Nehemiah 3:32 — Word Study
WLCוּבֵ֨ין עֲלִיַּ֤ת הַפִּנָּה֙ לְשַׁ֣עַר הַצֹּ֔אן הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ הַצֹּרְפִ֖ים וְהָרֹכְלִֽים׃ פ
BSAAnd betweenbêyn [the space or interval] the upper roomʻălîyâh [a lofty place, chamber] above the cornerpinnâh [a pinnacle or angle] and the Sheeptsôʼn Gateshaʻar [a city entrance, door] the goldsmithstsâraph [refiners, craftsmen] and merchantsrâkal [traders, businessmen] made repairschâzaq■ [strengthened, restored]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וּבֵ֨ין | and between | Conjunction |
| עֲלִיַּ֤ת | [the] roof-chamber of | Noun common, feminine singular construct |
| הַפִּנָּה֙ | the corner | Particle, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| לְשַׁ֣עַר | and [the] gate of | Preposition, noun common masculine singular construct |
| הַצֹּ֔אן | the sheep | Particle, noun common both singular absolute |
| הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ | they repaired | Verb, Hiphil, perfect third person common plural |
| הַצֹּרְפִ֖ים | the goldsmiths | Particle, verb qal participle (active) masculine plural |
| וְהָרֹכְלִֽים׃ פ | and the traders | Conjunction, particle, verb qal participle (active) masculine plural |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | And between the upper room above the corner and the Sheep Gate, the goldsmiths and merchants made repairs. |
| KJV | And between the going up of the corner unto the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants. |
| ASV | And between the ascent of the corner and the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants. |
| YLT | And between the ascent of the corner and the sheep-gate, have the refiners and the merchants strengthened. |
| WEB | Between the ascent of the corner and the sheep gate, the goldsmiths and the merchants made repairs. |
| BBE | And between the way up to the angle and the sheep door, the gold-workers and the traders made good the wall. |
Where they part company is in the phrasing of the repairs — see How Translations Differ.
One main verb with a prepositional phrase indicating the location of the repairs. The structure focuses on the subjects who performed the action.
6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Trapp, Ellicott, AdamClarke & more — read them ›
clause
verbחָזַק
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Nehemiah 3:32
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Repairs of the Wallgenerated
Nehemiah 3:32 describes the efforts of goldsmiths and merchants as they made repairs to the wall of Jerusalem. This verse highlights the collaborative spirit of the community in restoring their city, emphasizing the importance of each group in the rebuilding process. The Sheep Gate, a significant location, serves as a reference point for the work being done, indicating the strategic nature of the repairs.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nehemiah 3:1 | At the Sheep Gate, Eliashib the high priest and his fellow priests began rebuilding. They dedicated it and installed its doors. After building as far as the Tower of the Hundred and the Tower of Hananel, they dedicated the wall. |
| 2 | Nehemiah 12:39 | over the Gate of Ephraim, the Jeshanah Gate, the Fish Gate, the Tower of Hananel, and the Tower of the Hundred, as far as the Sheep Gate. And they stopped at the Gate of the Guard. |
| 3 | John 5:2 | Now there is in Jerusalem near the Sheep Gate a pool with five covered colonnades, which in Hebrew is called Bethesda. |
| 4 | Nehemiah 3:8–31 | Next to them, Uzziel son of Harhaiah, one of the goldsmiths, made repairs, and next to him, Hananiah son of the perfumer made repairs. They fortified Jerusalem as far as the Broad Wall. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ, he.che.Zi.kugenerated
The verb חָזַק (chazaq) is in the Hiphil stem, indicating a causative action, meaning 'to strengthen' or 'to make strong.' It is used here in the perfect tense, showing that the action has been completed by the subject.
This word encompasses a range of meanings, including to support, encourage, and restore. In this context, it specifically refers to the physical act of repairing and reinforcing the city walls, demonstrating the active role of the goldsmiths and merchants in the restoration effort.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses made repairs to convey the action of strengthening the wall.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ, they repaired, governs the entire clause, indicating the main action of the sentence. The structure includes a series of noun phrases that specify the locations involved in the repairs.
The prepositional phrases detail the spatial relationship of the upper room and the Sheep Gate, while the noun phrases identify the subjects of the action, the goldsmiths and merchants, emphasizing their collaborative effort.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ as ἐκράτησαν, which also means 'they held fast' or 'they strengthened.' This choice reflects a similar emphasis on the act of reinforcing the structure.
The use of ἐκράτησαν suggests a strong and active role in the repairs, aligning with the Hebrew meaning while potentially broadening the interpretation to include holding or maintaining strength.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Nehemiah 3:32 describes how the goldsmiths and merchants worked together to repair the wall between the upper room above the corner and the Sheep Gate. This shows the community's effort in restoring their city.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The Sheep Gate was an important entrance to Jerusalem, often associated with the sheep brought for sacrifices, symbolizing the city's religious and communal life.
The goldsmiths were craftsmen who worked with metal, while the merchants were traders who dealt in goods. Their involvement in the repairs highlights the diverse contributions of different professions to the rebuilding effort.
To 'repair' refers to the act of strengthening and restoring the wall, making it secure against potential threats and symbolizing the restoration of the community.
The upper room signifies a specific location in the city, indicating the area where the repairs were made and highlighting the strategic importance of the location.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can I contribute to my community's well-being, similar to how the goldsmiths and merchants worked together?
- What are some areas in my life that need strengthening or restoration?
- In what ways can I support others in their efforts to rebuild or repair aspects of their lives?
- How does the concept of community involvement resonate with my experiences?
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Nehemiah 3:32 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd between the going up of the corner unto the sheep gate,.... Where the building first began and where it now ended: repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants; or druggists; which was done at their
Read John Gill on Nehemiah 3 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsNehemiah 3:32 And between the going up of the corner unto the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants.Ver. 32. Unto the sheep gate] Here they began and here they end, having repaired round, and thereby obtained a good report, being here registered and renowned. Those that have a hand in building the spiritual Jerusalem shall be surely crowned and chronicled. Their names shall be written in the book of life, where no devil can scrape them out. Up, therefore, and be doing worthily in Ephratah, that ye may be famous in Bethlehem, Rth 4:11. "To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, shall be eternal life," Romans 2:7.
Read John Trapp on Nehemiah 3 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(32) Unto the sheep gate.—It appears that the “goldsmiths and the merchants” undertook the small space necessary to complete the circuit.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Nehemiah 3 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 32. The goldsmiths and the merchants.] The word הצרפים hatstsorephim may signify smiths, or persons who worked in metals of any kind; but it is generally understood to mean those who worked in gold. I have already observed, that the mention of merchants and goldsmiths shows that these persons were formed into bodies corporate in those ancient times. But these terms are differently rendered in the versions. The Vulgate is the same as ours, which probably our translators copied: aurifices et negociatores. The Syriac is, goldsmiths and druggists. The Arabic, smelters of metal and porters. The Septuagint, in some copies, particularly in the Roman edition, and in the Complutensian…
Read AdamClarke on Nehemiah 3 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges32. the going up, &c.] see Nehemiah 3:31. unto the sheep gate] R.V. and the sheep gate. This was the starting place of the description (Nehemiah 3:1). the goldsmiths] see Nehemiah 3:8-31. the merchants] see Nehemiah 3:31. The proximity of their work of restoration suggests that both goldsmiths and merchants represented communities largely and closely interested in the transactions connected with Temple offerings. For, apart from the supply and repair of vessels, furniture, and dress, required for the daily ministration, the dedication of precious things would create a constant traffic close to the Temple. The merchants would establish themselves at the main approaches to the Temple and…
Read Cambridge on Nehemiah 3 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible32. The corner unto the sheep gate — That is, from the southeast corner of the outer wall northward to the point whence the writer’s description started. Nehemiah 3:1.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Nehemiah 3 →The verse in English, compared — 16 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
And between the upper room above the corner and the Sheep Gate, the goldsmiths and merchants made repairs.
Between the ascent of the corner and the sheep gate, the goldsmiths and the merchants made repairs.
And between the upper room above the corner and the Sheep Gate, the goldsmiths and merchants made repairs.
And between the room above the corner and the Sheep Gate the goldsmiths and traders worked.
Tyndale line
And between the going up of the corner unto the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants.
And between the ascent of the corner and the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants.
And between the ascent of the corner and the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants.
And between the ascent of the corner to the sheep-gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants.
And betweene the chamber of the corner vnto the sheepegate fortified the goldesmithes and the marchantes.
Strictly literal
And between the ascent of the corner and the sheep-gate repaired the goldsmiths and the dealers.
And between the ascent of the corner and the sheep-gate, have the refiners and the merchants strengthened.
And between the ascent of the corner and the Sheep Gate, the refiners and the merchants have strengthened.
And between the upper chamber of the corner and the sheep-gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants.
The goldsmiths and the merchants repaired between the upper chamber of the corner and the Sheep Gate.
Simplified
The goldsmiths and merchants made repairs between the room above the corner and the Sheep Gate.
And between the way up to the angle and the sheep door, the gold-workers and the traders made good the wall.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording for this verse, with seven out of eight words matching. The Septuagint's translation reflects the same action and subjects, though the order and specific articles differ.
וּבֵ֨ין עֲלִיַּ֤ת הַפִּנָּה֙ לְשַׁ֣עַר הַצֹּ֔אן הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ הַצֹּרְפִ֖ים וְהָרֹכְלִֽים׃ פ
7 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Nehemiah 3:32
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
בַּ֫יִן (beyn) is a noun meaning 'interval' or 'space between.' It primarily functions as a preposition meaning 'between' or 'among,' and can also indicate distinctions or choices. The dual form בֵּנַ֫יִם refers specifically to the space between two entities, such as armies. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement.
בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between
always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between
Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies
base
H996 בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between . always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between
. Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies
996 beyn bane
(sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly,
the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from 995; a
distinction; but used only as a prep, between (repeated before
each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction,
either...or:--among, asunder, at, between (-twixt...and), +
from (the widest), X in, out of, whether (it be...or), within.
see HEBREW for 0995
בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between.
: between
between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between
בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between: among.
: among
between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between
A sub-meaning of ben (בַּ֫יִן ": between" H0996)
Conj | Prep — ConjunctionHC/Acmsc
עֲלִיָּה (aliyah) refers to a roof chamber or upper room, derived from the root meaning something lofty. It encompasses concepts like a stairway, an ascent, or a figurative reference to the sky. The entries consistently describe it as a space above ground level, such as a second-story room.
עֲלִיָּה n.f. roof-chamber
base
H5944 עֲלִיָּה roof-chamber
5944 `aliyah al-ee-yaw'
feminine from 5927; something lofty, i.e. a stair-way; also a
second-story room (or even one on the roof); figuratively, the
sky:--ascent, (upper) chamber, going up, loft, parlour.
see HEBREW for 05927
עֲלִיָּה (a.liy.yah) — upper room.
roof-room, roof chamber
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular constructHNcfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
פִּנָּה (pinnah) means 'corner' and can refer to the corner of square objects or figuratively to a chief or chieftain. It is derived from a related word meaning 'to turn.' The entries indicate its use in contexts like a bulwark or pinnacle, but do not provide specific verse references.
פִּנָּה 28 n.f. corner
base
H6438 פִּנָּה corner
6438 pinnah pin-naw'
feminine of 6434; an angle; by implication, a pinnacle;
figuratively, a chieftain:--bulwark, chief, corner, stay,
tower.
see HEBREW for 06434
פִּנָּה (pin.nah) — Corner (Gate).
This name means corner, to turn, to turn back
פִּנָּה (pin.nah) — corner.
1) corner
1a) corner (of square objects)
1b) corner (of ruler or chief-fig.)
Also means: pen (פֵּן "Corner" H6434)
Art | N-fs — Particle · noun common feminine singular absoluteHTd/Ncfsa
kor'-ner (miqtsoa`, pe'ah, pinnah; arche, gonia, akrogoniaios): In Ex 26:24; Eze 41:22; 46:21,22, miqtsoa`, "angle" is translated "corner"; pe'ah, "side," "quarter" and pinnah "corner," "front," "chief," are more frequently so translated, e.g. Ex 25:26; Le 19:9; Jer 9:26; 25:23; and Ex 27:2; 1Ki 7:34; Ps 118:22; Isa 28:16 ("corner-stone"); Jer 51:26.…
Corner
The angle of a house (Job 1:19) or a street (Prov. 7:8). “Corners” in Neh. 9:22 denotes the various districts of the promised land allotted to the Israelites. In Num. 24:17, the “corners of Moab” denotes the whole land of Moab. The “corner of a field” (Lev. 19:9; 23:22) is its extreme part, which was not to be reaped. The Jews were prohibited from cutting the “corners,” i.e., the extremities, of the hair and whiskers running round the ears (Lev. 19:27; 21:5). The “four corners of the earth” in Isa. 11:12 and…
The "corner" of the field was not allowed, (Leviticus 19:9) to be wholly reaped. It formed a right of the poor to carry off what was so left, and this was a part of the maintenance from the soil to which that class were entitled. Under the scribes, minute legislation fixed one-sixtieth as the portion of a field which was to be left for the legal "corner." The proportion being thus fixed, all the grain might be reaped, and enough to satisfy the regulation subsequently separated from the whole crop. This "corner" was, like the gleaning, tithe-free.
שַׁ֫עַר (sha'ar) means 'gate' and is derived from a root that signifies an opening. It encompasses various types of gates, including those of cities, palaces, and temples, as well as metaphorical uses like 'gate of heaven.' The entries consistently highlight its role as an entrance or threshold.
שַׁ֫עַר 373 n.m. gate
base
H8179 שַׁ֫עַר gate
8179 sha`ar shah'-ar
from 8176 in its original sense; an opening, i.e. door or
gate:--city, door, gate, port (X -er).
see HEBREW for 08176
שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate.
: gate
1) gate
1a) gate (of entrance)
1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)
1b1) city, town
1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)
1d) heaven
שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate: town.
: town
1) gate
1a) gate (of entrance)
1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)
1b1) city, town
1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)
1d) heaven
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular constructHR/Ncmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
צֹאן (tso'n) refers to small cattle, specifically sheep and goats, and is used to denote a flock or flocks. It can also be used metaphorically to describe a multitude. The term appears in contexts such as Psalm 144:13, where it emphasizes the collective nature of these animals.
צֹאן 273 n.coll.f. small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks
base
H6629 צֹאן small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks
6629 tso'n tsone
or tsaown (Psalm 144:13) {tseh-one'}; from an unused root
meaning to migrate; a collective name for a flock (of sheep or
goats); also figuratively (of men):--(small) cattle, flock
(+ -s), lamb (+ -s), sheep((-cote, -fold, -shearer, -herds)).
צֹאן (tson) — flock.
1) small cattle, sheep, sheep and goats, flock, flocks
1a) small cattle (usually of sheep and goats)
1b) of multitude (simile)
1c) of multitude (metaphor)
צֹאן (tson) — Sheep (Gate).
This name means sheep and goats
Also named: probatikos (προβατικός "Sheep Gate" G4262)
Art | N-cs — Particle · noun common both singular absoluteHTd/Ncbsa
shep:
1. Names:
The usual Hebrew word is tso'n, which is often translated "flock," e.g. "Abel .... brought of the firstlings of his flock" (Ge 4:4); "butter of the herd, and milk of the flock" (De 32:14). The King James Version and the English Revised Version have "milk of sheep." Compare Arabic da'n. The Greek word is probaton. For other names, see notes under CATTLE; EWE; LAMB; RAM.
2. Zoology:
The origin of domestic sheep is unknown. There are 11 wild species, the majority of which are found in Asia, and it is conceivable that they may have spread from the highlands of Central Asia to the other portions of their habitat. In North America is found the "bighorn," which is very closely related to a Kamschatkan species. One species, the urial or sha, is found in India. The Barbary…
Sheep
Are of different varieties. Probably the flocks of Abraham and Isaac were of the wild species found still in the mountain regions of Persia and Kurdistan. After the Exodus, and as a result of intercourse with surrounding nations, other species were no doubt introduced into the herds of the people of Israel. They are frequently mentioned in Scripture. The care of a shepherd over his flock is referred to as illustrating God’s care over his people (Ps. 23:1, 2; 74:1; 77:20; Isa. 40:11; 53:6; John 10:1-5, 7-16).
“The sheep of Palestine are longer in the head than ours, and have tails from 5 inches broad at the narrowest part to 15 inches at the widest, the weight being in proportion, and ranging generally from 10 to 14 lbs.…
Sheep were an important part of the possessions of the ancient Hebrews and of eastern nations generally. The first mention of sheep occurs in (Genesis 4:2) They were used in the sacrificial offering,as, both the adult animal, (Exodus 20:24) and the lamb. See (Exodus 29:28; Leviticus 9:3; 12:6) Sheep and lambs formed an important article of food. (1 Samuel 25:18) The wool was used as clothing. (Leviticus 13:47) "Rams skins dyed red" were used as a covering for the tabernacle. (Exodus 25:5) Sheep and lambs were…
Of the Syrian sheep, according to Dr. Russell, there are two varieties; the one called Bedaween sheep, which differ in no respect from the larger kinds of sheep among us, except that their tails are somewhat longer and thicker; the others are those often mentioned by travellers on account of their extraordinary tails; and this species is by far the most numerous. The tail of one of these animals is very broad and large, terminating in a small appendage that turns back upon it. It is of a substance between fat and marrow, and is not eaten separately, but mixed with the lean meat in many of their dishes, and also often used instead of butter. A common sheep of this sort, without the head, feet, skin, and entrails, weighs from sixty to eighty pounds, of which the tail itself is usually ten or fifteen pounds, and when the animal is fattened, twice or thrice that weight, and very…
The Hebrew word חָזַק (chazaq) means to be strong or to strengthen. It encompasses a range of meanings including to support, encourage, and make firm, as well as to seize or hold fast. The word can be used in various forms, such as to strengthen oneself or to display strength. There is no significant disagreement among lexicons regarding its meanings.
חָזַק 291 vb. be or grow firm, strong, strengthen
Qal
intrans. be or grow strong
transit. only strengthened him not
Pi.
make strong (physically)
strengthen the hands (acc.) of anyone, sustain, encourage
make strong = bold, encourage
make firm
make rigid, hard, i.e. perverse, obstinate, harden
Hiph.
make strong, strengthen
make firm, the kingdom
display strength
make severe, of battle
support
= repair
prevail
esp. take or keep hold of, seize, grasp
Hithp.
strengthen oneself
put forth strength, use one's strength
withstand
hold strongly with
base
H2388 חָזַק be or grow firm, strong, strengthen .. intrans. be or grow strong
. transit. only strengthened him not
. . make strong (physically)
. strengthen the hands (acc.) of anyone, sustain, encourage
. make strong = bold, encourage
. make firm
. make rigid, hard, i.e. perverse, obstinate, harden
. . . make strong, strengthen
. make firm, the kingdom
. display strength
. make severe, of battle
. support
. = repair
. prevail
. esp. take or keep hold of, seize, grasp
. . strengthen oneself
. put forth strength, use one's strength
. withstand
. hold strongly with
2388 chazaq khaw-zak'
a primitive root; to fasten upon; hence, to seize, be strong
(figuratively, courageous, causatively strengthen, cure, help,
repair, fortify), obstinate; to bind, restrain, conquer:--aid,
amend, X calker, catch, cleave, confirm, be constant,
constrain, continue, be of good (take) courage(-ous, -ly),
encourage (self), be established, fasten, force, fortify, make
hard, harden, help, (lay) hold (fast), lean, maintain, play
the man, mend, become (wax) mighty, prevail, be recovered,
repair, retain, seize, be (wax) sore, strengthen (self), be
stout, be (make, shew, wax) strong(-er), be sure, take (hold),
be urgent, behave self valiantly, withstand.
חָזַק (cha.zaq) — to strengthen: strengthen.
: strengthen/support/encourage
1) to strengthen, prevail, harden, be strong, become strong, be courageous, be firm, grow firm, be resolute, be sore
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be strong, grow strong
1a1a) to prevail, prevail upon
1a1b) to be firm, be caught fast, be secure
1a1c) to press, be urgent
1a1d) to grow stout, grow rigid, grow hard (bad sense)
1a1e) to be severe, be grievous
1a2) to strengthen
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to make strong
1b2) to restore to strength, give strength
1b3) to strengthen, sustain, encourage
1b4) to make strong, make bold, encourage
1b5) to make firm
1b6) to make rigid, make hard
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to make strong, strengthen
1c2) to make firm
1c3) to display strength
1c4) to make severe
1c5) to support
1c6) to repair
1c7) to prevail, prevail upon
1c8) to have or take or keep hold of, retain, hold up, sustain, support
1c9) to hold, contain
1d) (Hithpael)
V-Hiphil-Perf-3cp — Verb · Hiphil · perfect third person common pluralHVhp3cp
צָרַף (tsaraph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to smelt, refine, or test. It encompasses the processes of fusing metals and proving their purity, with forms indicating both the act of refining and the role of a refiner or goldsmith. The word appears in various contexts, including both literal and figurative uses of purification.
צָרַף vb. smelt, refine, test
Qal
smelt, refine
test
test (and prove true)
as n. smelter, refiner
Niph. many shall be refined
Pi. as n. a refiner
base
H6884 צָרַף smelt, refine, test
6884 tsaraph tsaw-raf'
a primitive root; to fuse (metal), i.e. refine (literally or
figuratively):--cast, (re-)fine(-er), founder, goldsmith,
melt, pure, purge away, try.
צָרַף (tsa.raph) — to refine.
1) to smelt, refine, test
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to smelt, refine
1a2) to test
1a3) to test (and prove true)
1a4) smelter, refiner, goldsmith (participle)
1b) (Niphal) to be refined
1c) (Piel) to be a refiner
1c1) refiner (participle)
Art | V-Qal — Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine pluralHTd/Vqrmpa
רָכַל (rakal) is a primitive root meaning to travel for trading. It primarily refers to a trafficker or trader, indicating movement from one place to another for the purpose of commerce. The exact nuances of the term are uncertain, but it is consistently linked to the concept of trading.
[רָכַל] vb. prob. go about, from one to another
base
H7402 רָכַל
7402 rakal raw-kal'
a primitive root; to travel for trading:--(spice) merchant.
רָכַל (ra.khal) — to trade.
1) to go about (meaning uncertain)
1a) (Qal) trafficker, trader (participle) (subst)
Conj | Art | V-Qal — Conjunction · particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine pluralHC/Td/Vqrmpa