Proverbs 15:13 — Word Study
WLCלֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ יֵיטִ֣ב פָּנִ֑ים וּבְעַצְּבַת־ לֵ֝ב ר֣וּחַ נְכֵאָֽה׃
BSAA joyfulsâmêach [glad, joyful] heartlêb [the seat of feelings, will, and intellect] makes a cheerfulyâṭab▸ [shining] countenancepânîym [face, presence] but sorrowʻatstsebeth [by reason of, in, injury, pain] of the heartlêb [the center of emotions] crushesnâkêʼ [breaks, stricken] the spiritrûwach [the breath of life, mind, and emotions]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| לֵ֣ב | a heart | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| שָׂ֭מֵחַ | joyful | Adj |
| יֵיטִ֣ב | it makes good | Verb, Hiphil, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| פָּנִ֑ים | a face | Noun common, masculine plural absolute |
| וּבְעַצְּבַת־ | and by sorrow of | Conjunction, preposition, noun common feminine singular construct |
| לֵ֝ב | heart | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| ר֣וּחַ | a spirit | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| נְכֵאָֽה׃ | [is] stricken | Adj |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | A joyful heart makes a cheerful countenance, but sorrow of the heart crushes the spirit. |
| KJV | A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken. |
| ASV | A glad heart maketh a cheerful countenance; But by sorrow of heart the spirit is broken. |
| YLT | A joyful heart maketh glad the face, And by grief of heart is the spirit smitten. |
| WEB | A glad heart makes a cheerful face, but an aching heart breaks the spirit. |
| BBE | A glad heart makes a shining face, but by the sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken. |
Where they part company is שָׂמֵחַ — see How Translations Differ.
The verse presents a main clause followed by a contrasting clause, highlighting the difference between joy and sorrow.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbיָטַב
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Proverbs 15:13
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Wisdom on Emotionsgenerated
Proverbs 15:13 is situated within a series of proverbs that explore the impact of emotions on one's demeanor and well-being. The surrounding verses emphasize the contrast between joy and sorrow, highlighting how a positive emotional state can influence one's appearance and spirit, while negative emotions can lead to distress.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Proverbs 15:15 | All the days of the oppressed are bad, but a cheerful heart has a continual feast. |
| 2 | Proverbs 17:22 | A joyful heart is good medicine, but a broken spirit dries up the bones. |
| 3 | 2 Corinthians 1:12 | And this is our boast: Our conscience testifies that we have conducted ourselves in the world, and especially in relation to you, in the holiness and sincerity that are from God—not in worldly wisdom, but in the grace of God. |
| 4 | Proverbs 12:25 | Anxiety weighs down the heart of a man, but a good word cheers it up. |
| 5 | Proverbs 18:14 | The spirit of a man can endure his sickness, but who can survive a broken spirit? |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שָׂמֵחַ, Sa.me.achgenerated
The Hebrew word שָׂמֵחַ (sameach) is an adjective meaning joyful or glad. It describes a state of happiness that can be seen in one's demeanor, as in the cheerful countenance mentioned in this verse.
This word is derived from the root for joy, encompassing feelings of delight and celebration. The parsing indicates it functions as an adjective, describing the heart's condition that leads to a cheerful appearance.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses joyful for שָׂמֵחַ. Other translations, such as the ASV and BBE, choose glad, but the essence remains consistent across versions.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb of the verse is יֵיטִ֣ב (yei.Tiv), meaning 'it makes good,' which governs the subject פָּנִ֑ים (pa.Nim), meaning 'face.' The structure emphasizes the result of a joyful heart on one's appearance.
The conjunction וּבְעַצְּבַת־ (u.ve.'a.tze.vat-) introduces a contrasting phrase that describes the effect of sorrow on the heart and spirit.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates לֵב as καρδίας (kardias), which also means 'heart.' This choice aligns with the Hebrew meaning but emphasizes the emotional and spiritual aspects.
For שָׂמֵחַ, the LXX uses εὐφραινομένης (euphrainomenes), which conveys a sense of joy and merriment, reflecting the Hebrew's positive connotations.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Proverbs 15:13 tells us that a joyful heart creates a cheerful face, while sorrow from the heart can crush the spirit. This verse highlights the importance of emotions and their visible effects on our demeanor.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
A joyful heart signifies a state of happiness and contentment that positively influences one's appearance and interactions.
Sorrow can weigh heavily on a person, leading to feelings of distress and emotional pain, which can be reflected in their demeanor.
The heart represents the center of emotions and intellect, making it a key player in how we experience and express joy or sorrow.
Cultivating a joyful heart can involve practices such as gratitude, positive thinking, and surrounding oneself with uplifting influences.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways have I experienced the impact of joy on my own demeanor?
- How can I better manage sorrow to prevent it from affecting my spirit?
- What practices can I adopt to cultivate a joyful heart?
- How do my emotions influence my interactions with others?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers have commented on the significance of this verse, addressing the relationship between emotions and spiritual well-being.
Those who live under discipline should avoid very carefully even such intemperate action as is commonly regarded lightly. Indulging in unrestrained and immoderate laughter is a sign of intemperance,Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 15 →
The church explains how it can please the Lord in the light of the living, which means in the brightness of the saints, among whom [the church] is made beautiful, spotless and without wrinkle. Whatever befalls them shines from its face.Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 15 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Proverbs 15:13 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleA merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance,.... Or, a "joyful heart" (c); that is joyful in the God of its salvation; that rejoices in Christ Jesus; is filled with joy and peace through believing in
Read John Gill on Proverbs 15 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryA merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken. A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance.
Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 15 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe spirit; either, 1. His vital spirits. Or rather, 2. His courage and rigour, the decay whereof showeth itself in his countenance, as is implied from the former clause.
Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 15 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsProverbs 15:13 A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken.Ver. 13. A merry heart makes a cheerful countenance.] It sits smiling in the face, and looks merrily out of the windows of the eyes. This is not till faith have healed the conscience, and till grace have hushed the affections, and composed all within. Saint Stephen looked like an angel when he stood before the council; and the apostles went away rejoicing. There are that rejoice in the face only, and not in the heart; this is but the hypocrisy of mirth, and we may be sure that many a man’ s heart bleeds within him when his face counterfeits a smile. It is for an Abraham only to laugh…
Read John Trapp on Proverbs 15 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(13) By sorrow of heart the spirit is broken.—See above on Proverbs 12:25.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Proverbs 15 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 13. By sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken.] Every kind of sorrow worketh death, but that which is the offspring of true repentance. This alone is healthful to the soul. The indulgence of a disposition to sighing tends to destroy life. Every deep sigh throws off a portion of the vital energy.
Read AdamClarke on Proverbs 15 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleSome prefer to render the last clause, “In sorrow of heart the breath is oppressed.”
Read Albert Barnes on Proverbs 15 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible13. A merry (or joyful) heart maketh a cheerful countenance — Literally, does good to the face; makes it comely. Spirit is broken — Or, dejected. Grief, also, will show itself in a corresponding expression.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Proverbs 15 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
A joyful heart makes a cheerful countenance, but sorrow of the heart crushes the spirit.
A glad heart makes a cheerful face, but an aching heart breaks the spirit.
A joyful heart makes a cheerful countenance, but sorrow of the heart crushes the spirit.
A joyful heart makes the face cheerful, but by a painful heart the spirit is broken.
Tyndale line
A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken.
A glad heart maketh a cheerful countenance; But by sorrow of heart the spirit is broken.
A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of heart the spirit is broken.
A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken.
A ioyfull heart maketh a chearefull countenance: but by the sorow of the heart the minde is heauie.
Strictly literal
A joyful heart maketh a cheerful countenance; but by sorrow of heart the spirit is broken.
A joyful heart maketh glad the face, And by grief of heart is the spirit smitten.
A joyful heart makes the face glad, || And the spirit is struck by grief of heart.
A merry heart cheereth up the countenance; but when the heart feeleth pain the spirit is depressed.
A joyful heart makes the face cheerful, but heartache crushes the spirit.
From the Latin
A glad heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by grief of mind the spirit is cast down.
Simplified
If you're happy inside, you'll have a cheerful face, but if you're sad, you look crushed.
A glad heart makes a shining face, but by the sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken.
Word by word, the decisions they made
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text of Proverbs 15:13 states, "A joyful heart makes a cheerful countenance, but sorrow of the heart crushes the spirit." The Septuagint, while not providing a direct translation, matches 6 out of the 8 words with the Hebrew text, indicating a general agreement in meaning, though the specific wording and structure differ. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls do not provide additional variants for this verse, so they do not offer further differences from the Masoretic Text.
לֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ יֵיטִ֣ב פָּנִ֑ים וּבְעַצְּבַת־ לֵ֝ב ר֣וּחַ נְכֵאָֽה׃
6 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 15:13
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word לֵב (lev) means 'heart' and encompasses the inner man, mind, will, and emotions. It refers to the center of feelings, intellect, and moral character, as well as the seat of appetites and courage. The entries suggest a broad range of meanings related to human experience and thought, with a specific mention of its use in Jeremiah 51:1.
לֵב 599 n.m. (f.) inner man, mind, will, heart
seldom of things in the midst of the sea
elsewhere of men
the inner man in contrast with the outer
the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
specific reference to mind
spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
spec. ref. to conscience
[various]
for the man himself
as seat of appetites
as seat of emotions and passions
seat of courage
base
לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash Je 51:1.
ref
H3820a לֵב inner man, mind, will, heart . seldom of things in the midst of the sea
. elsewhere of men . the inner man in contrast with the outer
. the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
. specific reference to mind
. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
. spec. ref. to conscience
. [various]
. for the man himself
. as seat of appetites
. as seat of emotions and passions
. seat of courage
H3820b לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash
3820 leb labe
a form of 3824; the heart; also used (figuratively) very
widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect;
likewise for the centre of anything:--+ care for, comfortably,
consent, X considered, courag(-eous), friend(-ly), ((broken-),
(hard-), (merry-), (stiff-), (stout-), double) heart((-ed)), X
heed, X I, kindly, midst, mind(-ed), X regard((-ed)), X
themselves, X unawares, understanding, X well, willingly,
wisdom.
see HEBREW for 03824
לֵב (lev) — heart.
1) inner man, mind, will, heart, understanding
1a) inner part, midst
1a1) midst (of things)
1a2) heart (of man)
1a3) soul, heart (of man)
1a4) mind, knowledge, thinking, reflection, memory
1a5) inclination, resolution, determination (of will)
1a6) conscience
1a7) heart (of moral character)
1a8) as seat of appetites
1a9) as seat of emotions and passions 1a10) as seat of courage
לֵב (lev) — Leb.
§ Leb- = "heart of"
(probably a cryptic name for Babylon by Atbash)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
hart (lebh, lebhabh; kardia): The different senses in which the word occurs in the Old Testament and the New Testament may be grouped under the following heads:
1. Various Meanings:
It represents in the first place the bodily organ, and by easy transition those experiences which affect or are affected by the body. Fear, love, courage, anger, Joy, sorrow, hatred are always ascribed to the heart--especially in the Old Testament; thus courage for which usually ruach is used (Ps 27:14); joy (Ps 4:7); anger (De 19:6, "while his heart is hot," lebhabh); fear (1Sa 25:37); sorrow (Ps 13:2), etc.
Heart
According to the Bible, the heart is the centre not only of spiritual activity, but of all the operations of human life. “Heart” and “soul” are often used interchangeably (Deut. 6:5; 26:16; comp. Matt. 22:37; Mark 12:30, 33), but this is not generally the case.
The heart is the “home of the personal life,” and hence a man is designated, according to his heart, wise (1 Kings 3:12, etc.), pure (Ps. 24:4; Matt. 5:8, etc.), upright and righteous (Gen. 20:5, 6;
שָׂמֵחַ (sameach) means glad, joyful, or merry, and is derived from the root word for joy. It encompasses feelings of happiness and rejoicing, and can also refer to those who express joy. The entries consistently emphasize its positive connotations without notable disagreement.
שָׂמֵחַ adj.verb. glad, joyful, merry
base
H8056 שָׂמֵחַ glad, joyful, merry
8056 sameach saw-may'-akh
from 8055; blithe or gleeful:--(be) glad, joyful, (making)
merry((-hearted), -ily), rejoice(-ing).
see HEBREW for 08055
שָׂמֵחַ (sa.me.ach) — glad.
1) joyful, merry, glad
1a) joyful, showing joy
1b) you who rejoice (subst)
Adj — AdjHAamsa
The Hebrew word יָטַב (yatab) is a primitive root meaning to be good or pleasing. It encompasses a range of meanings including being glad, making something good or right, and dealing well with others. The entries highlight its use in both a literal sense (like sound or beautiful) and a figurative sense (like happy or successful).
[יָטַב] vb. be good, well, glad, pleasing
Qal
be glad, joyful
be well placed
impers. be well for or with, go well with
be pleasing
Hithp.
make glad, rejoice
do good to, deal well with
do well or thoroughly
make a thing good, right, beautiful
do well, right, ethically
base
H3190 יָטַב be good, well, glad, pleasing
3190 yatab yaw-tab'
a primitive root; to be (causative) make well, literally
(sound, beautiful) or figuratively (happy, successful,
right):--be accepted, amend, use aright, benefit, be (make)
better, seem best, make cheerful, be comely, + be content,
diligent(-ly), dress, earnestly, find favour, give, be glad,
do (be, make) good((-ness)), be (make) merry, please (+ well),
shew more (kindness), skilfully, X very small, surely, make
sweet, thoroughly, tire, trim, very, be (can, deal, entreat,
go, have) well (said, seen).
יָטַב (ya.tav) — be good.
1) to be good, be pleasing, be well, be glad
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be glad, be joyful
1a2) to be well placed
1a3) to be well for, be well with, go well with
1a4) to be pleasing, be pleasing to
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to make glad, rejoice
1b2) to do good to, deal well with
1b3) to do well, do thoroughly
1b4) to make a thing good or right or beautiful
1b5) to do well, do right
V-Hiphil-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singularHVhi3ms
good (Tobh, Tubh, yaTabh; agathos, agathon, kalos, kalon): In English "good" is used in various senses, most of which are represented in the Bible.
(1) In the Old Testament the commonest word is Tobh, occurring very frequently and translated in a great variety of ways. Of the different shades of meaning, which frequently run into each other, the following may be distinguished:
(a) Possessing desirable qualities, beneficial, agreeable, e.g. "good for food" (Ge 2:9); "We will do thee good" (Nu 10:29); Who will show us any good?" (Ps 4:6); "good tidings of good" (Isa 52:7).
The Hebrew word פָּנֶה (*pāneh*) is a noun meaning 'face' or 'presence,' and it appears in various contexts, including the faces of seraphim and animals, as well as the surface of the ground. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'before' or 'in front of.' The word is built from a root that suggests turning or facing, and it encompasses a wide range of applications, both literal and figurative.
[פָּנֶה], pl. פָּנִים 2123 n.m. face, also faces
face, faces
presence, person
technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
face of seraphim
face of animals
face (= surface) of ground
as adv.loc. before
for other phrases
with prepositions
base
H6440 פָּנֶה, pl. פָּנִים face, also faces . . face, faces
. . presence, person
. technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
. face of seraphim
. face of animals
. face (= surface) of ground
. as adv. loc. before
. for other phrases
. with prepositions
6440 paniym paw-neem'
plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun (paneh
{paw-neh'}; from 6437); the face (as the part that turns);
used in a great variety of applications (literally and
figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a
preposition (before, etc.):--+ accept, a-(be- )fore(-time),
against, anger, X as (long as), at, + battle, + because (of),
+ beseech, countenance, edge, + employ, endure, + enquire,
face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er
time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, X him(-self), +
honourable, + impudent, + in, it, look(-eth) (- s), X me, +
meet, X more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), X on,
open, + out of, over against, the partial, person, + please,
presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, + regard, right
forth, + serve, X shewbread, sight, state, straight, + street,
X thee, X them(-selves), through (+ - out), till, time(-s)
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face: before.
: before/to/front
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face.
: face
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from…
N-cp — Noun common · masculine plural absoluteHNcmpa
fas: In Hebrew the translation of three expressions:
(1) panim
(2) `ayin, literally, "eye" and
(3) 'aph, literally, "nose," "nostril," already noted under the word COUNTENANCE, which see.
The first and second of these words are used synonymously, even in metaphorical expressions, as, for example in the phrase "the face of the earth," where panim is used (De 6:15 et passim) and `ayin (Nu 22:5 et passim). The third expression preserves more clearly its original meaning. It is generally used in the phrases "to bow one's self to the earth," "to fall on one's face," where the nose actually touched the ground. Often "my face," "thy face" is mere oriental circumlocution for the personal pronoun "I," "me," "thou," "thee." "In thy face" means "in thy presence;" and is often so translated. A…
Face
Means simply presence, as when it is recorded that Adam and Eve hid themselves from the “face [R.V., ‘presence’] of the Lord God” (Gen. 3:8; comp. Ex. 33:14, 15, where the same Hebrew word is rendered “presence”). The “light of God’s countenance” is his favour (Ps. 44:3; Dan. 9:17). “Face” signifies also anger, justice, severity (Gen. 16:6, 8; Ex. 2:15; Ps. 68:1; Rev. 6:16). To “provoke God to his face” (Isa.…
Face and presence, expressed by the same word in Hebrew, are often put for the person himself, Ge 48:11 Ex 33:14 Isa 63:9. No man has seen the face of God, that is, had a full revelation of his glory, Ex 33:20 Joh 1:18 1Ti 6:16. To see him "face to face," is to enjoy his presence, Ge 32:30 Nu 14:14 De 5:4, and have a clear manifestation of his nature and grace,
עַצֶּ֫בֶת (ats.tse.vet) refers to concepts of pain, injury, or sorrow. It is derived from a root meaning to wound. The entries consistently highlight its association with physical and emotional distress, but do not provide specific Old Testament references.
[עַצֶּ֫בֶת] n.f. hurt, injury, pain
base
H6094 עַצֶּ֫בֶת
6094 `atstsebeth ats-tseh'-beth
from 6087; a idol; also, a pain or wound:--sorrow, wound.
see HEBREW for 06087
עַצֶּ֫בֶת (ats.tse.vet) — injury.
pain, hurt, injury, sorrow, wound
Conj | Prep | N-fs — Conjunction · preposition · noun common feminine singular constructHC/R/Ncfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
The Hebrew word לֵב (lev) means 'heart' and encompasses the inner man, mind, will, and emotions. It refers to the center of feelings, intellect, and moral character, as well as the seat of appetites and courage. The entries suggest a broad range of meanings related to human experience and thought, with a specific mention of its use in Jeremiah 51:1.
לֵב 599 n.m. (f.) inner man, mind, will, heart
seldom of things in the midst of the sea
elsewhere of men
the inner man in contrast with the outer
the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
specific reference to mind
spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
spec. ref. to conscience
[various]
for the man himself
as seat of appetites
as seat of emotions and passions
seat of courage
base
לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash Je 51:1.
ref
H3820a לֵב inner man, mind, will, heart . seldom of things in the midst of the sea
. elsewhere of men . the inner man in contrast with the outer
. the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
. specific reference to mind
. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
. spec. ref. to conscience
. [various]
. for the man himself
. as seat of appetites
. as seat of emotions and passions
. seat of courage
H3820b לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash
3820 leb labe
a form of 3824; the heart; also used (figuratively) very
widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect;
likewise for the centre of anything:--+ care for, comfortably,
consent, X considered, courag(-eous), friend(-ly), ((broken-),
(hard-), (merry-), (stiff-), (stout-), double) heart((-ed)), X
heed, X I, kindly, midst, mind(-ed), X regard((-ed)), X
themselves, X unawares, understanding, X well, willingly,
wisdom.
see HEBREW for 03824
לֵב (lev) — heart.
1) inner man, mind, will, heart, understanding
1a) inner part, midst
1a1) midst (of things)
1a2) heart (of man)
1a3) soul, heart (of man)
1a4) mind, knowledge, thinking, reflection, memory
1a5) inclination, resolution, determination (of will)
1a6) conscience
1a7) heart (of moral character)
1a8) as seat of appetites
1a9) as seat of emotions and passions 1a10) as seat of courage
לֵב (lev) — Leb.
§ Leb- = "heart of"
(probably a cryptic name for Babylon by Atbash)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
hart (lebh, lebhabh; kardia): The different senses in which the word occurs in the Old Testament and the New Testament may be grouped under the following heads:
1. Various Meanings:
It represents in the first place the bodily organ, and by easy transition those experiences which affect or are affected by the body. Fear, love, courage, anger, Joy, sorrow, hatred are always ascribed to the heart--especially in the Old Testament; thus courage for which usually ruach is used (Ps 27:14); joy (Ps 4:7); anger (De 19:6, "while his heart is hot," lebhabh); fear (1Sa 25:37); sorrow (Ps 13:2), etc.
Heart
According to the Bible, the heart is the centre not only of spiritual activity, but of all the operations of human life. “Heart” and “soul” are often used interchangeably (Deut. 6:5; 26:16; comp. Matt. 22:37; Mark 12:30, 33), but this is not generally the case.
The heart is the “home of the personal life,” and hence a man is designated, according to his heart, wise (1 Kings 3:12, etc.), pure (Ps. 24:4; Matt. 5:8, etc.), upright and righteous (Gen. 20:5, 6;
רוּחַ (ruach) means breath, wind, or spirit. It encompasses various meanings, including the breath of life, emotional disposition, and the spirit of God. The term can refer to both physical phenomena, like wind, and abstract concepts, such as moral character or mental acts. Notably, it is used frequently in the context of divine inspiration and the Holy Spirit.
רוּחַ 378 n.f. (less oft. m.) breath, wind, spirit
breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
wind (117 t.)
spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
spirit of the living, breathing being
spirit as seat of emotion
occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
rarely of the will
רוּחַ esp. of moral character
spirit of God (94 t.)
base
H7307 רוּחַ breath, wind, spirit . breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
. wind (117 t.)
. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
. spirit of the living, breathing being
. spirit as seat of emotion
. occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
. rarely of the will
. רוּחַ esp. of moral character
. spirit of God (94 t.)
7307 ruwach roo'-akh
from 7306; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or
even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger,
unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by
resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including
its expression and functions):--air, anger, blast, breath, X
cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit((-ual)),
tempest, X vain, ((whirl-))wind(-y).
see HEBREW for 07306
רוּחַ (ru.ach) — spirit.
: spirit
1) wind, breath, mind, spirit
1a) breath
1b) wind
1b1) of heaven
1b2) quarter (of wind), side
1b3) breath of air
1b4) air, gas
1b5) vain, empty thing
1c) spirit (as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation)
1c1) spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour
1c2) courage
1c3) temper, anger
1c4) impatience, patience
1c5) spirit, disposition (as troubled, bitter, discontented)
1c6) disposition (of various kinds), unaccountable or uncontrollable impulse
1c7) prophetic spirit
1d) spirit (of the living, breathing being in man and animals)
1d1) as gift, preserved by God, God's spirit, departing at death, disembodied being
1e) spirit (as seat of emotion)
1e1) desire
1e2) sorrow, trouble
1f) spirit
1f1) as seat or organ of mental acts
1f2) rarely of the will
1f3) as seat especially of moral character
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
spir'-it (ruach; pneuma; Latin, spiritus):
1. Primary and Figurative Senses
(1) As Wind, Breath
(2) As Anger or Fury
(3) As Mental and Moral Qualities in Man
2. Shades of Meaning
(1) As Life-Principle
(2) As Surviving Death
(3) Spiritual Manifestations
3. Human and Divine Spirit
(1) The Human as Related with the Divine
(2) Operations of the Divine Spirit as Third Person of the Trinity
4. Old Testament Applications
5. Various Interpretations
1. Primary and Figurative Senses:
Spirit
(Heb. ruah; Gr. pneuma), properly wind or breath. In 2 Thess. 2:8 it means “breath,” and in Eccl. 8:8 the vital principle in man. It also denotes the rational, immortal soul by which man is distinguished (Acts 7:59; 1 Cor. 5:5; 6:20; 7:34), and the soul in its separate state (Heb. 12:23), and hence also an apparition (Job 4:15; Luke 24:37, 39), an angel (Heb. 1:14), and a demon (Luke 4:36; 10:20). This…
A word employed in various senses in Scripture.
1. For THE HOLY, HOLINESS SPIRIT, the third person of the Holy Trinity, who inspired the prophets, animates good men, pours his unction into our hearts, imparts to us life and comfort; and in whose name we are baptized and blessed, as well as in that of the Father and the Son. When the adjective Holy is applied to the term Spirit, we should always understand it as here explained; but there are many places whether it must be taken in this sense, although the term Holy is omitted. See HOLY, HOLINESS SPIRIT.
2. BREATH, respiration; or the principle of animal life, common to men and animal: this God has given, and this he recalls when he takes away life, Ec 3:21. See SOUL.
The Hebrew word נָכָא (*nake'*) and its variant נָכֵא (*nakhe*) both mean 'stricken' or 'smitten.' They are derived from the root related to being afflicted or wounded. The term appears in contexts such as Isaiah 16:7, describing a defeated state.
[נָכָא] adj. stricken;—mpl. Is 16:7, of Moab prostrated by conquest.
ref
נָכֵא adj. id. [n.di.ab], alw. f. a stricken spirit
base
H5218a נָכָא stricken H5218b נָכֵא id. [5218a]
5218 nake' naw-kay'
or nakat {naw-kaw'}; from 5217; smitten, i.e. (figuratively)
afflicted:--broken, stricken, wounded.
see HEBREW for 05217
נָכָא (na.ka) — stricken.
stricken
Another spelling of na.khe (נָכֵא "stricken" H5218B)
נָכֵא (na.khe) — stricken.
stricken
Also means: na.ka (נָכָא "stricken" H5218A)
Adj — AdjHAafsa