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Jesus Appears to the Disciples
21Again Jesus said to them, “Peace be with you. As the Father has sent Me, so also I am sending you.”22When He had said this, He breathed on them and said, “Receive the Holy Spirit.23If you forgive anyone his sins, they are forgiven; if you withhold forgiveness from anyone, it is withheld.”
Sermons







Summary
Commentary
- Adam Clarke
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown
- John Gill
- Tyndale
Adam Clarke Bible Commentary
He breathed on them - Intimating, by this, that they were to be made new men, in order to be properly qualified for the work to which he had called them; for in this breathing he evidently alluded to the first creation of man, when God breathed into him the breath of lives, and he became a living soul: the breath or Spirit of God (רוח אלהים ruach Elohim) being the grand principle and cause of his spiritual and Divine life. Receive ye the Holy Ghost - From this act of our Lord, the influences of the Holy Spirit on the souls of men have been termed his inspiration; from in, into, and spiro, I breathe. Every word of Christ which is received in the heart by faith comes accompanied by this Divine breathing; and, without this, there is neither light nor life. Just as Adam was before God breathed the quickening spirit into him, so is every human soul till it receives this inspiration. Nothing is seen, known, discerned, or felt of God, but through this. To every private Christian this is essentially requisite; and no man ever did or ever can preach the Gospel of God, so as to convince and convert sinners, without it. "There are many (says pious Quesnel) who extol the dignity of the apostolic mission, and compare that of bishops and pastors with that of Christ; but with what shame and fear ought they to be filled, if they do but compare the life and deportment of Christ with the lives and conversation of those who glory in being made partakers of his mission. They may depend on it that, if sent at all, they are only sent on the same conditions, and for the same end, namely - to preach the truth, and to establish the kingdom of God, by opposing the corruption of the world; and by acting and suffering to the end, for the advancement of the glory of God. That person is no other than a monster in the Church who, by his sacred office, should be a dispenser of the Spirit, and who, by the corruption of his own heart, and by a disorderly, worldly, voluptuous, and scandalous life, is, at the same time, a member and instrument of the devil."
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
he breathed on them--a symbolical conveyance to them of the Spirit. and saith, Receive ye the Holy Ghost--an earnest and first-fruits of the more copious Pentecostal effusion.
John Gill Bible Commentary
And when he had said this,.... That is, declared he sent them forth in like manner as his Father sent him: he breathed on them; in allusion to God's breathing the breath of life into man, at his creation; or rather, to the Spirit himself, who is the breath of God, and proceeds from him, as from the Father; and who breathes both upon persons in regeneration, and in qualifying for ministerial service, at the instance and influence of Christ: and such an opinion the Jews have of the Spirit of the Messiah, who say (p), that "the Spirit went from between the wings of the cherubim, "and breathed upon him" (Menasseh) by the decree, or order of the word of the Lord.'' And saith unto them, receive ye the Holy Ghost; meaning not the grace of the Holy Ghost in regeneration, which they had received already; but the gifts of the Spirit, to qualify them for the work he now sent them to do, and which were not now actually bestowed; but this breathing on them, and the words that attended it, were a symbol, pledge, and confirmation, of what they were to receive on the day of Pentecost: hence it appears, that it is the Spirit of God, who, by his gifts and grace, makes and qualifies men to be ministers of the Gospel; and our Lord by this action, and these words, gives a very considerable proof of his deity: the Papists show their impudence and wickedness, in imitating Christ by their insufflations, or breathing on men; pretending thereby to convey the Holy Spirit to them. (p) Targum in 2 Chron. xxxiii. 13.
Tyndale Open Study Notes
20:22 Jesus commissioned the disciples and then empowered them with the Holy Spirit. The Spirit had not been given previously because Jesus had not yet been glorified (7:39). The glorified Jesus, resplendent in his resurrected body, poured the Spirit on his followers. This gift fulfilled many promises that the Spirit would be sent (14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7, 13). It foreshadows the arrival of the Spirit’s empowering presence at Pentecost (Acts 1:4-5; 2:1-47).
Jesus Appears to the Disciples
21Again Jesus said to them, “Peace be with you. As the Father has sent Me, so also I am sending you.”22When He had said this, He breathed on them and said, “Receive the Holy Spirit.23If you forgive anyone his sins, they are forgiven; if you withhold forgiveness from anyone, it is withheld.”
- Scripture
- Sermons
- Commentary
What Is the True Church of Jesus Christ
By David Wilkerson5.7K48:33MAT 18:20JHN 20:22EPH 4:322TI 2:162TI 2:21HEB 10:25This sermon emphasizes the true Church of Jesus Christ, highlighting the importance of individual believers having a special love relationship with Jesus, being wholly devoted to Him, and gathering with others who share that devotion. It stresses the need for the presence of Jesus in the church, the manifestation of the Holy Spirit in changing hearts, and the power of forgiveness and remitting sins against one another as a key aspect of the church. The sermon encourages believers to seek a church where the presence of the Lord is real and to be part of a body of devoted individuals.
Samson - Part 2
By Leonard Ravenhill3.4K26:29SamsonJDG 16:282SA 6:14PSA 119:83EZK 37:1JHN 20:22ACT 2:4ACT 2:17In this sermon, the speaker discusses the importance of dying to oneself and surrendering to God's plans. He emphasizes that true success comes from God's triumph and that He will raise up those who are obedient to Him. The speaker also highlights the need for holy anger and jealousy for God's glory, as seen in the example of Samson. He encourages the audience to have a holy indignation towards the sin and injustice in the world and to seek an anointing that will glorify God.
The Candlestick - Ephesus
By Carter Conlon3.1K50:44EphesusPSA 119:97MAT 13:13JHN 20:22REV 2:1In this sermon, the preacher warns the audience about the danger of losing their love relationship with God. He emphasizes the importance of remembering where they have fallen from and turning back to God. The preacher uses the analogy of a marriage ceremony to illustrate the initial love and cherishing that should be present in their relationship with God. He also highlights the danger of becoming complacent in ministry and losing the passion for serving God's children. The sermon concludes with a reference to the book of John, where Jesus questions Peter about his love for Him, emphasizing the need for a genuine and enduring love relationship with God.
(Genesis) Genesis 2:7
By J. Vernon McGee2.6K06:12GenesisGEN 1:1PSA 8:5ECC 3:20MAT 6:33JHN 20:22In this sermon, the speaker discusses the similarities and differences between different types of automobiles, specifically Ford and Chevrolet. He uses this analogy to highlight the uniqueness of human beings compared to other creatures. The speaker emphasizes that man is fearfully and wonderfully made, as God breathed life into him, making him a living soul. He explains that man is made up of the same chemical elements found in the ground, but his spirit is destined for God. The sermon also touches on the idea that evolution cannot explain the appearance of homo sapiens on Earth.
The Law of the Spirit
By George Warnock2.4K59:49Spirit Of GodMAT 18:20JHN 20:22ROM 7:15ROM 8:1EPH 2:21REV 12:11In this sermon, the speaker emphasizes the importance of obedience and timing in the work of God. He compares the precision of science in modern times to the flexibility of God's timing. The speaker encourages believers to be filled with the Spirit and move in unity as the body of Christ. He also highlights the conflict between the old Adam and the desire to do what is right. Ultimately, the sermon emphasizes the need for obedience and discernment in following God's timing and will.
Men Whose Eyes Have Seen the King - Part 6
By T. Austin-Sparks2.3K59:10Seeing JesusEZK 1:1JHN 20:22REV 4:2REV 21:23In this sermon, the speaker emphasizes the importance of not giving up on God's purpose, even in difficult circumstances. He uses the example of Jeremiah, who initially resolved to stop speaking about God's message but couldn't hold it in because the fire burned within him. The speaker also refers to Ezekiel's vision of the glory of the Lord, which gives hope and encouragement in times of despair. The sermon concludes with a prayer for a new revelation of God's throne and a plea for the message to become more than just words, but a source of life and strength.
He Who Began a Good Work
By Gareth Evans1.4K28:00God's GraceJHN 20:22ACT 16:25ROM 8:28PHP 1:6In this sermon, the speaker shares a story about a man who crashes his plane in the Sahara Desert and embarks on a journey for water. Along the way, he encounters a gatekeeper who denies him entry to a swimming pool without ties. The speaker uses this story as a metaphor to illustrate that God always provides us with what we need for our spiritual journey. He emphasizes that God gives us everything necessary to become like Christ and encourages the audience to see Jesus in one another and love and follow one another. The sermon also references the Titanic and the false promises of the world.
Church History - Session 4 (Fullfillment (Cont'd))
By Edgar F. Parkyns1.4K34:22PSA 96:1JHN 1:29JHN 20:22REV 2:1REV 4:11REV 5:6REV 5:9In this sermon, the preacher discusses the vision of John in the book of Revelation. He describes how John saw heavenly figures and the glory of God on the throne. However, there was something missing that could satisfy John's heart and open up the future of the church. Then, John sees a lamb as it had been slain in the midst of the throne, symbolizing Jesus. The preacher emphasizes the significance of Jesus in the New Testament and how he is closer to believers than breathing or hands and feet. The sermon also highlights the importance of praising Jesus and having a new song in our hearts. The preacher further explains how the Old Testament and New Testament are connected, with Jesus being the central focus.
How Revival Comes: The Power of the Spirit
By Ronald Glass1.3K55:18RevivalMAT 6:33JHN 20:22ACT 1:14ACT 2:4ACT 2:14ACT 2:44In this sermon, the preacher discusses the power of revival and its impact on the church and society. He shares an example from the birth of the United States, where a powerful revival was happening in Virginia around the time of the Declaration of Independence. The preacher recounts a specific incident at Boiseau's Chapel, where during a sermon, the presence of God was so strong that hundreds of people fell to the ground and the chapel seemed to shake. The preacher emphasizes the need for revival in the church today, as it leads to a passionate desire to share the gospel and a powerful impact on the community.
The Appearing of Resurrection and the Giving of Power
By Newman Sze8201:22:11MAT 28:1MAT 28:19MRK 16:15LUK 24:44JHN 20:19JHN 21:25In this sermon, the speaker emphasizes the importance of the 40 days that Jesus spent on earth after His resurrection. He explains that during this time, Jesus trained His disciples to shift their focus from external things to internal revelation, from the flesh to the Holy Spirit, and from the law to life. The speaker shares a personal anecdote about a turbulent airplane ride to illustrate the need for Christians to rise above fear and rely on the Holy Spirit. He concludes by urging the audience to prioritize their personal encounter with the Lord and the experience of being filled with the Holy Spirit.
The Danger of Addictions
By Zac Poonen70030:59GEN 2:7GEN 3:1EZK 16:49MAT 5:28MRK 9:47JHN 20:22GAL 6:7HEB 12:15HEB 12:17This sermon delves into the creation of man in Genesis, highlighting the unique aspects of humanity compared to animals, emphasizing the internal struggle between the spirit and the flesh. It discusses the consequences of yielding to earthly desires versus responding to the upward pull towards God. The speaker warns against justifying sin using Scripture and the progression of addiction leading to severe consequences. The importance of humility, discipline, fasting, and compassion is stressed to avoid falling into destructive patterns.
Enduement for Service
By D.L. Moody1Empowerment by the Holy SpiritReadiness for ServiceLUK 24:49JHN 14:12JHN 20:22ACT 1:8ACT 2:4ACT 4:31ACT 10:44ROM 8:141CO 12:7EPH 5:18D.L. Moody emphasizes the necessity of being filled with the Holy Spirit for effective service, arguing that many Christians today live beneath their privileges by not seeking this power. He reflects on the experiences of the Apostles, who, despite having the Holy Spirit, were commanded to wait for a special endowment of power before embarking on their mission. Moody challenges believers to examine their readiness to be used by God and to actively seek the Holy Spirit's empowerment for witnessing and ministry. He asserts that true effectiveness in spreading the Gospel requires supernatural power, which is available to all who earnestly seek it. Ultimately, he calls for a commitment to be ready to go wherever God leads, filled with the Spirit to bear fruit for His kingdom.
Preparation for the Baptism of the Holy Spirit
By Paris Reidhead0ISA 44:3JER 29:11EZK 36:25MAT 3:11JHN 17:18JHN 20:22ROM 8:9ROM 12:1EPH 3:14Paris Reidhead preaches on the preparation for the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, emphasizing the process of being filled with the Spirit after the new birth. He delves into the importance of relinquishing our rights and preparing our hearts to be vessels for God's Spirit. Reidhead highlights the need to seek God wholeheartedly, aligning our desires with His will, and surrendering every aspect of our being to Him for His use.
The Church - Transition From the Natural to the Spiritual
By T. Austin-Sparks0The ChurchSpiritual TransformationZEC 13:7MAT 26:31JHN 14:27JHN 20:22ACT 20:28ROM 15:331CO 15:45COL 1:20HEB 2:11HEB 13:20T. Austin-Sparks emphasizes the transition of the Church from a natural to a spiritual entity, highlighting that true believers are those disillusioned with worldly hopes and ambitions, now gathered on a heavenly basis. He explains that the Church serves as a witness to the Resurrection of Christ, embodying a spiritual corporate body that thrives on the peace established by His blood. The Holy Spirit governs the Church, empowering it as a new creation, while faith is essential for true fellowship with the risen Lord. Ultimately, the Church is portrayed as a family, united under the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of believers, reflecting the divine nature of Christ.
The Acts of the Apostles - Part 1
By John Nelson Darby0The Great CommissionThe Holy SpiritJOL 2:28MAT 28:19LUK 24:49JHN 20:22ACT 1:8ACT 2:38ACT 3:19ACT 13:38ROM 1:16HEB 10:14John Nelson Darby discusses the continuity of Christ's ministry through the Holy Spirit as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles, emphasizing that the message of repentance and forgiveness of sins is central to both the Gospel of Luke and Acts. He highlights the significance of the Holy Spirit's role in empowering the apostles and the early church, noting that the resurrection of Christ marks a new phase in His ministry. Darby also addresses the importance of understanding the relationship between the ascension of Christ and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, as well as the implications for the church's mission to preach the Gospel to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.
(Power From on High) 2. the Baptism With the Holy Ghost
By A.B. Simpson0Empowerment for ServiceBaptism Of The Holy SpiritZEC 2:5MAT 3:11JHN 20:22ACT 1:8ROM 8:91CO 12:13GAL 5:22EPH 4:302TI 1:7HEB 12:29A.B. Simpson emphasizes the significance of the baptism with the Holy Ghost, explaining that it is Christ who baptizes us with the Spirit, enabling us to live a life reflective of His. He draws parallels between the Old and New Testament promises, highlighting that receiving the Holy Spirit follows receiving Christ as our Savior. Simpson elaborates on the transformative power of the Holy Spirit, likening it to fire that purifies, refines, and energizes believers, making them effective in their spiritual lives. He encourages believers to fully surrender to Christ to experience the fullness of the Holy Spirit, which empowers them to live out their faith with zeal and purpose. Ultimately, the sermon calls for a deep desire for the Holy Spirit's presence, which protects and energizes the believer's life.
Pentecost
By Samuel Chadwick0GEN 1:2JHN 20:22ACT 2:1ACT 2:38GAL 2:20Samuel Chadwick delves into the significance of Pentecost, emphasizing that it marked the beginning of a new era for the world, introducing a fresh power of righteousness, a renewed mission of redemption, and a transformed basis of fellowship. The Holy Spirit's arrival at Pentecost was not merely a symbolic gesture but a profound manifestation of God's presence and empowerment in the lives of believers, ushering in a new chapter for the Church of Christ.
The Personal Relationships and Indwelling of the Spirit
By C.I. Scofield0LUK 24:49JHN 14:16JHN 15:8JHN 20:221CO 2:14GAL 5:16GAL 5:22EPH 3:16C.I. Scofield preaches on the importance of the Holy Spirit in the believer's life, emphasizing that the Spirit is not to be the sole focus but to point us to exalt and magnify the Lord Jesus Christ. He delves into the personal relationships of the Holy Spirit, highlighting the Spirit's presence with, in, and upon believers. Scofield explains the progression of the Spirit's relationships with believers, from being with them to being in them and upon them. He clarifies the distinction between the Spirit's indwelling and baptizing work, emphasizing the need for believers to walk in yieldedness to the Spirit for victory over the flesh, discernment of truth, and renewal of the spiritual life.
Why Some Fail?
By D.L. Moody0Holy SpiritEmpowerment for MinistryLUK 24:49JHN 20:22ACT 1:8ACT 2:1D.L. Moody emphasizes the necessity of waiting for the Holy Spirit's power before engaging in ministry, illustrating that while the disciples received the Holy Spirit initially, they needed to tarry in Jerusalem to be fully empowered for their mission. He warns against the futility of working without divine anointing, as true effectiveness in service comes from being filled with the Holy Spirit. Moody highlights the distinction between having the Spirit within and the Spirit upon, asserting that the latter is essential for impactful witness. He encourages believers to trust in God's timing and to seek His power rather than rushing into work unprepared.
The Holy Spirit in Relation to the Person and Work of Christ
By John F. Walvoord0ISA 11:2ISA 42:1ISA 61:1MAT 10:20MRK 13:11LUK 1:15LUK 12:12JHN 20:22ROM 8:11GAL 3:24GAL 4:4John F. Walvoord delves into the intricate nature of the Gospel narratives, emphasizing the need for careful exegesis due to the combination of three dispensations: Law, Grace, and Kingdom. Christ's life demonstrated perfect obedience to the Mosaic law, fulfilling it in His death and teachings. The prophetic message of Christ anticipated the glorious kingdom while warning of exclusion and emphasizing matters of the heart. The Holy Spirit's Messianic work in every dispensation, especially in relation to Christ, is highlighted through Old Testament prophecies and Christ's teachings.
The Baptism of the Holy Spirit (Part 2)
By Chuck Smith0Empowerment for WitnessBaptism Of The Holy SpiritMAT 3:11JHN 20:22ACT 1:4ACT 2:1ACT 2:38ACT 8:16ACT 9:6ACT 10:44ACT 11:15ACT 19:2Chuck Smith continues his exploration of the baptism of the Holy Spirit, emphasizing the promises made by John the Baptist and Jesus regarding this experience. He discusses the fulfillment of these promises at Pentecost and the subsequent experiences of the early church, highlighting that the baptism of the Holy Spirit is often a separate event from conversion. Smith argues that the Holy Spirit's indwelling and the baptism are distinct, and he encourages believers to remain open to the diverse ways God may work in their lives. He concludes with a prayer for the empowerment of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers.
Questions/answers About Christ
By James Blaine Chapman0MAT 1:16MAT 4:1MRK 10:45LUK 2:22LUK 3:23JHN 20:17JHN 20:222CO 5:211TI 2:6James Blaine Chapman delves into various questions surrounding the life, teachings, and actions of Jesus Christ, providing insightful explanations based on biblical texts. From the timing of the visits of the shepherds and Wise Men to the genealogy of Christ, the temptations of Jesus in the wilderness, and the significance of His resurrection, Chapman offers clarity on these complex topics. He addresses the nature of Christ's temptations, the purpose behind His baptism, the disciples' reception of the Holy Ghost, and the glorification of Jesus upon His resurrection, shedding light on key aspects of Christian faith and doctrine.
The Fullness of the Spirit
By Thomas Cook0LUK 11:13JHN 7:38JHN 14:16JHN 20:22ACT 2:38ACT 8:17ACT 19:2ROM 8:9EPH 5:18Thomas Cook preaches on the significance of receiving the baptism of the Holy Ghost, emphasizing that it includes entire cleansing from sin and is synonymous with entire sanctification. The Holy Spirit is the indispensable agent in producing spiritual life and renewal, filling believers with Divine love and excluding evil. While all Christians possess the Holy Spirit, being filled with the Spirit is a distinct experience that brings light, power, and love. The Apostolic Church's fullness of the Spirit serves as a model for Christians today, encouraging them to seek and expect the Spirit's fullness as a present experience.
Last Great Revival
By J.B. Stoney0GEN 3:15LUK 24:27JHN 1:14JHN 20:22REV 3:7J.B. Stoney preaches about the cycle of failure and revival in God's dealings with humanity, from Eden to the assembly, emphasizing the restoration of favor from God before each order is replaced by a new one. He highlights how God revives the greatest truth that His people had surrendered, focusing on the importance of understanding Christ's relation to His people. Stoney discusses the revival of truth within each dispensation, particularly in the assembly, where a marked revival of the truth is necessary before its final dissolution.
The Gift - a Person
By G.W. North0BaptismHoly SpiritMAT 28:19JHN 20:22ACT 2:38ACT 8:14G.W. North emphasizes the significance of understanding the relationship between water baptism and the Baptism in the Spirit, noting that early apostles often practiced these baptisms in a sequence that has led to misconceptions within the Church. He argues that many believers mistakenly view water baptism as the only baptism, neglecting the deeper spiritual reality of receiving the Holy Spirit. North clarifies that the authority to baptize as the apostles did was unique to them and not transferable, highlighting the importance of recognizing the fullness of the Holy Spirit's gift. He calls for a reevaluation of how these baptisms are perceived and practiced in contemporary faith communities.
- Adam Clarke
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown
- John Gill
- Tyndale
Adam Clarke Bible Commentary
He breathed on them - Intimating, by this, that they were to be made new men, in order to be properly qualified for the work to which he had called them; for in this breathing he evidently alluded to the first creation of man, when God breathed into him the breath of lives, and he became a living soul: the breath or Spirit of God (רוח אלהים ruach Elohim) being the grand principle and cause of his spiritual and Divine life. Receive ye the Holy Ghost - From this act of our Lord, the influences of the Holy Spirit on the souls of men have been termed his inspiration; from in, into, and spiro, I breathe. Every word of Christ which is received in the heart by faith comes accompanied by this Divine breathing; and, without this, there is neither light nor life. Just as Adam was before God breathed the quickening spirit into him, so is every human soul till it receives this inspiration. Nothing is seen, known, discerned, or felt of God, but through this. To every private Christian this is essentially requisite; and no man ever did or ever can preach the Gospel of God, so as to convince and convert sinners, without it. "There are many (says pious Quesnel) who extol the dignity of the apostolic mission, and compare that of bishops and pastors with that of Christ; but with what shame and fear ought they to be filled, if they do but compare the life and deportment of Christ with the lives and conversation of those who glory in being made partakers of his mission. They may depend on it that, if sent at all, they are only sent on the same conditions, and for the same end, namely - to preach the truth, and to establish the kingdom of God, by opposing the corruption of the world; and by acting and suffering to the end, for the advancement of the glory of God. That person is no other than a monster in the Church who, by his sacred office, should be a dispenser of the Spirit, and who, by the corruption of his own heart, and by a disorderly, worldly, voluptuous, and scandalous life, is, at the same time, a member and instrument of the devil."
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
he breathed on them--a symbolical conveyance to them of the Spirit. and saith, Receive ye the Holy Ghost--an earnest and first-fruits of the more copious Pentecostal effusion.
John Gill Bible Commentary
And when he had said this,.... That is, declared he sent them forth in like manner as his Father sent him: he breathed on them; in allusion to God's breathing the breath of life into man, at his creation; or rather, to the Spirit himself, who is the breath of God, and proceeds from him, as from the Father; and who breathes both upon persons in regeneration, and in qualifying for ministerial service, at the instance and influence of Christ: and such an opinion the Jews have of the Spirit of the Messiah, who say (p), that "the Spirit went from between the wings of the cherubim, "and breathed upon him" (Menasseh) by the decree, or order of the word of the Lord.'' And saith unto them, receive ye the Holy Ghost; meaning not the grace of the Holy Ghost in regeneration, which they had received already; but the gifts of the Spirit, to qualify them for the work he now sent them to do, and which were not now actually bestowed; but this breathing on them, and the words that attended it, were a symbol, pledge, and confirmation, of what they were to receive on the day of Pentecost: hence it appears, that it is the Spirit of God, who, by his gifts and grace, makes and qualifies men to be ministers of the Gospel; and our Lord by this action, and these words, gives a very considerable proof of his deity: the Papists show their impudence and wickedness, in imitating Christ by their insufflations, or breathing on men; pretending thereby to convey the Holy Spirit to them. (p) Targum in 2 Chron. xxxiii. 13.
Tyndale Open Study Notes
20:22 Jesus commissioned the disciples and then empowered them with the Holy Spirit. The Spirit had not been given previously because Jesus had not yet been glorified (7:39). The glorified Jesus, resplendent in his resurrected body, poured the Spirit on his followers. This gift fulfilled many promises that the Spirit would be sent (14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7, 13). It foreshadows the arrival of the Spirit’s empowering presence at Pentecost (Acts 1:4-5; 2:1-47).