoshaphat, son of Paruah, as one of the officials appointed by King Solomon. This verse is part of a broader account of the administrative structure of Israel during Solomon's reign, highlighting the organization of the kingdom and the roles of various leaders. The mention of Jehoshaphat signifies his importance in the governance of the tribe of Issachar.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joshua 19:17–23 | The fourth lot came out for the clans of the tribe of Issachar: |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 1 reference, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — יְהוֹשָׁפָט, ye.ho.sha.Fatgenerated
The name יְהוֹשָׁפָט (*Yhowshaphat*) means 'Jehovah has judged.' It refers specifically to a king of Judah, known for his piety and prosperity, as well as to other individuals in the biblical narrative. The parsing indicates it is a proper noun, masculine, and occurs frequently in the text, highlighting its significance in the history of Israel.
Jehoshaphat's role as an official during Solomon's reign connects him to the larger narrative of Israel's governance and the legacy of the Davidic line. His name reflects a divine judgment, suggesting a connection to God's oversight in the affairs of Israel.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations generally agree on the identification of Jehoshaphat as the son of Paruah in Issachar.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The sentence has a simple structure with a main clause identifying Jehoshaphat as the subject: יְהוֹשָׁפָט Jehoshaphat. It is followed by a noun phrase indicating his lineage, בֶּן־ son of פָּר֖וּחַ Paruah, and a prepositional phrase specifying his location: בְּיִשָׂשכָֽר׃ in Issachar.
The straightforward order emphasizes Jehoshaphat's identity and lineage, with the prepositional phrase providing essential context about his tribal affiliation.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יְהוֹשָׁפָט as ιωσαφατ, maintaining the same name but adapting it to Greek phonetics. This shows a continuity of identity across translations.
The use of υἱὸς for בֶּן־ reflects a common Greek rendering for 'son', indicating a direct translation of familial relationships.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
1 Kings 4:17 tells us that Jehoshaphat is the son of Paruah and is associated with the tribe of Issachar. This verse is part of a list of officials during King Solomon's reign, showing how the kingdom was organized.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Jehoshaphat was a king of Judah known for his faithfulness to God and his efforts to strengthen the kingdom.
The name Jehoshaphat means 'Jehovah has judged', indicating a divine connection.
Issachar was one of the tribes of Israel, descended from Jacob's son of the same name, and is associated with reward and recompense.
Paruah was the father of Jehoshaphat and is mentioned as an Israelite leader during Solomon's reign.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What qualities made Jehoshaphat a notable leader in Israel?
- How does the lineage of leaders affect the governance of a nation?
- What can we learn from the organization of Solomon's officials about leadership?
- How does the meaning of Jehoshaphat's name reflect the character of God in leadership?
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on 1 Kings 4:17 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleJehoshaphat the son of Paruah in Issachar. In the tribe of Issachar; he had the whole tribe at his command to make a monthly provision out of for the king once a year, as had the preceding officer and the following one.
Read John Gill on 1 Kings 4 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryBaanah the son of Hushai was in Asher and in Aloth: No JFB commentary on these verses.
Read Robert Jamieson on 1 Kings 4 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments1 Kings 4:17 Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar:Ver. 17. Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah.] And, therefore, not the same with that Jehoshaphat in 1 Kings 4:3.
Read John Trapp on 1 Kings 4 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(17) The tenth division, the territory of Issachar, lying north of Manasseh, included part of the great plain of Esdraelon, and must have been so closely connected with the fifth division that the frontiers could hardly be discerned.
Read Charles John Ellicott on 1 Kings 4 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges17. in Issachar] The tribe of Zebulon came to the south of Naphtali, and south of this was Issachar. Jezreel and Gilboa were in this tribe.
Read Cambridge on 1 Kings 4 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible17. In Issachar — See at Joshua 19:17-23.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on 1 Kings 4 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Jehoshaphat son of Paruah in Issachar;
Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar;
Jehoshaphat son of Paruah in Issachar;
Jehoshaphat son of Paruah was in charge of Issachar.
Tyndale line
Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar:
Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar;
Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar:
Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar:
Iehoshaphat the sonne of Paruah in Issachar.
Strictly literal
Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar.
Jehoshaphat Ben-Paruah [is] in Issachar.
Jehoshaphat Ben-Paruah [is] in Issachar;
Jehoshaphat the son of Paruach, in Issachar;
Jehoshaphat son of Paruah, in Issachar;
From the Latin
Josaphat the son of Pharue, in Issachar.
Simplified
Jehoshaphat, son of Paruah, in Issachar;
Jehoshaphat, the son of Paruah, in Issachar;
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of this verse, with all four Hebrew words matching their Greek counterparts, indicating a consistent transmission of this part of the text.
יְהוֹשָׁפָ֥ט בֶּן־ פָּר֖וּחַ בְּיִשָׂשכָֽר׃ ס
4 of the 4 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in 1 Kings 4:17
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word יְהוֹשָׁפָט (*Yhowshaphat*) means 'Jehovah has judged.' It refers to several individuals, including a king of Judah, a chronicler, and a priest during the time of David, as well as a valley near Jerusalem associated with ultimate judgment. The entries note that Jehoshaphat was a significant king known for his piety and prosperity.
יְהוֹשָׁפָט, יוֹשָׁפָט n.pr.m. (י׳ hath judged)
king of Judah, son of Asa
father of Jehu king of Israel
chronicler under David & Solomon, son of Ahilud
one of Sol.’s 12 officers who provided victuals for the royal household
one of David’s heroes
a priest & trumpeter in David’s time
in n.pr.loc., symbolical name of a valley near Jerusalem, place of ultimate judgment.
base
H3092 יְהוֹשָׁפָט, יוֹשָׁפָט
3092 Yhowshaphat yeh-ho-shaw-fawt'
from 3068 and 8199; Jehovah-judged; Jehoshaphat, the name of
six Israelites; also of a valley near Jerusalem:--Jehoshaphat.
Compare 3146.
see HEBREW for 03068
see HEBREW for 08199
see HEBREW for 03146
יְהוֹשָׁפָט (ye.ho.sha.phat) — Jehoshaphat.
A man living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 2Sa.8.16;
son of: Ahilud (H0286);
brother of: Baana (H1195)
§ Jehoshaphat = "Jehovah has judged"
1) son of king Asa and himself king of Judah for 25 years; one of the best, most pious, and prosperous kings of Judah
2) son of Nimshi and father of king Jehu of the northern kingdom of Israel
3) son of Ahilud and chronicler under David and Solomon
4) son of Paruah and one of the 12 commissary officers under Solomon
5) a priest and trumpeter in the time of David
6) symbolical name of a valley near Jerusalem which is the place of ultimate judgment; maybe the deep ravine which separates Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives through which the Kidron flowed
יְהוֹשָׁפָט (ye.ho.sha.phat) — Jehoshaphat.
A man living at the time of United Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ki.4.17;
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
Jehoshaphat
Jehovah-judged. (1.) One of David’s body-guard (1 Chr. 11:43).
(2.) One of the priests who accompanied the removal of the ark to Jerusalem (1 Chr. 15:24).
(3.) Son of Ahilud, “recorder” or annalist under David and Solomon (2 Sam. 8:16), a state officer of high rank, chancellor or vizier of the kingdom.
(4.) Solomon’s purveyor in Issachar (1 Kings 4:17).
(5.) The son and successor of Asa, king of Judah. After fortifying his kingdom against Israel (2 Chr. 17:1, 2), he set himself to cleanse the land of idolatry (1 Kings 22:43). In the third year of his…
(whom Jehovah judges.) King of Judah, son of Asa, succeeded to the throne B.C. 914, when he was 35 years old, and reigned 25 years. His history is to be found among the events recorded in (1 Kings 15:24; 2 Kings 8:16) or in a continuous narrative in (2 Chronicles 17:1; 2 Chronicles 21:3) He was contemporary with Ahab, Ahaziah and Jehoram. He was one of the best, most pious and prosperous kings of Judah, the greatest since Solomon. At first he strengthened himself against Israel; but soon afterward the two Hebrew kings formed an alliance. In his own kingdom Jehoshaphat ever showed himself a zealous follower of the commandments of God: he tried to put down the high places and…
A pious king of Judah, the son and successor of Asa. He began to reign at the age of thirty-five, about the year 914 B. C., and reigned twenty-five years. His history is found in 1Ki 15:24 22:1-53 2Ch 17:1-20:37. He was distinguished by his zeal for true religion, and his firm trust in God. He thoroughly cleansed the land from idolatry, restored the divine ordinances, and provided for the religious instruction of the people. His government was highly prospered at home and abroad. The great error of his life was an entangling alliance with the wicked Ahab, whose infamous daughter Athaliah early began to afflict the kingdom of Judah, of which she was afterwards the queen. Jehoshaphat was beguiled by Ahab into an unsuccessful war with the Syrians, but soon resumed his labors in…
the Lord is judge
בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'male child' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including descendants, young animals, and even figurative uses like sparks or arrows. It can refer to members of a tribe or class and is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Chronicles 24:26. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and implies a connection to family or lineage.
בֵּן 4870 n.m. son
son, male child, born of a woman
children (male and female)
youth, young men
the young of animals
of plant shoots
fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows
member of a guild, order or class
of animals son of (the) herd
ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.
n. relat. of age
base
בְּנוֹ 1 Ch 24:26, 27 as n.pr.m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son, cf. VB & Be Öt.
done
H1121a בֵּן son . son, male child, born of a woman
. children (male and female)
. youth, young men
. the young of animals
. of plant shoots
. fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows
. . member of a guild, order or class
. of animals son of (the) herd
. ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.
. n. relat. of age
H1121b בְּנוֹ as n. pr. m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son
1121 ben bane
from 1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the
widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship,
including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition,
etc., (like 1, 251, etc.)):--+ afflicted, age, (Ahoh-)
(Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-)ite, (anoint-)ed one, appointed to,
(+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-)ian, one born,
bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, X
came up in, child, colt, X common, X corn, daughter, X of
first, + firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, X in, +
kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+)
people, + rebel, + robber, X servant born, X soldier, son, +
spark, + steward, + stranger, X surely, them of, + tumultuous
one, + valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.
see HEBREW for 01129
see HEBREW for 01
see HEBREW for 0251
בֵּן (ben) — son: child.
: child/son
בְּנוֹ (be.no) — Beno.
A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ch.24.26;
son of: Jaaziah (H3269);
brother of: Shoham (H7719), Zaccur (H2139I) and Ibri (H5681)
§ Beno = "his son"
the sons of Jaaziah and the sons of Merari by Jaahziah (his son)
בֵּן (ben) — son: descendant/people.
: descendant, people, tribe, nation
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : child/son
בֵּן (ben) — son: young animal.
: calf/lamb/young(ANIMAL)
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : descendant
בֵּן (ben) — son: type of.
: rebel/son(Belial)
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : people/men/nation/tribe
בֵּן (ben) — son.
: [inheriting]son/heir
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
בֵּן (ben) — son: warrior.
: warrior/son(strong)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
פָּרוּחַ (Paruwach) refers to an Israelite mentioned in the Old Testament, specifically in 1 Kings 4:17, as the father of Jehoshaphat. The name is derived from a term meaning 'blossomed' or 'sprout.' It is noted as a passive participle of another root, but the entries do not provide further details on its usage beyond this context.
פָּרוּחַ n.pr.m. in Issachar 1 K 4:17
ref
H6515 פָּרוּחַ
6515 Paruwach paw-roo'-akh
passive participle of 6524; blossomed; Paruach, an
Israelite:--Paruah.
see HEBREW for 06524
פָּרוּחַ (pa.ru.ach) — Paruah.
A man living at the time of United Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ki.4.17;
father of: Jehoshaphat (H3092H)
§ Paruah = "sprout"
father of Jehoshaphat, Solomon's commissariat officer in Issachar
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
pa-roo'-a (paruach "blooming"): Father of Jehoshaphat, who was one of Solomon's twelve victualers or providers, and had charge in Isaachar of this function (1Ki 4:17).
Paruah
Flourishing, the father of Jehoshaphat, appointed to provide monthly supplies for Solomon from the tribe of Issachar (1 Kings 4:17).
(flourishing), the father of Jehoshaphat, Solomon’s commissariat officer in Issachar. (1 Kings 4:17) (B.C. about 1017.)
flourishing; that flies away
יִשָּׂשכָר (Yissaskar) refers to Issachar, the ninth son of Jacob and Leah, and the progenitor of the tribe named after him. The name means 'there is recompense' and is associated with a territory in Canaan. Additionally, there is a Korahite Levite named Issachar, mentioned in the context of temple duties.
יִשָּׂשכָר 43 n.pr.m. Issachar
base
H3485 יִשָּׂשכָר Issachar
3485 Yissaskar yis-saw-kawr'
(strictly yis-saws-kawr'); from 5375 and 7939; he will bring
a reward; Jissaskar, a son of Jacob:--Issachar.
see HEBREW for 05375
see HEBREW for 07939
יִשָּׂשכָר (yis.sa.s.khar) — Issachar.
A man of the tribe of Issachar living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.30.18;
son of: Israel (H3478) and Leah (H3812);
brother of: Reuben (H7205), Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Zebulun (H2074) and Dinah (H1783);
half-brother of: Dan (H1835H), Naphtali (H5321), Gad (H1410), Asher (H0836), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144);
father of: Tola (H8439), Puah (H6312), Jashub (H3437H) and Shimron (H8110B)
Also named: Isachar (Ἰσαχάρ "Issachar" G2466)
§ Issachar = "there is recompense"
1) the 9th son of Jacob and the 5th by Leah his first wife and the progenitor of a tribe by his name
2) a Korahite Levite and the 7th son of Obed-edom and doorkeeper to the temple
3) the tribe descended from Issachar the son of Jacob
4) the territory allocated to the descendants of Issachar when they entered the land of Canaan
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun proper masculineHR/Npm
is'-a-kar (yissa(se)khar; Septuagint, Swete Issachar; Tischendorf, Issachar, so also in the New Testament, Tregelles, and Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek):
(1) The 9th son of Jacob, the 5th borne to him by Leah (Ge 30:17 f).
1. The Name:
His birth is in this passage connected with the strange story of Reuben and his mandrakes, and the name given him is apparently conceived as derived from 'ish sakhar, "a hired workman." There is a play upon the name in this sense in Ge 49:15, "He bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant under taskwork." Wellhausen (Textder Buch. Sam., 95) thinks that the second element of the name may denote a deity; and Sokar, an Egyptian god, has been suggested. The name in that case would mean "worshipper of Sokar." Practically nothing is…
Issachar
Hired (Gen. 30:18). “God hath given me,” said Leah, “my hire (Heb. sekhari)...and she called his name Issachar.” He was Jacob’s ninth son, and was born in Padan-aram (comp. 28:2). He had four sons at the going down into Egypt (46:13; Num. 26:23, 25).
Issachar, Tribe of, during the journey through the wilderness, along with Judah and Zebulun (Num. 2:5), marched on the east of the tabernacle. This tribe contained 54,400 fighting men when the census was taken at Sinai. After the entrance into the Promised Land, this tribe was one of the six which stood on Gerizim during the ceremony of the blessing and cursing (Deut. 27:12). The allotment of Issachar is…
(reward). I. The ninth son of Jacob and the fifth of Leah. (Genesis 30:17,18) (B.C. 1753-45) At the descent into Egypt four sons are ascribed to him, who founded the four chief families of the tribes. (Genesis 46:13; Numbers 26:23,25; 1 Chronicles 7:1) The number of the fighting men of Issachar, when taken in the census at Sinai, was 54,400. During the journey they seem to have steadily increased. The allotment of Issachar lay above that of Manasseh. (Joshua 19:17-23) In the words of Josephus, "it extended in length from Carmel to the Jordan, in breadth to Mount Tabor." This territory was, as it still is, among the…
Recompense, so named by Leah his mother, Ge 30:18, the ninth son of Jacob, born B. C. 1749. The character of his posterity was foretold by Jacob and by Moses, Ge 49:14,15 De 33:18,19.
The TRIBE OF ISSACHAR numbered fifty-four thousand men in the desert, and on entering Canaan was the third in population, Nu 1:28 26:25. Their portion, having the Jordan on the east, Manasseh on the west, Zebulun north, and Ephraim south, included a considerable part of the fine plain Esdraelon, the most fertile in the country. They were industrious agriculturists, and are mentioned with honor for their brave and wise patriotism, Jud 5:15…