Psalms 65:10 — Word Study
WLCתְּלָמֶ֣יהָ רַ֭וֵּה נַחֵ֣ת גְּדוּדֶ֑יהָ בִּרְבִיבִ֥ים תְּ֝מֹגְגֶ֗נָּה צִמְחָ֥הּ תְּבָרֵֽךְ׃
BSAto reckonpâqad landʼerets to overflowshûwq manyrab to enrichʻâshar streampeleg Godʼĕlôhîym to fillmâlêʼ Water (Gate)mayim to establishkûwn graindâgân forkîy rightkên to establishkûwn
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| תְּלָמֶ֣יהָ | furrows its | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| רַ֭וֵּה | [surely] watering | Verb, Piel, infinitive absolute |
| נַחֵ֣ת | you press down | Verb, Piel, infinitive construct common |
| גְּדוּדֶ֑יהָ | ridges its | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| בִּרְבִיבִ֥ים | with copious showers | Preposition, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| תְּ֝מֹגְגֶ֗נָּה | you soften it | Verb piel imperfect second person masculine singular, suffix |
| צִמְחָ֥הּ | growth its | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| תְּבָרֵֽךְ׃ | you bless | Verb, Piel, imperfect second person masculine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | You soak its furrows and level its ridges; You soften it with showers and bless its growth. |
| KJV | Thou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly: thou settlest the furrows thereof: thou makest it soft with showers: thou blessest the springing thereof. |
| ASV | Thou waterest its furrows abundantly; Thou settlest the ridges thereof: Thou makest it soft with showers; Thou blessest the springing thereof. |
| YLT | Its ridges have been filled, Deepened hath been its furrow, With showers Thou dost soften it, Its springing up Thou blessest. |
| WEB | You drench its furrows. You level its ridges. You soften it with showers. You bless it with a crop. |
| BBE | You make the ploughed lands full of water; you make smooth the slopes: you make the earth soft with showers, sending your blessing on its growth. |
Where they part company is נַחֵ֣ת — see How Translations Differ.
The structure is built around a main action with additional phrases that elaborate on how God tends to the earth.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbאֶרֶץ
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 65:10
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — God's Provision for the Earthgenerated
Psalm 65:10 portrays God as the one who nurtures the earth, filling its furrows with water and ensuring the land's fertility. This verse is part of a larger psalm that celebrates God's abundant provision and care for creation, emphasizing the relationship between God and the earth. The psalmist acknowledges that God’s blessings lead to the flourishing of crops and the overall bounty of the land, as seen in verses like Psalm 65:9 and Psalm 65:11.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 147:8 | who covers the sky with clouds, who prepares rain for the earth, who makes grass to grow on the hills. |
| 2 | 1 Corinthians 3:6–7 | I planted the seed and Apollos watered it, but God made it grow. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — תְּלָמֶ֣יהָ, te.la.Mei.hagenerated
The word תְּלָמֶ֣יהָ (te.la.Mei.ha) refers to the furrows in the ground, specifically those made for planting. It is a noun in the construct state, indicating possession, as it describes the furrows belonging to the land. This term conveys the idea of prepared soil, ready to receive water and seed, highlighting the agricultural context of the psalm.
The use of this word emphasizes the importance of proper land preparation for successful growth. The psalmist's imagery suggests that God's action in watering the furrows directly contributes to the fertility and productivity of the earth.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse is structured around several clauses, with the finite verbs רַ֭וֵּה (you soak), נַחֵ֣ת (you level), and תְּ֝מֹגְגֶ֗נָּה (you soften) governing the actions described. Each clause presents an action performed by God, followed by the object of that action.
The arrangement emphasizes God's active role in nurturing the earth, with the verbs leading the clauses and the objects detailing the aspects of the land that God tends to.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the word תְּלָמֶ֣יהָ is rendered as τὴν (the), indicating a direct translation that maintains the focus on the furrows. This choice highlights the importance of the agricultural imagery in both the Hebrew and Greek texts.
The Greek word ἐπλήθυνας corresponds to בִּרְבִיבִ֥ים, suggesting a continuity in the depiction of God's provision through abundant rain, reinforcing the theme of fertility.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 65:10 describes how God waters the furrows of the earth, levels its ridges, and softens the land with showers, blessing its growth. This verse emphasizes God's care for the earth and His role in ensuring its fertility.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
This phrase indicates that God provides abundant water to the land, ensuring that it is well-prepared for planting and growth.
To level the ridges means God smooths out the uneven ground, making it more suitable for cultivation and enhancing the land's productivity.
Soften refers to God's action of providing gentle rain that prepares the soil for seeds, promoting healthy growth and development of crops.
This verse illustrates God's active involvement in the natural world, showing that He cares for creation and ensures its flourishing through His provision.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see God's provision in my own life and surroundings?
- How can I cultivate a heart that appreciates the beauty and abundance of creation?
- What actions can I take to care for the environment as a reflection of God's care?
- How does understanding God's nurturing role influence my faith and relationship with Him?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Father Augustine of Hippo comments on this verse, emphasizing the need for spiritual preparation to receive God's blessings.
"The furrows thereof inebriate You" [Psalms 65:10]. Let there be made therefore at first furrows to be inebriated: let the hardness of our breast be opened with the share of the…Early Church Fathers on Psalms 65 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 65:10 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly,.... Kimchi calls them the eminences of the earth, the little hills, the higher parts of ploughed land; those which lie between furrow and furrow seem to
Read John Gill on Psalms 65 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThou visitest the earth, and waterest it: thou greatly enrichest it with the river of God, which is full of water: thou preparest them corn, when thou hast so provided for it.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 65 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThou settlest, to wit, in that condition which is fit for fruit. Or, thou bringest down; for the rain dissolves the high and hard clods of earth. When all is done, the fruitfulness of the earth must not be ascribed to the rain or sun, or any second causes, but to thy blessing alone.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 65 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 65:10 Thou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly: thou settlest the furrows thereof: thou makest it soft with showers: thou blessest the springing thereof.Ver. 10. Thou waterest the ridges, &c.] The forementioned mercy of God in producing a harvest he further amplifieth and explaineth by the parts, that men might be the more sensible; and not, like brute beasts, content themselves with a natural use of the creature, but taste and see how good the Lord is.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 65 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(10) Thou waterest . . . settlest.—Better, by watering . . . settling.Ridges . . . furrows.—These terms would be better transposed since by “settling” (literally, pressing down) is meant the softening of the ridges of earth between the furrows. The LXX. and Vulgate have “multiply its shoots.” Showers.—Literally, multitudes (of drops).
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 65 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 10. Thou waterest the ridges] In seedtime thou sendest that measure of rain that is necessary, in order to prepare the earth for the plough; and then, when the ridges are thrown into furrows, thou makest them soft with showers, so as to prepare them for the expansion of the seed, and the vegetation and developement of the embryo plant. Thou blessest the springing thereof.] Literally, Thou wilt bless its germinations - its springing buds. Thou watchest over the young sprouts; and it is by thy tender, wise, and provident care that the ear is formed; and by thy bountiful goodness that mature grains fill the ear; and that one produces thirty, sixty, or a hundred or a thousand fold.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 65 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges10. Saturating its furrows, levelling its ridges: Thou softenest it with showers, thou blessest its springing growth. The poet looks back upon the ‘early rain’ of autumn and winter (Nov.–Feb.), which had prepared the ground for the seed and fostered its growth. It had been abundant, and now (Psalms 65:11 ff) he gazes upon crops of unusual promise ripening for the harvest.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 65 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly - Or rather, its furrows, for so the Hebrew word properly means. Job 31:38; Job 39:10. The allusion is to the furrows made by the plow, which are filled with water by the rains.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 65 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
You soak its furrows and level its ridges; You soften it with showers and bless its growth.
You drench its furrows. You level its ridges. You soften it with showers. You bless it with a crop.
You soak its furrows and level its ridges; You soften it with showers and bless its growth.
You saturate its furrows, and soak its plowed ground. With rain showers you soften its soil, and make its crops grow.
Tyndale line
Thou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly: thou settlest the furrows thereof: thou makest it soft with showers: thou blessest the springing thereof.
Thou waterest its furrows abundantly; Thou settlest the ridges thereof: Thou makest it soft with showers; Thou blessest the springing thereof.
Thou waterest her furrows abundantly; thou settlest the ridges thereof: thou makest it soft with showers; thou blessest the springing thereof.
Thou waterest the ridges of it abundantly: thou settlest the furrows of it: thou makest it soft with showers: thou blessest the springing of it.
Thou waterest abundantly the furrowes thereof: thou causest the raine to descende into the valleies thereof: thou makest it soft with showres, and blessest the bud thereof.
Strictly literal
Thou dost satiate its furrows, thou smoothest its clods, thou makest it soft with showers; thou blessest the springing thereof.
Its ridges have been filled, Deepened hath been its furrow, With showers Thou dost soften it, Its springing up Thou blessest.
Its ridges have been filled, || Its furrow has been deepened, || You soften it with showers, || Its springing up You bless.
(65:11) Watering her furrows abundantly, smoothing down her ridges, thou softenest her with showers; thou blessest her growth.
You water its furrows abundantly; you settle down the furrows' ridges; you make them soft with rain showers; you bless the sprouts between them.
From the Latin
For thou, O God, hast proved us: thou hast tried us by fire, as silver is tried.
Simplified
You fill the plowed furrows with water, you soften the ridges; you bless the growing crops.
You make the ploughed lands full of water; you make smooth the slopes: you make the earth soft with showers, sending your blessing on its growth.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text of Psalms 65:10 presents the verse with specific Hebrew terms that describe the process of watering and blessing the land. The Septuagint, while closely matching the Hebrew in terms of word correspondence, presents the text in Greek with its own structure and articles, indicating a translation rather than a direct word-for-word alignment. Both texts agree on the overall meaning of the verse, emphasizing the themes of nourishment and growth, but the Septuagint's phrasing may differ slightly in nuance due to language differences. There are no significant variations in meaning between the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint in this instance.
תְּלָמֶ֣יהָ רַ֭וֵּה נַחֵ֣ת גְּדוּדֶ֑יהָ בִּרְבִיבִ֥ים תְּ֝מֹגְגֶ֗נָּה צִמְחָ֥הּ תְּבָרֵֽךְ׃
8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 65:10
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
תֶּ֫לֶם (telem) refers to a furrow, which is a term used for a groove or trench in soil, often created for planting. It is derived from an unused root meaning to accumulate, suggesting a connection to the act of forming ridges or banks in agricultural contexts.
תֶּ֫לֶם n.m. furrow
base
H8525 תֶּ֫לֶם
8525 telem teh'-lem
from an unused root meaning to accumulate; a bank or
terrace:--furrow, ridge.
תֶּ֫לֶם (te.lem) — furrow.
furrow
HNcmpc/Sp3fs — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3fs
רָוָה (ravah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to saturate or quench thirst, often applied to drinking one's fill. It includes various forms such as being intoxicated or abundantly watering something. The entries indicate that it can express both the act of satisfying thirst and the causative action of drenching or saturating.
[רָוָה] vb. be saturated, drink one's fill
Qal we will take our fill of love
Pi.
intens. be intoxicated, drunk
causat. drench, water abundantly
Hiph. saturate, water
Hoph. Impf.
base
H7301 רָוָה be saturated, drink one's fill .we will take our fill of love
. . intens. be intoxicated, drunk
. causat. drench, water abundantly
. saturate, water
. Impf.
7301 ravah raw-vaw'
a primitive root; to slake the thirst (occasionally of other
appetites):--bathe, make drunk, (take the) fill, satiate,
(abundantly) satisfy, soak, water (abundantly).
רָוָה (ra.vah) — to quench.
1) to be satiated or saturated, have or drink one's fill
1a) (Qal) to take one's fill
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to be drunk, be intoxicated
1b2) to drench, water abundantly, saturate
1c) (Hiphil) to saturate, water, cause to drink
HVpaa — Verb · Piel · infinitive absoluteHVpaa
נָחֵת (nachath) is a Hebrew verb meaning to go down or descend. It can refer to a literal descent, as well as a figurative one, such as descending in chastisement. The word also encompasses meanings like pressing down or causing something to come down. Its Aramaic equivalent is נְחֵת (ne.chat), which shares a similar meaning.
[נָחֵת] vb. (Aram. and poet.) go down, descend
Qal
go down, descend
fig. descend in chastisement
Niph. = penetrate
Pi. cause to descend = press down
Hiph. thither bring down thy heroes
base
H5181 [נָחֵת] (Aram. and poet.) go down, descend .. go down, descend
. fig. descend in chastisement
. = penetrate
. cause to descend = press down
. thither bring down thy heroes
5181 nachath naw-khath'
a primitive root; to sink, i.e. descend; causatively, to
press or lead down:--be broken, (cause to) come down, enter,
go down, press sore, settle, stick fast.
נָחֵת (na.chat) — to descend.
1) to go down, descend
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to go down, descend
1a2) to descend, descend into (chastisement) (fig.)
1b) (Niphal) to come down into, penetrate
1c) (Piel) to cause to descend, press down, stretch (a bow)
1d) (Hiphil) to bring down
Aramaic equivalent: ne.chat (נְחֵת "to descend" H5182)
HVpcc — Verb · Piel · infinitive construct commonHVpcc
גְּדוּד (gduwd) refers to a furrow or something that is cut. It can denote a furrow in the ground or cuttings, which may also signify mourning practices. The word appears in contexts such as Isaiah 65:11 and Jeremiah 48:37.
ref
H1417 גְּדוּד, גְּדוּדָה, גְּדֻדָה
1417 gduwd ghed-ood'
or (feminine) gdudah {ghed-oo-daw'}; from 1413; a furrow (as
cut):--furrow.
see HEBREW for 01413
גְּדוּד (ge.dud) — furrow.
1) something cut, furrow, cutting
1a) a furrow
1b) cuttings (as a sign of mourning)
Also means: ge.du.dah (גְּדוּדָה "furrow" H1418)
HNcmpc/Sp3fs — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3fs
רְבִיבִים (rabiyb) refers to copious or heavy showers that promote fertility. It is derived from the root meaning rain, emphasizing the idea of accumulation. The term can also have a figurative sense related to prophetic influence.
רְבִיבִים n.m. pl. copious showers, causing fertility
base
H7241 רְבִיבִים copious showers, causing fertility
7241 rabiyb raw-beeb'
from 7231; a rain (as an accumulation of drops):--shower.
see HEBREW for 07231
רְבִיבִים (ra.viv) — shower.
1) copious showers, heavy showers
1a) as bringing fertility
1b) of prophetic influence (fig)
HR/Ncmpa — Preposition · noun common masculine plural absoluteHR/Ncmpa
מוּג (muwg) is a Hebrew verb meaning to melt. It can refer to the literal act of melting or softening, as well as figuratively to describe feelings of fear or helplessness. The entries indicate various forms, including causing something to melt and melting away. There is a slight variation in the nuances of its figurative meanings across the lexicons.
מוּג vb. melt
Qal
melt
trans. cause to melt
Niph. melt away, fig. for be helpless, disorganized
Po‛l. soften, dissolve
Po‛. Hithpo‛l. mely; hyperb. for flow
base
H4127 מוּג melt .. melt
. trans. cause to melt
. melt away, fig. for be helpless, disorganized
. soften, dissolve
. mely; hyperb. for flow
4127 muwg moog
a primitive root; to melt, i.e. literally (to soften, flow
down, disappear), or figuratively (to fear, faint):--consume,
dissolve, (be) faint(-hearted), melt (away), make soft.
מוּג (mug) — to melt.
1) to melt, cause to melt
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to melt, faint
1a2) to cause to melt
1b) (Niphal) to melt away
1c) (Polel) to soften, dissolve, dissipate
1d) (Hithpolel) to melt, flow
HVpi2ms/Sp3fs — Verb piel imperfect second person masculine singular · suffixHVpi2ms/Sp3fs
צֶ֫מַח (tse.mach) refers to a sprout or growth, encompassing meanings like branch and bud. It is derived from a related root and can be used literally or figuratively, including a reference to the Messiah as a shoot from the Davidic line. The entries consistently highlight its connection to growth processes.
צֶ֫מַח n.m. sprout, growth
base
H6780 צֶ֫מַח sprout, growth
6780 tsemach tseh'-makh
from 6779; a sprout (usually concrete), literal or
figurative:--branch, bud, that which (where) grew (upon),
spring(-ing).
see HEBREW for 06779
צֶ֫מַח (tse.mach) — branch.
1) sprout, growth, branch
1a) sprouting, growth, sprout
1b) growth (of process)
1c) sprout, shoot (of Messiah from Davidic tree)
HNcmsc/Sp3fs — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3fs
The Hebrew word בָּרַךְ (*barak*) is built from a primitive root meaning 'to kneel' and encompasses a range of meanings including 'to bless' and 'to curse.' It can refer to blessing God or men, as well as the act of kneeling in adoration. The entries note that it can also imply a curse in certain contexts, reflecting a nuanced use in greetings and farewells.
[בָּרַךְ] 329 vb. kneel, bless
Qal
kneel down
bless
Niph. bless oneself
Pi.
bless God, adore with bended knees
God blesses
men bless men
salute, greet, with an invocation of blessing
bless, with the antithetical meaning curse from the greeting in departing, saying adieu to, taking leave of; but rather a blessing overdone and so really a curse as in vulgar English as well as in the Shemitic cognates
Pu.
pass. to be blessed, adored
prospered by God
have prosperity invoked, by Balaam
in gratitude
Hiph. and he made his camel kneel
Hithp. bless oneself, congratulate oneself in his heart
base
H1288 בָּרַךְ kneel, bless .. kneel down
. bless
. bless oneself
. . bless God, adore with bended knees
. God blesses
. men bless men
. salute, greet, with an invocation of blessing
. bless, with the antithetical meaning curse from the greeting in departing, saying adieu to, taking leave of; but rather a blessing overdone and so really a curse as in vulgar English as well as in the Shemitic cognates
. . pass. to be blessed, adored
. prospered by God
. have prosperity invoked, by Balaam
. in gratitude
. and he made his camel kneel
. bless oneself, congratulate oneself in his heart
1288 barak baw-rak'
a primitive root; to kneel; by implication to bless God (as
an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as a benefit);
also (by euphemism) to curse (God or the king, as treason):--X
abundantly, X altogether, X at all, blaspheme, bless,
congratulate, curse, X greatly, X indeed, kneel (down),
praise, salute, X still, thank.
בָּרַךְ (ba.rakh) — to bless.
1) to bless, kneel
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to kneel
1a2) to bless
1b) (Niphal) to be blessed, bless oneself
1c) (Piel) to bless
1d) (Pual) to be blessed, be adored
1e) (Hiphil) to cause to kneel
1f) (Hithpael) to bless oneself
2) (TWOT) to praise, salute, curse
Aramaic equivalent: be.rakh (בְּרַךְ "to bless" H1289)
HVpi2ms — Verb · Piel · imperfect second person masculine singularHVpi2ms
(barakh): This word is found more frequently in the Old Testament than in the New Testament, and is used in different relations.
(1) It is first met in Ge 1:22 at the introduction of animal life upon the earth, where it is written, "And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply," etc. The context furnishes the key to its meaning, which is the bestowal of good, and in this particular place the pleasure and power of increase in kind. Thus it is generally employed in both Testaments, the context always determining the character of the bestowal; for instance (where man is the recipient), whether the good is temporal or spiritual, or both.
Occasionally, however, a different turn is given to it as in Ge 2:3 the King James Version, where it is written, "And God blessed the seventh…
Bless
(1.) God blesses his people when he bestows on them some gift temporal or spiritual (Gen. 1:22; 24:35; Job 42:12; Ps. 45:2; 104:24, 35).
(2.) We bless God when we thank him for his mercies (Ps. 103:1, 2; 145:1, 2).
(3.) A man blesses himself when he invokes God’s blessing (Isa. 65:16), or rejoices in God’s goodness to him (Deut. 29:19; Ps. 49:18).
(4.) One blesses another when he expresses good wishes or offers prayer to God for his welfare (Gen.…