Isaiah 48:19
Isaiah 48:19 in Multiple Translations
Your descendants would have been as countless as the sand, and your offspring as numerous as its grains; their name would never be cut off or eliminated from My presence.”
Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me.
thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the grains thereof: his name would not be cut off nor destroyed from before me.
Your seed would have been like the sand, and your offspring like the dust: your name would not be cut off or come to an end before me.
Your children, your descendants, would have been like all those grains of sand. They wouldn't have had to be destroyed, wiped out before me.
Thy seede also had beene as the sande, and the fruite of thy body like the grauell thereof: his name should not haue bene cut off nor destroied before me.
And as sand is thy seed, And the offspring of thy bowels as its gravel, Not cut off nor destroyed his name before Me.
Your offspring also would have been as the sand and the descendants of your body like its grains. His name would not be cut off nor destroyed from before me.”
Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like its gravel; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me.
And thy seed had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof: his name should not have perished, nor have been destroyed from before my face.
Your descendants would have been as many as [MET] the grains of sand on the seashore which no one can count. I would not have needed to get rid of you; the country of [MTY] Israel would not have been destroyed.”
Berean Amplified Bible — Isaiah 48:19
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Isaiah 48:19 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
וַ/יְהִ֤י
כַ/חוֹל֙
זַרְעֶ֔/ךָ
וְ/צֶאֱצָאֵ֥י
מֵעֶ֖י/ךָ
כִּ/מְעֹתָ֑י/ו
לֹֽא
יִכָּרֵ֧ת
וְֽ/לֹא
יִשָּׁמֵ֛ד
שְׁמ֖/וֹ
מִ/לְּ/פָנָֽ/י
וַ/יְהִ֤י
hâyâh
H1961
to be
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms
כַ/חוֹל֙
chôwl
H2344
sand
Prep | N-ms
זַרְעֶ֔/ךָ
zeraʻ
H2233
seed
N-ms | Suff
וְ/צֶאֱצָאֵ֥י
tseʼĕtsâʼ
H6631
offspring
Conj | N-mp
מֵעֶ֖י/ךָ
mêʻeh
H4578
belly
N-mp | Suff
כִּ/מְעֹתָ֑י/ו
mêʻâh
H4579
grain
Prep | N-fp | Suff
לֹֽא
lôʼ
H3808
not
Part
יִכָּרֵ֧ת
kârath
H3772
to cut
V-Niphal-Imperf-3ms
וְֽ/לֹא
lôʼ
H3808
not
Conj | Part
יִשָּׁמֵ֛ד
shâmad
H8045
to destroy
V-Niphal-Imperf-3ms
שְׁמ֖/וֹ
shêm
H8034
name
N-ms | Suff
מִ/לְּ/פָנָֽ/י
pânîym
H6440
face
Prep | Prep | N-cp | Suff
Hebrew Word Study
Select any word above to explore its original meaning, root, and usage across Scripture.
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Hebrew Word Reference — Isaiah 48:19
וַ/יְהִ֤י
hâyâh
H1961
"to be"
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Definition: 1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out 1a) (Qal) 1a1) --- 1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass 1a1b) to come about, come to pass 1a2) to come into being, become 1a2a) to arise, appear, come 1a2b) to become 1a2b1) to become 1a2b2) to become like 1a2b3) to be instituted, be established 1a3) to be 1a3a) to exist, be in existence 1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time) 1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality) 1a3d) to accompany, be with 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about 1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
Usage: Occurs in 3131 OT verses. KJV: beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 17:4; Genesis 36:11.
כַ/חוֹל֙
chôwl
H2344
"sand"
Prep | N-ms
This word refers to sand, describing it as round or whirling particles. It is used in the Bible to talk about the desert or beach, and is often translated simply as 'sand'.
Definition: sand
Usage: Occurs in 23 OT verses. KJV: sand. See also: Genesis 22:17; Job 6:3; Psalms 78:27.
זַרְעֶ֔/ךָ
zeraʻ
H2233
"seed"
N-ms | Suff
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means seed or offspring, like in Genesis where God promises Abraham many descendants. It can also mean a plant or sowing time, as in Isaiah 55:10. This concept is central to God's plan for humanity.
Definition: : seed/sowing 1) seed, sowing, offspring 1a) a sowing 1b) seed 1c) semen virile 1d) offspring, descendants, posterity, children 1e) of moral quality 1e1) a practitioner of righteousness (fig.) 1f) sowing time (by meton)
Usage: Occurs in 205 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] carnally, child, fruitful, seed(-time), sowing-time. See also: Genesis 1:11; 1 Samuel 1:11; Psalms 18:51.
וְ/צֶאֱצָאֵ֥י
tseʼĕtsâʼ
H6631
"offspring"
Conj | N-mp
Offspring or produce, this term describes children or descendants, as well as the fruit of the earth. It is used to describe the outcome of human or natural processes. The Bible uses it to talk about family and heritage.
Definition: 1) offspring, produce, issue 1a) offspring (of men) 1b) produce (of earth) 1c) descendants (metaphorical)
Usage: Occurs in 11 OT verses. KJV: that which cometh forth (out), offspring. See also: Job 5:25; Isaiah 34:1; Isaiah 22:24.
מֵעֶ֖י/ךָ
mêʻeh
H4578
"belly"
N-mp | Suff
This word refers to the internal organs, like the intestines or stomach, and can also mean sympathy or emotions. The KJV translates it as belly, bowels, or womb, depending on the context.
Definition: 1) internal organs, inward parts, bowels, intestines, belly 1a) inward parts 1b) digestive organs 1c) organs of procreation, womb 1d) place of emotions or distress or love (fig.) 1e) external belly Aramaic equivalent: me.ah (מְעָא "belly" H4577)
Usage: Occurs in 30 OT verses. KJV: belly, bowels, [idiom] heart, womb. See also: Genesis 15:4; Psalms 71:6; Psalms 22:15.
כִּ/מְעֹתָ֑י/ו
mêʻâh
H4579
"grain"
Prep | N-fp | Suff
The Hebrew word for belly or interior, also used to describe a grain of sand or gravel, like individual grains on a beach.
Definition: grain (of sand)
Usage: Occurs in 1 OT verses. KJV: gravel. See also: Isaiah 48:19.
לֹֽא
lôʼ
H3808
"not"
Part
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Definition: 1) not, no 1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition) 1b) not (with modifier-negation) 1c) nothing (subst) 1d) without (with particle) 1e) before (of time) Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)
Usage: Occurs in 3967 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without. See also: Genesis 2:5; Genesis 31:15; Exodus 4:9.
יִכָּרֵ֧ת
kârath
H3772
"to cut"
V-Niphal-Imperf-3ms
This Hebrew word means to cut or destroy something, but it also has a special meaning related to making a covenant or agreement. In Genesis 15:18, God makes a covenant with Abram, symbolized by cutting animals in half, showing the seriousness of the promise. This word is used to describe important agreements and alliances.
Definition: : cut/fell 1) to cut, cut off, cut down, cut off a body part, cut out, eliminate, kill, cut a covenant 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to cut off 1a1a) to cut off a body part, behead 1a2) to cut down 1a3) to hew 1a4) to cut or make a covenant 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be cut off 1b2) to be cut down 1b3) to be chewed 1b4) to be cut off, fail 1c) (Pual) 1c1) to be cut off 1c2) to be cut down 1d) (Hiphil) 1d1) to cut off 1d2) to cut off, destroy 1d3) to cut down, destroy 1d4) to take away 1d5) to permit to perish 1e) (Hophal) cut off
Usage: Occurs in 280 OT verses. KJV: be chewed, be con-(feder-) ate, covenant, cut (down, off), destroy, fail, feller, be freed, hew (down), make a league (covenant), [idiom] lose, perish, [idiom] utterly, [idiom] want. See also: Genesis 9:11; 1 Samuel 24:6; Psalms 12:4.
וְֽ/לֹא
lôʼ
H3808
"not"
Conj | Part
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Definition: 1) not, no 1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition) 1b) not (with modifier-negation) 1c) nothing (subst) 1d) without (with particle) 1e) before (of time) Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)
Usage: Occurs in 3967 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without. See also: Genesis 2:5; Genesis 31:15; Exodus 4:9.
יִשָּׁמֵ֛ד
shâmad
H8045
"to destroy"
V-Niphal-Imperf-3ms
The Hebrew word shâmad means to destroy or desolate something, used to describe annihilation or devastation. It is used in the Bible to describe the destruction of cities or nations, such as in the book of Isaiah.
Definition: 1) to destroy, exterminate, be destroyed, be exterminated 1a) (Niphal) 1a1) to be annihilated, be exterminated 1a2) to be destroyed, be devastated 1b) (Hiphil) 1b1) to annihilate, exterminate 1b2) to destroy Aramaic equivalent: she.mad (שְׁמַד "to destroy" H8046)
Usage: Occurs in 86 OT verses. KJV: destory(-uction), bring to nought, overthrow, perish, pluck down, [idiom] utterly. See also: Genesis 34:30; 2 Samuel 22:38; Psalms 37:38.
שְׁמ֖/וֹ
shêm
H8034
"name"
N-ms | Suff
In the Bible, a name represents a person's identity, honor, and character, like God's name symbolizing His power and authority. It appears in Genesis and other books, often referring to God's name or a person's reputation. This concept is central to understanding biblical identity.
Definition: 1) name 1a) name 1b) reputation, fame, glory 1c) the Name (as designation of God) 1d) memorial, monument Aramaic equivalent: shum (שֻׁם "name" H8036)
Usage: Occurs in 771 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] base, (in-) fame(-ous), named(-d), renown, report. See also: Genesis 2:11; Exodus 3:15; Deuteronomy 16:6.
מִ/לְּ/פָנָֽ/י
pânîym
H6440
"face"
Prep | Prep | N-cp | Suff
This word means face or presence, like being in front of someone or something. It's used in many contexts, like in Genesis, Exodus, and Psalms, to describe interactions and relationships.
Definition: : face 1) face 1a) face, faces 1b) presence, person 1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim) 1d) face (of animals) 1e) face, surface (of ground) 1f) as adv of loc/temp 1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before 1g) with prep 1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of
Usage: Occurs in 1891 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 43:31; Exodus 30:16.
Study Notes — Isaiah 48:19
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Isaiah 48:19 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Isaiah 48:19
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Isaiah 48:19
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
- Trapp's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
- Ellicott's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
- Adam Clarke's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
- Cambridge Bible on Isaiah 48:19
- Barnes' Notes on Isaiah 48:19
- Whedon's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
- Sermons on Isaiah 48:19
Context — Deliverance Promised to Israel
17Thus says the LORD your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: “I am the LORD your God, who teaches you for your benefit, who directs you in the way you should go.
18If only you had paid attention to My commandments, your peace would have been like a river, and your righteousness like waves of the sea.
19Your descendants would have been as countless as the sand, and your offspring as numerous as its grains; their name would never be cut off or eliminated from My presence.”
20Leave Babylon! Flee from the Chaldeans! Declare it with a shout of joy, proclaim it, let it go out to the ends of the earth, saying, “The LORD has redeemed His servant Jacob!” 21They did not thirst when He led them through the deserts; He made water flow for them from the rock; He split the rock, and water gushed out.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 10:22 | Though your people, O Israel, be like the sand of the sea, only a remnant will return. Destruction has been decreed, overflowing with righteousness. |
| 2 | Genesis 22:17 | I will surely bless you, and I will multiply your descendants like the stars in the sky and the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will possess the gates of their enemies. |
| 3 | Romans 9:27 | Isaiah cries out concerning Israel: “Though the number of the Israelites is like the sand of the sea, only the remnant will be saved. |
| 4 | Jeremiah 33:22 | As the hosts of heaven cannot be counted and as the sand on the seashore cannot be measured, so too will I multiply the descendants of My servant David and the Levites who minister before Me.” |
| 5 | Hosea 1:10 | Yet the number of the Israelites will be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured or counted. And it will happen that in the very place where it was said to them, ‘You are not My people,’ they will be called ‘sons of the living God.’ |
| 6 | Genesis 13:16 | I will make your offspring like the dust of the earth, so that if one could count the dust of the earth, then your offspring could be counted. |
| 7 | Isaiah 48:9 | For the sake of My name I will delay My wrath; for the sake of My praise I will restrain it, so that you will not be cut off. |
| 8 | Ruth 4:10 | Moreover, I have acquired Ruth the Moabitess, Mahlon’s widow, as my wife, to raise up the name of the deceased through his inheritance, so that his name will not disappear from among his brothers or from the gate of his home. You are witnesses today.” |
| 9 | Psalms 109:13 | May his descendants be cut off; may their name be blotted out from the next generation. |
| 10 | Psalms 9:5 | You have rebuked the nations; You have destroyed the wicked; You have erased their name forever and ever. |
Isaiah 48:19 Summary
This verse, Isaiah 48:19, talks about how God wanted to bless His people so much that their descendants would be as countless as the sand on the beach. However, this blessing is tied to obeying God's commandments, as seen in the preceding verses. By following God's ways, we can experience peace and righteousness, much like a river and waves of the sea, as mentioned in Isaiah 48:18. This promise of blessing and presence is reflective of God's love and desire for a close relationship with us, similar to what is promised in Jeremiah 31:3, where God says He has loved us with an everlasting love.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does it mean for descendants to be as countless as the sand?
This phrase is a reference to the promise made to Abraham in Genesis 22:17, where God says his descendants will be as numerous as the stars in the sky or the sand on the seashore, emphasizing the vastness of the blessing.
Why does God mention the name of the offspring not being cut off from His presence?
This is a reassurance of God's enduring presence and favor, much like what is promised in Psalms 91:14-16, where God says He will be with those who know His name and will deliver them.
Is this verse only talking about physical descendants or is there a spiritual aspect?
While the immediate context may refer to physical descendants, the spiritual aspect of being part of God's family is also implied, as seen in Galatians 3:29, where it says that if we belong to Christ, then we are Abraham’s seed and heirs according to the promise.
How does this verse relate to God's overall plan of salvation?
It underscores God's desire for a relationship with humanity, as seen in Isaiah 48:19, and points to the fulfillment of this desire through Jesus Christ, who makes it possible for all people to become part of God's family, as mentioned in John 1:12-13.
Reflection Questions
- What are the conditions under which God promises such abundant blessings, and how can I apply these conditions to my life?
- How does the promise of numerous descendants reflect God's character, and what does this say about His heart towards me?
- In what ways can I, like the Israelites, miss out on God's full blessing by not following His commandments, and what steps can I take to align my life with God's will?
- What does it mean for my name to never be cut off from God's presence, and how can I cultivate a deeper sense of security in God's love and presence?
Gill's Exposition on Isaiah 48:19
Thy seed had also been as the sand,.... Upon the sea shore, as numerous as that, as was promised to Abraham, Genesis 22:17: and the offspring of thy bowels as the gravel thereof; that is, of the
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Isaiah 48:19
Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
Thy seed also had been as the sand, to wit, for multitude, according to my promise made to Abraham; whereas now I have, for thy sins, made thee to know my breach of promise, as is said. , and greatly diminished thy numbers. The offspring of thy bowels; which come out of thy bowels, or belly, or loins; for all these are but various expressions of the same thing. His name; which is continued in a man’ s posterity, and commonly dies with them; and so the name here is the same thing in effect with the seed and offspring in the former clauses, which, for the most part, are only the memorials of men, and of their names, when they are dead and gone. Should not have been cut off, as now it hath been in a great measure; and should have been totally and finally cut off, if I had not spared them for my own name’ s sake, as he said before. From before me; or, out of my sight; out of their own land, the place of my special presence and residence.
Trapp's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
Isaiah 48:19 Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me.Ver. 19. Thy seed also had been as the sand.] As was promised to Abraham, and performed to his posterity; such a μυριομακαριοτης there is in godliness, and in doing of God’ s commandments so great reward. His name should not have been cut off.] As it was of old among the heathens (see Horace, Juvenal, Martial, &c.), and is at this day among the Turks, who usually swear, Iudaeus sim si fallam, &c. See Zechariah 8:13.
Ellicott's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
(19) Like the gravel thereof.—Literally, as the bowels thereof, i.e., as that within the bowels of the sand, the living creatures that swarm in countless myriads in the sea. The two verses utter the sigh which has come from the heart of all true teachers as they contemplate the actual state of men and compare it with what might have been. (Comp. Deuteronomy 32:29-30; Luke 19:42.)
Adam Clarke's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
Verse 19. Like the gravel thereof - "Like that of the bowels thereof"] בצאצאי מעי הים והם הדגים betseetsaey meey haiyam vehem haddagim; "As the issue of the bowels of the sea; that is, fishes." - Salom. ben Melec. And so likewise Aben Ezra, Jarchi, Kimchi, &c. His name - "Thy name"] For שמו shemo, "his name," the Septuagint had in the copy from which they translated שמך shimcha, "thy name."
Cambridge Bible on Isaiah 48:19
19. as the sand] A common comparison; see ch. Isaiah 10:22; Genesis 22:17; Hosea 1:10 &c. like the gravel thereof] Lit. the grains thereof. The word used resembles a fem. plur. of that which immediately precedes (“bowels”); hence some commentators translate “the entrails thereof” (i.e. the fishes), taking as antecedent of the pronoun the word “sea” in the previous verse (see R.V. marg.). It would be better to explain it at once of the “entrails” of the sand (i.e. worms), for which indeed there is said to be a Syriac parallel (see Payne Smith, Thesaurus, col. 2185). But both comparisons alike are prosaic and unnatural. The word is no doubt identical with the Aramaic mâ‘âh, “kernel” (generally used of a small coin). his name &c.] its name (that of the “seed”) should not be cut off &c. 20, 21 (cf. ch. Isaiah 52:11-12) form the lyrical conclusion of this division of the prophecy. In anticipation of this second exodus of Israel, the prophet puts a song of praise in the mouth of the redeemed exiles. flee ye from the Chaldeans] or “from Chaldæa” (see on Isaiah 47:1). The verb flee probably means no more than “hasten” (see ch. Isaiah 52:12). with a voice of singing … tell this] The exiles’ shout of joy is a revelation to the world of the greatness of the God of Israel. utter it] Lit. “send it forth,” as in ch.
Isaiah 42:1.
Barnes' Notes on Isaiah 48:19
Thy seed also - Instead of being reduced to a small number by the calamities incident to war, and being comparatively a small and powerless people sighing in captivity, you would have been a numerous and mighty nation.
Whedon's Commentary on Isaiah 48:19
17-19. The exhortation continues. The Lord, thy Redeemer — As compared with any other, he is the right and rightful leader of Israel.
Sermons on Isaiah 48:19
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
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The Interval Between the Coming of the Lord for His Saints and With His Saints by Arno Clemens Gaebelein | Arno Clemens Gaebelein preaches about the distinct interval between the coming of the Lord Jesus to take His saints up to Himself and His coming with His saints. The first stage of |
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That He Might Fill All Things - Part 2 by T. Austin-Sparks | In this sermon, the speaker emphasizes the importance of emptying oneself and allowing God to work in their lives. He uses the example of Joseph, who started off as a conceited you |
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The Melchizedek Priesthood (2 of 2) by Art Katz | In this sermon, the speaker discusses how the preaching of the word of God defies analysis and critique. He mentions how scholars believe that Paul missed an opportunity in Athens |
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Vision #1 by Stephen Kaung | Stephen Kaung emphasizes the significance of having a divine vision, drawing from Proverbs 29:18, which states that without vision, people become unrestrained. He illustrates this |
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On Eagles' Wings Pt 355 by Don Courville | In this sermon, the speaker reflects on the importance of fathers in raising their children in a way that allows them to receive the blessings of God. He shares the story of Esau, |
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Genesis Finds Its Complement in the Apocalypse by E.W. Bullinger | E.W. Bullinger delves into the parallelism between Genesis and Revelation, showcasing the contrast between the beginning and the end of God's redemptive plan. From the creation of |
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Emptying Unto Fulness by T. Austin-Sparks | T. Austin-Sparks emphasizes the profound truth that Christ, who descended and ascended, is destined to fill all things with His presence and character. He explores the necessity of |