Isaiah 18:1 — Word Study
WLCה֥וֹי אֶ֖רֶץ צִלְצַ֣ל כְּנָפָ֑יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵעֵ֖בֶר לְנַֽהֲרֵי־ כֽוּשׁ׃
BSAWoehôwy [a cry of sorrow, oh] to the landʼerets [a country, territory, or region] of whirringtsᵉlâtsal wingskânâph [buzzing, a loud clatter, or rustling] alongʻêber [beyond, on the other side of] the riversnâhâr [a flood] of CushKûwsh [Ethiopia, the region south of Egypt]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| ה֥וֹי | alas! | Particle |
| אֶ֖רֶץ | O land of | Noun common, feminine singular construct |
| צִלְצַ֣ל | whirring of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| כְּנָפָ֑יִם | wings | Noun common, feminine dual absolute |
| אֲשֶׁ֥ר | which | Particle |
| מֵעֵ֖בֶר | [is] from [the] other side | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| לְנַֽהֲרֵי־ | of [the] rivers of | Preposition, noun common masculine plural construct |
| כֽוּשׁ׃ | Cush | Noun proper |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Woe to the land of whirring wings, along the rivers of Cush, |
| KJV | Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia: |
| ASV | Ah, the land of the rustling of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia; |
| YLT | Ho, land shadowed [with] wings, That [is] beyond the rivers of Cush, |
| WEB | Ah, the land of the rustling of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia; |
| BBE | Ho! land of the sounding of wings, on the other side of the rivers of Ethiopia: |
Where they part company is צִלְצַל — see How Translations Differ.
The verse consists of a main clause followed by a prepositional phrase that provides location, emphasizing the land's identity.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 18:1
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Prophecy Against Cushgenerated
Isaiah 18:1 introduces a prophecy directed at the land of Cush, known for its buzzing wings, likely referring to the sounds of its inhabitants or the wildlife. This lament sets the tone for the following verses, where Isaiah describes the land's people and their actions, emphasizing their cultural uniqueness and the impending message they will receive. The prophecy highlights the significance of Cush in the broader narrative of Israel's interactions with neighboring nations.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 20:3–6 | Then the LORD said, “Just as My servant Isaiah has gone naked and barefoot for three years as a sign and omen against Egypt and Cush, |
| 2 | Isaiah 30:2–3 | They set out to go down to Egypt without asking My advice, to seek shelter under Pharaoh’s protection and take refuge in Egypt’s shade. |
| 3 | Isaiah 31:1 | Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, who rely on horses, who trust in their abundance of chariots and in their multitude of horsemen. They do not look to the Holy One of Israel; they do not seek the LORD. |
| 4 | Ruth 2:12 | May the LORD repay your work, and may you receive a rich reward from the LORD, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have taken refuge.” |
| 5 | Psalm 17:8 | Keep me as the apple of Your eye; hide me in the shadow of Your wings |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 15 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — צִלְצַל, tzil.Tzalgenerated
The word צִלְצָל (tzil.tzal) conveys the idea of a loud clattering or buzzing sound, often associated with wings or instruments. It is derived from a root that indicates making a clattering noise, suggesting a vibrant, lively atmosphere in the land it describes.
In this verse, צִלְצָל emphasizes the distinctive sounds of Cush, setting it apart from other regions and hinting at its cultural richness. This auditory imagery enhances the lamentation, drawing attention to the land's identity and the prophet's sorrow.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which translates the phrase as whirring wings.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main clause of the verse is governed by the interjection הוֹי, woe, which introduces the lament. Following this, a noun phrase identifies the subject — אֶרֶץ, land — and a series of descriptive phrases provide additional context about the land's characteristics.
The structure emphasizes the lamentation through the initial interjection, followed by the identification of the land and its unique features, creating a rhythm that enhances the emotional weight of the message.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates הוֹי as οὐαὶ (ouai), which carries a similar connotation of lament. This choice reflects the emotional depth of the original Hebrew expression.
For צִלְצַל, the Greek word πλοίων (ploiōn) suggests a focus on vessels or ships, indicating a possible interpretation of the buzzing wings as related to maritime activity, thus broadening the imagery.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 18:1 begins with a lament for the land of Cush, known for its buzzing wings. This phrase captures the essence of the region's identity and sets the stage for the following verses, where Isaiah continues to describe the people and their actions.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The phrase describes Cush, a region known for its unique sounds, possibly from its wildlife or cultural activities.
Isaiah expresses sorrow for Cush, indicating a significant message or event that will affect the land and its people.
This lament introduces a theme of judgment and communication with surrounding nations, setting the stage for further prophecies about their fate.
Cush often represents a foreign nation with distinct cultural traits, highlighting the interactions between Israel and its neighbors.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What sounds or characteristics define my own community, similar to how Cush is described?
- How can I respond to the messages or warnings in my life, as Cush is called to do?
- In what ways can I learn from the cultural richness of other regions, like Cush?
- How does understanding the context of Cush enhance my reading of Isaiah's prophecies?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers comment on this verse, interpreting its significance in relation to the land of Cush and its people.
The word of Isaiah: “Woe to the wings of the vessels of the land, beyond the rivers of Ethiopia: (woe to him) who sends sureties by the sea, and letters of papyrus [on the water;Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 18 →
Woe to the land of buzzing wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia, that sends ambassadors by sea, in vessels of papyrus on the waters.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 18 →
Woe to the land with the sound of wings beyond the rivers of Ethiopia. The Hebrew word Selsel (), which Symmachus interpreted as noise, Theodotion as birds, and we translate as cymbal. Aquila translated bis umbram.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 18 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 18:1 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleWoe to the land shadowing with wings,.... Or, "O land", as calling to it; so Aben Ezra and Kimchi.
Read John Gill on Isaiah 18 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWoe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia: Isaiah announces the overthrow of Sennacherib's hosts, and desires the Ethiopian ambassadors, now in Jerusalem, to bring
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 18 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleISAIAH CHAPTER 18 God, in defence of his church and punishing her enemies, will destroy the Ethiopians, : an access thereby shall be to the church, . The land; either, 1. Of Arabia; or, 2. Of Ethiopia beyond Egypt; or, 3. Of Egypt, as some both ancient and later interpreters judge; of whom he speaks more darkly in this chapter, and then explains himself more clearly in the next chapter. But this controversy will be best determined by examining the following description. Shadowing with wings: the title of wings is oft given, both in Scripture and in other authors, unto divers things which have, some general kind of resemblance to wings, as to the battlements of a house or temple, as ; to the…
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 18 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 18:1 Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which [is] beyond the rivers of Ethiopia:Ver. 1. Woe to the land.] To Ethiopia, described here, (1.) By the shady mountains wherewith it is surrounded; (2.) By the rivers wherewith it is watered. Which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia.] Or, Which is along by the rivers, even Ethiopia, which also may be said to be "beyond the rivers," i.e., beyond the seven streams of Nile in respect of Jerusalem. Strabo.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 18 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English ReadersXVIII. (1) Woe to the land shadowing with wings.—A new kingdom, hitherto unnamed by Isaiah, comes now within his horizon. The movements of Tirhakah, king of Cush or Ethiopia, from the upper valley of the Nile, subduing Egypt, and prepared to enter into conflict with the great Assyrian king (Isaiah 37:9), had apparently excited the hopes of such of Hezekiah’s counsellors as put their trust in an arm of flesh. To these Isaiah now turns with words of warning. The words “shadowing with wings” have been very variously interpreted as implying (1) the image of a mighty eagle stretching out its imperial wings (Ezekiel 17:1-8); (2) the urœus or disk with outspread wings which appears in Egyptian…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 18 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleCHAPTER XVIII This chapter contains a very obscure prophecy; possibly designed to give the Jews, and perhaps the Egyptians, whose country is supposed to be meant, 1, 2, and with whom many Jews resided, an indignation of God's interposition in favour of Sion, 3, 4; and of his counsels in regard to the destruction of their common enemy, Sennacherib, whose vast army, just as he thought his projects ripe, and ready to be crowned with success, 5, should become a prey to the beasts of the field, and to the fowls of heaven, 6; and that Egypt should be grateful to God for the deliverance vouchsafed her, 7. This is one of the most obscure prophecies in tho whole Book of Isaiah. The subject of it…
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 18 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges1–3. The charge to the Ethiopian envoys, along with a poetic description of the land and people. The tendency of the ancient world to idealise the Ethiopians is familiar to students of classical literature. To the Greeks they were the “blameless Ethiopians” (Homer), “the tallest and handsomest of all men” (Herodotus). Isaiah would seem to have been struck by the fine physique of the ambassadors, and perhaps it was their narrative that furnished his vivid imagination with the picturesque details crowded into these three verses.
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 18 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWoe to the land - (הוי hôy). This word, as has been already remarked (the note at Isaiah 17:12), may be a mere interjection or salutation, and would be appropriately rendered by ‘Ho!’ Or it may be a
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 18 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Woe to the land of whirring wings, along the rivers of Cush,
Ah, the land of the rustling of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia;
Woe to the land of whirring wings, along the rivers of Cush,
The land of buzzing wings is as good as dead, the one beyond the rivers of Cush,
Tyndale line
Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia:
Ah, the land of the rustling of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia;
Ah, the land of the rustling of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia:
Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Cush:
Oh, the lande shadowing with winges, which is beyond the riuers of Ethiopia,
Strictly literal
Ha! land shadowing with wings, which art beyond the rivers of Cush,
Ho, land shadowed [with] wings, That [is] beyond the rivers of Cush,
Behold, land shadowed [with] wings, || That [is] beyond the rivers of Cush,
Woe to the land with spreading wings, which is beyond the rivers of Cush,
Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush;
From the Latin
Woe to the land, the winged cymbal, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia,
Simplified
Tragedy is coming to the land of whirring wings that lies along the rivers of Ethiopia,
Ho! land of the sounding of wings, on the other side of the rivers of Ethiopia:
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text is supported by the Septuagint, which matches 6 of the 8 words in the verse. The Dead Sea Scrolls also align closely with the MT, with 1Qisaa preserving the text well, while 4Q56 shows some restoration by an editor.
ה֥וֹי אֶ֖רֶץ צִלְצַ֣ל כְּנָפָ֑יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵעֵ֖בֶר לְנַֽהֲרֵי־ כֽוּשׁ׃
6 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
הוי ארצ צל צל כנפים אשר מעבר לנהרי כוש
9 words on the leather.
[הוי] [ארץ] [צלצל] [כנפים] [אשר] [מעבר] לנהרי [כוש]
nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 7 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 18:1
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
הוֹי (hoy) is an interjection expressing dissatisfaction and pain, often translated as 'ah,' 'alas,' or 'woe.' It is used in lamentations and conveys a sense of sorrow or distress. The word is a prolonged form of another Hebrew term, indicating its emotional weight.
הוֹי 81 interj. expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations
base
H1945 הוֹי expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations
1945 howy hoh'ee
a prolonged form of 1930 (akin to 188); oh!:--ah, alas, ho,
O, woe.
see HEBREW for 01930
see HEBREW for 0188
הוֹי (hoy) — woe!.
ah!, alas!, ha!, ho!, O!, woe!
Part — ParticleHTj
אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.
אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land
earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
earth, opp. to heaven, sky
earth = inhabitants of earth
land =
country, territory
district, region
trial territory
piece of ground
specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
= inhabitants of land
used even of Shᵉʼôl
ground, surface of ground
soil, as productive
אֶרֶץ in phrases
people of the land
in measurements of distance
the country of the plain, level or plain country
land of the living
end(s) of the earth
pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
base
H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
. earth, opp. to heaven, sky
. earth = inhabitants of earth
. land = . country, territory
. district, region
. trial territory
. piece of ground
. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
. = inhabitants of land
. used even of Shᵉʼôl
. . ground, surface of ground
. soil, as productive
. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land
. in measurements of distance
. the country of the plain, level or plain country
. land of the living
. end(s) of the earth
. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
776 'erets eh'-rets
from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth
(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,
field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.
: country/field
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
1b2) district, region
1b3) tribal territory
1b4) piece of ground
1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
1b6) inhabitants of land
1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world
1b8) city (-state)
1c) ground, surface of the earth
1c1) ground
1c2) soil
1d) (in phrases)
1d1) people of the land
1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
1d3) level or plain country
1d4) land of the living
1d5) end(s) of the earth
1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
1e1) lands, countries
1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.
: soil
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular constructHNcfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
The Hebrew word צִלְצָל (*tsil.tsal*) encompasses meanings related to sounds and instruments, including 'whirring' or 'buzzing,' a 'spear,' and 'cymbals.' It is derived from a root meaning to make a clattering sound. The entries reference specific uses in Isaiah 18:1, Job 40:31, and Deuteronomy 28:42.
H6767a צִלְצָל whirring, buzzing H6767b צִלִצָל spear (fr. whizzing) H6767c צְלָצַ֑ל a whirring locust H6767d צֶלְצְלִים musical instr. of percussion, cymbals
6767 tslatsal tsel-aw-tsal'
from 6750 reduplicated; a clatter, i.e. (abstractly) whirring
(of wings); (concretely) a cricket; also a harpoon (as
rattling), a cymbal (as clanging):--cymbal, locust,
shadowing, spear.
see HEBREW for 06750
צִלְצָל (tsil.tsal) — buzzing.
whirring, buzzing
צִלִצָל (tsil.tsal) — spear.
spear
צְלָצַ֑ל (tse.la.tsal) — whirring.
whirring locust
צֶלְצְלִים (tsel.tse.lim) — banging.
musical instrument of percussion, cymbals (with clashing sound
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
כָּנָף (kanaph) means 'wing' or 'extremity' and can refer to various edges or corners, such as those of a bird, garment, or building. It encompasses meanings like border, corner, and skirt, indicating both physical and metaphorical edges. The word is derived from a root that suggests an edge or extremity.
כָּנָף 109 n.f. wing, extremity
base
H3671 כָּנָף wing, extremity
3671 kanaph kaw-nawf'
from 3670; an edge or extremity; specifically (of a bird or
army) a wing, (of a garment or bed-clothing) a flap, (of the
earth) a quarter, (of a building) a pinnacle:--+ bird, border,
corner, end, feather(-ed), X flying, + (one an-)other,
overspreading, X quarters, skirt, X sort, uttermost part,
wing((-ed)).
see HEBREW for 03670
כָּנָף (ka.naph) — wing.
1) wing, extremity, edge, winged, border, corner, shirt
1a) wing
1b) extremity
1b1) skirt, corner (of garment)
N-fd — Noun common · feminine dual absoluteHNcfda
wingz (kanaph; pterux): Biblical references to the wings of birds are common, especially in Psalms, many of them exquisitely poetical. Often the wings of an eagle are mentioned because they are from 7 to 9 feet in sweep, of untiring flight, and have strength to carry heavy burdens: so they became the symbol of strength and endurance. Ancient monuments and obelisks are covered with the heads of bulls, lions, different animals, and men even, to which the wings of an eagle were added to symbolize strength. Sometimes the wings of a stork are used to portray strong flight, as in the vision of Zechariah: "Then lifted I up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there came forth two women, and the wind was in their wings; now they had wings like the wings of a stork; and they lifted up the ephah between earth and heaven" (5:9). The wings of a dove symbolized love. Wings in the abstract typified…
The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.
אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.
base
בַאֲשֶׁר
in (that) which
adv. in (the place) where
conj. in that, inasmuch as
on account of whom?
base
מֵאֲשֶׁר
from (or than) that which
adv. from (the place) where
conj. from (the fact) that …, since
base
כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when
according to that which, according as, as
with a causal force, in so far as, since
with a temporal force, when
base
H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which
. adv. in (the place) where
. conj. in that, inasmuch as
. on account of whom?
H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which
. adv. from (the place) where
. conj. from (the fact) that …, since
H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as
. with a causal force, in so far as, since
. with a temporal force, when
834 'aher ash-er'
a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)
when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X
alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +
from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,
wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where
(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +
whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is
indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun
expletively, used to show the connection.
אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.
A: 1) (relative part.)
1a) which, who
1b) that which
2) (conj)
2a) that (in obj clause)
2b) when
2c) since
2d) as
2e) conditional if
B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
D: Kaph+
1) (conj.), according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since
1c) with a temporal force: when
בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.
1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.
1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.
conj
1) according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
HTr — ParticleHTr
עֵ֫בֶר (eber) refers to a region across or beyond, often used adverbially to indicate the opposite side, particularly in relation to the Jordan River. It encompasses meanings such as 'side,' 'beyond,' and 'quarter.' The lexicons highlight its usage in various contexts, including geographical references, but do not present significant disagreement.
עֵ֫בֶר 91 n.m. region across or beyond, side
region across or beyond anything
(Opposite) side, side
base
H5676 עֵ֫בֶר region across or beyond, side
5676 `eber ay'-ber
from 5674; properly, a region across; but used only
adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite
side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the
east):--X against, beyond, by, X from, over, passage,
quarter, (other, this) side, straight.
see HEBREW for 05674
עֵ֫בֶר (e.ver) — side: beside.
: side/beside
1) region beyond or across, side
1a) region across or beyond
1b) side, opposite side
עֵ֫בֶר (e.ver) — side: beyond.
: ahead/beyond
1) region beyond or across, side
1a) region across or beyond
1b) side, opposite side
עֵ֫בֶר (e.ver) — side: west.
: west
1) region beyond or across, side
1a) region across or beyond
1b) side, opposite side
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
si'-de (Side): An ancient town of Pamphylia, occupying a triangular promontory on the coast. It was one of the towns to which a letter favorable to the Jews was sent by the Roman consul Lucius (1 Macc 15:23). The town seems to have been of considerable antiquity, for it had existed long before it fell into the possession of Alexander the Great, and for a time it was the metropolis of Pamphylia. Off the coast the fleet of Antiochus was defeated by the Rhodians. During the 1st century, Side was noted as one of the chief ports of pirates who disposed of much of their booty there. The ruins of the city, which are now very extensive, bear the name Eski Adalia, but among them there are no occupied houses. The two harbors protected by a sea wall may still be traced, but they are now filled with sand. The wall on the land side of the city was provided with a gate which was protected with round…
a city on the coast of Pamphylia, 10 or 12 miles to the east of the river Eurymedon. It is mentioned in 1 Macc. 15:23, and was a colony of Cumaeans.
נָהָר (nahar) means 'stream' or 'river' and can refer to various water bodies, including the Nile and Euphrates. It also has a figurative sense of prosperity. The word is derived from a root meaning related to flowing water and has an Aramaic equivalent, נְהַר (ne.har).
נָהָר 120 n.m. stream, river
base
H5104 נָהָר stream, river
5104 nahar naw-hawr'
from 5102; a stream (including the sea; expec. the Nile,
Euphrates, etc.); figuratively, prosperity:--flood, river.
see HEBREW for 05102
נָהָר (na.har) — River.
This name means stream, river
Another name of pe.rat (פְּרָת "Euphrates" H6578)
נָהָר (na.har) — river.
1) stream, river
1a) stream, river
1b) (underground) streams
Aramaic equivalent: ne.har (נְהַר "river" H5103H)
Prep | N-mp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural constructHR/Ncmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
כּוּשׁ (Kuwsh) refers to Cush, a name associated with a son of Ham and the territory in the southern Nile Valley, often identified with Ethiopia. It also denotes a Benjamite mentioned in the title of Psalm 7:1. The term is linked to the meaning 'black' and may have foreign origins, with some entries suggesting a connection to Babylonian Kaššu.
כּוּשׁ n.pr.pers.m., gent. et terr.
1st ‘son’ of חָם
land and people of southern Nile-valley, or Upper Egypt, extending from Syene indefinitely to the south
כּוּשׁ is err. for כַּשׁ = Bab. Kaššu
base
כּוּשׁ n.pr.m. a Benjamite, ψ 7:1 (title)
ref
H3568a כּוּשׁ n. pr. pers. m., gent. et terr. . 1st ‘son’ of חָם
. land and people of southern Nile-valley, or Upper Egypt, exyending from Syene indefinitely to the south
. כּוּשׁ is err. for כַּשׁ = Bab. Kaššu
H3568b כּוּשׁ a Benjamite
3568 Kuwsh koosh
probably of foreign origin; Cush (or Ethiopia), the name of a
son of Ham, and of his territory; also of an
Israelite:--Chush, Cush, Ethiopia.
כּוּשׁ (kush) — Cush.
§ Cush = "black"
the land occupied by the descendants of Cush located around the southern parts of the Nile (Ethiopia)
כּוּשׁ (kush) — Cush.
A man living at the time of United Monarchy, only mentioned at Psa.7.1
§ Cush = "black"
a Benjamite mentioned only in the title of Ps 7:1
כּוּשׁ (kush) — Cush.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.6;
son of: Ham (H2526);
brother of: Canaan (H3667), Egypt (H4714) and Put (H6316);
father of: Seba (H5434), Havilah (H2341H), Sabtah (H5454), Raamah (H7484), Sabteca (H5455) and Nimrod (H5248)
§ Cush = "black"
a Benjamite mentioned only in the title of Ps 7:1
כּוּשׁ (kush) — Ethiopia.
§ Cush = "black"
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Cush
Black. (1.) A son, probably the eldest, of Ham, and the father of Nimrod (Gen. 10:8; 1 Chr. 1:10). From him the land of Cush seems to have derived its name. The question of the precise locality of the land of Cush has given rise to not a little controversy. The second river of Paradise surrounded the whole land of Cush (Gen. 2:13, R.V.). The term Cush is in the Old Testament generally applied to the countries south of the Israelites. It was the southern limit of Egypt (Ezek. 29:10, A.V. “Ethiopia,” Heb. Cush), with which it is generally associated (Ps. 68:31; Isa.…
the name of a son of Ham, apparently the eldest, and of a territory or territories occupied by his descendants. The Cushites appear to have spread along tracts extending from the higher Nile to the Euphrates and Tigris. History affords many traces of this relation of Babylonia, Arabia and Ethiopia.
1. The eldest son of Ham, and father of Nimrod, Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabtecha, most of whom settled in Arabia Felix, Ge 10:6-8.
2. The countries peopled by the descendants of Cush, and generally called in the English Bible, Ethiopia, though not always. But under this name there seem to be included not less than three different countries:
A. The oriental Cush, comprehending the regions of Persis, Chusistan, and Susiana, in Persia. It lay chiefly to the eastward of the Tigris. Hither we may refer the river Gihon, Ge 2:13 Zep 3:10. See EDEN.
B. The Hebrews also, in the opinion of many, used Cush and Cushan, Hab 3:7, to designate the southern parts of Arabia, and the…
Cushan, Cushi, Ethiopians; blackness