Proverbs 18:14 — Word Study
WLCרֽוּחַ־ אִ֭ישׁ יְכַלְכֵּ֣ל מַחֲלֵ֑הוּ וְר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה מִ֣י יִשָּׂאֶֽנָּה׃
BSAThe spiritrûwach [breath of life, mind and emotions] of a manʼîysh [male person, individual] can endurekûwl▸ [sustain, support] his sicknessmachăleh [physical ailments, disease] but whomîy [what person, which one] can survivenâsâʼ▸ [bear, endure] a brokennâkêʼ [stricken, afflicted] spiritrûwach [mind and emotions, breath of life]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| רֽוּחַ־ | [the] spirit of | Noun common, feminine singular construct |
| אִ֭ישׁ | a person | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| יְכַלְכֵּ֣ל | it will endure | Verb, Piel, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| מַחֲלֵ֑הוּ | sickness his | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| וְר֥וּחַ | and a spirit | Conjunction, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה | stricken | Adj |
| מִ֣י | who? | Pronoun |
| יִשָּׂאֶֽנָּה׃ | will he bear it | Verb qal imperfect third person masculine singular, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The spirit of a man can endure his sickness, but who can survive a broken spirit? |
| KJV | The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear? |
| ASV | The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; But a broken spirit who can bear? |
| YLT | The spirit of a man sustaineth his sickness, And a smitten spirit who doth bear? |
| WEB | A man’s spirit will sustain him in sickness, but a crushed spirit, who can bear? |
| BBE | The spirit of a man will be his support when he is ill; but how may a broken spirit be lifted up? |
All translations agree on the meaning of the verse, emphasizing the ability of a man's spirit to endure sickness while questioning who can withstand a broken spirit.
The verse consists of a main clause followed by a rhetorical question, emphasizing the contrast between physical endurance and emotional fragility.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectמִי
verbכּוּל
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Proverbs 18:14
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Resilience of the Spiritgenerated
Proverbs 18:14 discusses the strength of a person's spirit in the face of sickness, contrasting it with the fragility of a broken spirit. This verse highlights the importance of emotional well-being alongside physical health, as seen throughout the wisdom literature of the Old Testament. The surrounding verses emphasize the value of discernment and the consequences of one's words and actions, setting a broader context for understanding human experience.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Job 1:20–21 | Then Job stood up, tore his robe, and shaved his head. He fell to the ground and worshiped, |
| 2 | Job 2:7–10 | So Satan went out from the presence of the LORD and infected Job with terrible boils from the soles of his feet to the crown of his head. |
| 3 | Psalm 147:3 | He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds. |
| 4 | Romans 5:3–5 | Not only that, but we also rejoice in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; |
| 5 | Romans 8:35–37 | Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall trouble or distress or persecution or famine or nakedness or danger or sword? |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 23 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — רוּחַ, Ru.ach-generated
The word רוּחַ (ruach) is a feminine noun meaning spirit, breath, or wind. It encompasses various meanings, including the breath of life, emotional disposition, and the spirit of God. In this verse, it refers to the inner strength of a person, which can help them endure physical hardships.
The parsing as a noun in the construct form indicates that it is describing a relationship — specifically, the spirit of a man. This highlights the personal nature of the spirit, emphasizing individual resilience in the face of adversity.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
All translations agree on the meaning of the verse, emphasizing the ability of a man's spirit to endure sickness while questioning who can withstand a broken spirit.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb of the verse is יְכַלְכֵּ֣ל, it will endure, which governs the subject אִ֭ישׁ, a man, and the object מַחֲלֵ֑הוּ, his sickness. The second part of the verse introduces a rhetorical question using the verb יִשָּׂאֶֽן, will he bear it, referring to the broken spirit.
The structure emphasizes the contrast between physical endurance and emotional pain, with the question about the broken spirit serving to highlight its severity.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates רוּחַ as θυμὸν, which refers to the spirit or emotional state, indicating a focus on the emotional aspect of human experience. This choice aligns with the theme of the verse, emphasizing the fragility of the spirit.
The translation of נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה is not directly provided, but the overall rendering reflects a similar concern for emotional well-being.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Proverbs 18:14 tells us that a person's spirit can help them endure sickness, but a broken spirit is much harder to bear. This verse highlights the importance of emotional health, showing that while physical ailments can be endured, emotional wounds can deeply affect one's well-being.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
A broken spirit refers to emotional pain or distress that can leave a person feeling defeated or hopeless, often resulting from loss, disappointment, or trauma.
A strong spirit can provide resilience and hope, allowing individuals to cope better with physical ailments and maintain a positive outlook during difficult times.
Emotional health is crucial because it affects how we think, feel, and act. It also influences our ability to handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.
Strengthening one's spirit can involve practices like mindfulness, seeking support from others, engaging in positive activities, and nurturing one's faith or beliefs.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways have I seen the strength of the human spirit in myself or others during tough times?
- How can I support someone who is experiencing a broken spirit?
- What practices help me maintain emotional health and resilience?
- How does understanding the importance of both physical and emotional health change my perspective on well-being?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Father Bede comments on this verse, reflecting on the resilience of the spirit in the face of weakness and emotional turmoil.
The spirit of a man sustains his weakness. And the man himself says, The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak (Matthew 26).Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 18 →
Truly, the spirit is easily moved to anger, etc. He who is easily moved to anger cannot even sustain himself, so that when he is angry, he often says things which, when calm afterward,Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 18 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Proverbs 18:14 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThe spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity,.... The spirit of a mighty man, as Jarchi; a man of spirit, that has a spirit of fortitude, even of natural fortitude, and especially of Christian
Read John Gill on Proverbs 18 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThe spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear? The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity (of body): but a wounded spirit who can bear?
Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 18 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe spirit, i.e. the soul, to wit, which is unwounded, as appears by the opposite branch of the verse; which is vigorous and cheerful, supported by the sense of God’ s love, and the conscience of its own integrity, and the prospect of its present peace and future happiness. Will sustain his infirmity; will easily support him under any bodily or outward troubles, as God’ s people have oft found by experience. Wounded; dejected with the sense of its own guilt and misery. Who can bear? it is most grievous and intolerable without Divine assistance.
Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 18 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsProverbs 18:14 The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear?Ver. 14. The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity.] Some sorry shift a man may make to bustle with, and to rub through other ailments and aggrievances, disasters or diseases, sores or sicknesses of the body - as the word here properly importeth. Let a man be sound within, and, upon good terms, at peace with his own conscience, and he will bravely bear unspeakable pressures. Paul was merry under his load, because his heart was cheery in the Lord; as an old beaten porter to the cross, maluit tolerare quam deplorare, his "stroke was heavier than his groaning," as Job. Alexander Aphrodiseus…
Read John Trapp on Proverbs 18 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(14) The spirit of a man.—That is, one properly so called, who draws his strength from God, will “sustain his infirmity,” help him to bear up against trouble; “but a wounded spirit” (not one crushed with the sense of sin, for that God will lift up, Isaiah 66:2; Psalms 51:17), which retires into itself and nurses its griefs, “who can bear” the wear of it?
Read Charles John Ellicott on Proverbs 18 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 14. The spirit of a man will sustain] A man sustains the ills of his body, and the trials of life, by the strength and energy of his mind. But if the mind be wounded, if this be cast down, if slow-consuming care and grief have shot the dagger into the soul, what can then sustain the man? Nothing but the unseen God. Therefore, let the afflicted pray. A man's own spirit has, in general, sufficient fortitude to bear up under the unavoidable trials of life; but when the conscience is wounded by sin, and the soul is dying by iniquity, who can lift him up? God alone; for salvation is of the Lord.
Read AdamClarke on Proverbs 18 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges14. a wounded spirit] If the sustaining spirit be itself wounded or broken, the burden becomes intolerable. It is the pathetic thought of “the spirit which so long bore a man’s infirmity, and then at last broke because it could bear no more, and became itself intolerable,” Horton.
Read Cambridge on Proverbs 18 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleInfirmity - Bodily pain or trouble. “Spirit” in the Hebrew text is masculine in the first clause, feminine in the second, as though used in the latter as having lost its strength.
Read Albert Barnes on Proverbs 18 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The spirit of a man can endure his sickness, but who can survive a broken spirit?
A man’s spirit will sustain him in sickness, but a crushed spirit, who can bear?
The spirit of a man can endure his sickness, but who can survive a broken spirit?
A person’s spirit sustains him through sickness – but who can bear a crushed spirit?
Tyndale line
The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear?
The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; But a broken spirit who can bear?
The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a broken spirit who can bear?
The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear?
The spirit of a man will susteine his infirmitie: but a wounded spirit who can beare it?
Strictly literal
The spirit of a man sustaineth his infirmity; but a broken spirit who can bear?
The spirit of a man sustaineth his sickness, And a smitten spirit who doth bear?
The spirit of a man sustains his sickness, || And who bears a struck spirit?
The spirit of a man will readily bear his disease; but a depressed spirit who can bear:
A person's spirit will survive sickness, but a broken spirit who can bear it?
From the Latin
The spirit of a man upholdeth his infirmity: but a spirit that is easily angered, who can bear?
Simplified
With a brave spirit you can put up with sickness, but if it's crushed, you can't bear it.
The spirit of a man will be his support when he is ill; but how may a broken spirit be lifted up?
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the core elements of the verse, with six of the eight words matched. The differences in word order and structure reflect the distinct linguistic styles of Hebrew and Greek but do not change the meaning.
רֽוּחַ־ אִ֭ישׁ יְכַלְכֵּ֣ל מַחֲלֵ֑הוּ וְר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה מִ֣י יִשָּׂאֶֽנָּה׃
6 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 18:14
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
רוּחַ (ruach) means breath, wind, or spirit. It encompasses various meanings, including the breath of life, emotional disposition, and the spirit of God. The term can refer to both physical phenomena, like wind, and abstract concepts, such as moral character or mental acts. Notably, it is used frequently in the context of divine inspiration and the Holy Spirit.
רוּחַ 378 n.f. (less oft. m.) breath, wind, spirit
breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
wind (117 t.)
spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
spirit of the living, breathing being
spirit as seat of emotion
occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
rarely of the will
רוּחַ esp. of moral character
spirit of God (94 t.)
base
H7307 רוּחַ breath, wind, spirit . breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
. wind (117 t.)
. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
. spirit of the living, breathing being
. spirit as seat of emotion
. occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
. rarely of the will
. רוּחַ esp. of moral character
. spirit of God (94 t.)
7307 ruwach roo'-akh
from 7306; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or
even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger,
unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by
resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including
its expression and functions):--air, anger, blast, breath, X
cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit((-ual)),
tempest, X vain, ((whirl-))wind(-y).
see HEBREW for 07306
רוּחַ (ru.ach) — spirit.
: spirit
1) wind, breath, mind, spirit
1a) breath
1b) wind
1b1) of heaven
1b2) quarter (of wind), side
1b3) breath of air
1b4) air, gas
1b5) vain, empty thing
1c) spirit (as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation)
1c1) spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour
1c2) courage
1c3) temper, anger
1c4) impatience, patience
1c5) spirit, disposition (as troubled, bitter, discontented)
1c6) disposition (of various kinds), unaccountable or uncontrollable impulse
1c7) prophetic spirit
1d) spirit (of the living, breathing being in man and animals)
1d1) as gift, preserved by God, God's spirit, departing at death, disembodied being
1e) spirit (as seat of emotion)
1e1) desire
1e2) sorrow, trouble
1f) spirit
1f1) as seat or organ of mental acts
1f2) rarely of the will
1f3) as seat especially of moral character
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular constructHNcfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
The Hebrew word אִישׁ (iysh) means 'man' and can refer to an individual male, a husband, or a human being in general. It encompasses various meanings, including champion and great man, and can also imply 'whosoever' or 'each.' The word is built from a root suggesting existence and is used throughout the Old Testament.
אִישׁ 2166 n.m. man (= vir)
base
H376 אִישׁ man (= vir)
376 'iysh eesh
contracted for 582 (or perhaps rather from an unused root
meaning to be extant); a man as an individual or a male
person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and
in such cases frequently not expressed in
translation):--also, another, any (man), a certain, +
champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-,
husband-)man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree),
him (that is), husband, man(-kind), + none, one, people,
person, + steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy.
Compare 802.
see HEBREW for 0582
see HEBREW for 0802
אִישׁ (ish) — man.
: man
1) man
1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female)
1b) husband
1c) human being, person (in contrast to God)
1d) servant
1e) mankind
1f) champion
1g) great man
2) whosoever
3) each (adjective)
אִישׁ (ish) — man: husband.
: husband
1) man
1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female)
1b) husband
1c) human being, person (in contrast to God)
1d) servant
1e) mankind
1f) champion
1g) great man
2) whosoever
3) each (adjective)
אִישׁ (ish) — man: anyone.
: anyone/someone
1) man
1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female)
1b) husband
1c) human being, person (in contrast to God)
1d) servant
1e) mankind
1f) champion
1g) great man
2) whosoever
3) each (adjective)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
The Hebrew word כּוּל (kuwl) is a primitive root meaning to sustain or contain. It covers a range of meanings including to measure, hold, nourish, and endure. The entries indicate various forms of the verb, such as Qal, Pilpel, and Hiphil, which express different nuances of sustaining and containing.
[כּוּל] vb. comprehend, contain
Qal who hath comprehended the dust of the earth in a shalish-measure
Pilp. sustain, maintain, contain
Polp. were supplied with food
Hiph. contain, hold, hold in, endure
base
H3557 [כּוּל] comprehend, contain .sustain, maintain, contain
. were supplied with food
. contain, hold, hold in, endure
3557 kuwl kool
a primitive root; properly, to keep in; hence, to measure;
figuratively, to maintain (in various senses):--(be able to,
can) abide, bear, comprehend, contain, feed, forbearing,
guide, hold(-ing in), nourish(-er), be present, make
provision, receive, sustain, provide sustenance (victuals).
כּוּל (kul) — to sustain.
1) to seize, contain, measure
1a)(Qal) to measure, calculate
1b) (Pilpel) to sustain, maintain, contain
1b1) to sustain, support, nourish
1b2) to contain, hold in, restrain
1b3) to support, endure
1c) (Polpal) to be supplied
1d) (Hilpil) to contain, hold, hold in, endure
1d1) to contain
1d2) to sustain, endure
V-l-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Piel · imperfect third person masculine singularHVpi3ms
en-dur':
Used in the Bible
(1) in the sense of "continue," "last," as in Ps 9:7, "The Lord shall endure for ever" (the American Standard Revised Version "Yahweh sitteth as king forever"); Ps 30:5, "Weeping may endure for a night" (the Revised Version (British and American) "tarry" margin "may come in to lodge at even"); Joh 6:27, "the meat which endureth," the King James Version, the Revised Version (British and American) "the food which abideth";
מַחֲלֶה (machaleh) and מַחֲלָה (machalah) both refer to sickness or disease. The entries indicate that these words are closely related, with machaleh being a feminine form of machalah. They are used interchangeably in the context of illness, as noted in various lexicons.
[מַחֲלֶה] n.[m.] sickness, disease
base
מַחֲלָה n.f. sickness, disease
base
H4245a מַחֲלֶה sickness, disease H4245b מַחֲלָה sickness, disease
4245 machaleh makh-al-eh'
or (feminine) machalah {makk-al-aw'}; from 2470;
sickness:--disease, infirmity, sickness.
see HEBREW for 02470
מַחֲלֶה (ma.cha.leh) — sickness.
disease, sickness
Another spelling of ma.cha.lah (מַחֲלָה "sickness" H4245B)
מַחֲלָה (ma.cha.lah) — sickness.
disease, sickness
Also means: ma.cha.leh (מַחֲלֶה "sickness" H4245A)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3ms
רוּחַ (ruach) means breath, wind, or spirit. It encompasses various meanings, including the breath of life, emotional disposition, and the spirit of God. The term can refer to both physical phenomena, like wind, and abstract concepts, such as moral character or mental acts. Notably, it is used frequently in the context of divine inspiration and the Holy Spirit.
רוּחַ 378 n.f. (less oft. m.) breath, wind, spirit
breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
wind (117 t.)
spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
spirit of the living, breathing being
spirit as seat of emotion
occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
rarely of the will
רוּחַ esp. of moral character
spirit of God (94 t.)
base
H7307 רוּחַ breath, wind, spirit . breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
. wind (117 t.)
. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
. spirit of the living, breathing being
. spirit as seat of emotion
. occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
. rarely of the will
. רוּחַ esp. of moral character
. spirit of God (94 t.)
7307 ruwach roo'-akh
from 7306; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or
even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger,
unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by
resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including
its expression and functions):--air, anger, blast, breath, X
cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit((-ual)),
tempest, X vain, ((whirl-))wind(-y).
see HEBREW for 07306
רוּחַ (ru.ach) — spirit.
: spirit
1) wind, breath, mind, spirit
1a) breath
1b) wind
1b1) of heaven
1b2) quarter (of wind), side
1b3) breath of air
1b4) air, gas
1b5) vain, empty thing
1c) spirit (as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation)
1c1) spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour
1c2) courage
1c3) temper, anger
1c4) impatience, patience
1c5) spirit, disposition (as troubled, bitter, discontented)
1c6) disposition (of various kinds), unaccountable or uncontrollable impulse
1c7) prophetic spirit
1d) spirit (of the living, breathing being in man and animals)
1d1) as gift, preserved by God, God's spirit, departing at death, disembodied being
1e) spirit (as seat of emotion)
1e1) desire
1e2) sorrow, trouble
1f) spirit
1f1) as seat or organ of mental acts
1f2) rarely of the will
1f3) as seat especially of moral character
Conj | N-cs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Ncfsa
spir'-it (ruach; pneuma; Latin, spiritus):
1. Primary and Figurative Senses
(1) As Wind, Breath
(2) As Anger or Fury
(3) As Mental and Moral Qualities in Man
2. Shades of Meaning
(1) As Life-Principle
(2) As Surviving Death
(3) Spiritual Manifestations
3. Human and Divine Spirit
(1) The Human as Related with the Divine
(2) Operations of the Divine Spirit as Third Person of the Trinity
4. Old Testament Applications
5. Various Interpretations
1. Primary and Figurative Senses:
Spirit
(Heb. ruah; Gr. pneuma), properly wind or breath. In 2 Thess. 2:8 it means “breath,” and in Eccl. 8:8 the vital principle in man. It also denotes the rational, immortal soul by which man is distinguished (Acts 7:59; 1 Cor. 5:5; 6:20; 7:34), and the soul in its separate state (Heb. 12:23), and hence also an apparition (Job 4:15; Luke 24:37, 39), an angel (Heb. 1:14), and a demon (Luke 4:36; 10:20). This…
A word employed in various senses in Scripture.
1. For THE HOLY, HOLINESS SPIRIT, the third person of the Holy Trinity, who inspired the prophets, animates good men, pours his unction into our hearts, imparts to us life and comfort; and in whose name we are baptized and blessed, as well as in that of the Father and the Son. When the adjective Holy is applied to the term Spirit, we should always understand it as here explained; but there are many places whether it must be taken in this sense, although the term Holy is omitted. See HOLY, HOLINESS SPIRIT.
2. BREATH, respiration; or the principle of animal life, common to men and animal: this God has given, and this he recalls when he takes away life, Ec 3:21. See SOUL.
The Hebrew word נָכָא (*nake'*) and its variant נָכֵא (*nakhe*) both mean 'stricken' or 'smitten.' They are derived from the root related to being afflicted or wounded. The term appears in contexts such as Isaiah 16:7, describing a defeated state.
[נָכָא] adj. stricken;—mpl. Is 16:7, of Moab prostrated by conquest.
ref
נָכֵא adj. id. [n.di.ab], alw. f. a stricken spirit
base
H5218a נָכָא stricken H5218b נָכֵא id. [5218a]
5218 nake' naw-kay'
or nakat {naw-kaw'}; from 5217; smitten, i.e. (figuratively)
afflicted:--broken, stricken, wounded.
see HEBREW for 05217
נָכָא (na.ka) — stricken.
stricken
Another spelling of na.khe (נָכֵא "stricken" H5218B)
נָכֵא (na.khe) — stricken.
stricken
Also means: na.ka (נָכָא "stricken" H5218A)
Adj — AdjHAafsa
מִי (mi) is an interrogative pronoun primarily used to ask about persons, meaning 'who?' or 'whose?'. It can also appear in rhetorical questions and has some idiomatic uses, such as 'who among...?' or 'whosoever'. The word is rarely applied to things, and its forms can vary in emphasis.
מִי 423 pron.interrog. who? of persons
מִי is rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied
in the gen. whose
in an indirect qu.
מִי ב׳ who among … ?
strengthened and emph. forms of interrog.
various rhetorical uses whose
מִי may sometimes be rendered whosoever, though, as the examples will shew, it does not really mean it
once, following a verb, any one
base
H4310 מִי who? of persons . מִי is rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied
. in the gen. whose
. in an indirect qu.
. מִי ב׳ who among … ?
. strengthened and emph. forms of interrog.
. various rhetorical uses whose
. מִי may sometimes be rendered whosoever, though, as the examples will shew, it does not really mean it
. once, following a verb, any one
4310 miy me
an interrogative pronoun of persons, as 4100 is of things,
who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also
(indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction
with prefix or suffix:--any (man), X he, X him, + O that!
what, which, who(-m, -se, -soever), + would to God.
see HEBREW for 04100
מִי (mi) — who?.
who?, whose?, whom?, would that, whoever, whosoever
Part — PronounHPi
The Hebrew word נָשָׂא (nasa') means to lift, carry, or take, encompassing a wide range of applications both literal and figurative. It can refer to actions like bearing burdens, taking away, or being exalted. The entries indicate various forms and uses, including the ability to lift oneself up or cause others to bear iniquity. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
נָשָׂא 656 vb. lift, carry, take
Qal
lift, lift up
Bear, carry
Take, take away
Niph.
be lifted up
refl. lift oneself up = rise up, of י׳, to display power in judgment
be borne, carried
be taken away, carried off
Pi.
lift up = exalt
fig. = desire, long
carry, bear continuously
take, take away
Hithp. lift oneself up
Hiph.
cause one to bear iniquity
appar. cause to bring, have brought
base
H5375 נָשָׂא lift, carry, take .. lift, lift up
. Bear, carry
. Take, take away
. . be lifted up
. refl. lift oneself up = rise up, of י׳, to display power in judgment
. be borne, carried
. be taken away, carried off
. . lift up = exalt
. fig. = desire, long
. carry, bear continuously
. take, take away
. lift oneself up
. . cause one to bear iniquity
. appar. cause to bring, have brought
5375 nasa' naw-saw'
or nacah (Psalm 4 : 6 (7)) {naw-saw'}; a primitive root; to
lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and
figurative, absol. and rel. (as follows):--accept, advance,
arise, (able to, (armor), suffer to) bear(-er, up), bring
(forth), burn, carry (away), cast, contain, desire, ease,
exact, exalt (self), extol, fetch, forgive, furnish, further,
give, go on, help, high, hold up, honorable (+ man), lade,
lay, lift (self) up, lofty, marry, magnify, X needs, obtain,
pardon, raise (up), receive, regard, respect, set (up), spare,
stir up, + swear, take (away, up), X utterly, wear, yield.
see HEBREW for 04
see HEBREW for 06
see HEBREW for 07
נָשָׂא (na.sa) — to lift: raise.
: raise/take_up
1) to lift, bear up, carry, take
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to lift, lift up
1a2) to bear, carry, support, sustain, endure
1a3) to take, take away, carry off, forgive
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be lifted up, be exalted
1b2) to lift oneself up, rise up
1b3) to be borne, be carried
1b4) to be taken away, be carried off, be swept away
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to lift up, exalt, support, aid, assist
1c2) to desire, long (fig.)
1c3) to carry, bear continuously
1c4) to take, take away
1d) (Hithpael) to lift oneself up, exalt oneself
1e) (Hiphil)
1e1) to cause one to bear (iniquity)
1e2) to cause to bring, have brought
נָשָׂא (na.sa) — to lift: bear.
: look/lift(eyes)
1) to lift, bear up, carry, take
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to lift, lift up
1a2) to bear, carry, support, sustain, endure
1a3) to take, take away, carry off, forgive
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be lifted up, be exalted
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms | Suff — Verb qal imperfect third person masculine singular · suffixHVqi3ms/Sp3fs