2 Chronicles 36:19
2 Chronicles 36:19 in Multiple Translations
Then the Chaldeans set fire to the house of God and broke down the wall of Jerusalem. They burned down all the palaces and destroyed every article of value.
And they burnt the house of God, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem, and burnt all the palaces thereof with fire, and destroyed all the goodly vessels thereof.
And they burnt the house of God, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem, and burnt all the palaces thereof with fire, and destroyed all the goodly vessels thereof.
And the house of God was burned and the wall of Jerusalem broken down; all its great houses were burned with fire and all its beautiful vessels given up to destruction.
Then the Babylonians burned down God's Temple and demolished Jerusalem's walls. They set fire to all the palaces and destroyed everything that had any value.
And they burnt the house of God, and brake downe the wall of Ierusalem, and burnt all the palaces thereof with fire, and all the precious vessels thereof, to destroy all.
And they burn the house of God, and break down the wall of Jerusalem, and all its palaces they have burnt with fire, and all its desirable vessels — to destruction.
They burned God’s house, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, burned all its palaces with fire, and destroyed all of its valuable vessels.
And they burnt the house of God, and broke down the wall of Jerusalem, and burnt all its palaces with fire, and destroyed all its goodly vessels.
And the enemies set fire to the house of God, and broke down the wall of Jerusalem, burnt all the towers, and whatsoever was precious they destroyed.
They burned the temple, and they broke down the wall surrounding Jerusalem. They burned all the palaces in Jerusalem and destroyed all the remaining valuable things there.
Berean Amplified Bible — 2 Chronicles 36:19
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
2 Chronicles 36:19 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
וַֽ/יִּשְׂרְפוּ֙
אֶת
בֵּ֣ית
הָ/אֱלֹהִ֔ים
וַֽ/יְנַתְּצ֔וּ
אֵ֖ת
חוֹמַ֣ת
יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם
וְ/כָל
אַרְמְנוֹתֶ֨י/הָ֙
שָׂרְפ֣וּ
בָ/אֵ֔שׁ
וְ/כָל
כְּלֵ֥י
מַחֲמַדֶּ֖י/הָ
לְ/הַשְׁחִֽית
וַֽ/יִּשְׂרְפוּ֙
sâraph
H8313
to burn
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3mp
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
DirObjM
בֵּ֣ית
bayith
H1004
place
N-ms
הָ/אֱלֹהִ֔ים
ʼĕlôhîym
H430
God
Art | N-mp
וַֽ/יְנַתְּצ֔וּ
nâthats
H5422
to tear
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3mp
אֵ֖ת
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
DirObjM
חוֹמַ֣ת
chôwmâh
H2346
wall
N-fs
יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם
Yᵉrûwshâlaim
H3389
Jerusalem
N-proper
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
all
Conj | N-ms
אַרְמְנוֹתֶ֨י/הָ֙
ʼarmôwn
H759
citadel
N-mp | Suff
שָׂרְפ֣וּ
sâraph
H8313
to burn
V-Qal-Perf-3cp
בָ/אֵ֔שׁ
ʼêsh
H784
fire
Prep | N-cs
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
all
Conj | N-ms
כְּלֵ֥י
kᵉlîy
H3627
article/utensil
N-mp
מַחֲמַדֶּ֖י/הָ
machmâd
H4261
desire
N-mp | Suff
לְ/הַשְׁחִֽית
shâchath
H7843
to ruin
Prep | V-Hiphil-Inf-a
Hebrew Word Study
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Hebrew Word Reference — 2 Chronicles 36:19
וַֽ/יִּשְׂרְפוּ֙
sâraph
H8313
"to burn"
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3mp
This Hebrew word means to set something on fire, and is used in the Bible to describe burning or kindling flames, like in Psalm 83:14. It can also mean to utterly destroy something. The word is related to fire and burning, and is used in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: 1) to burn 1a) (Qal) to burn 1b) (Niphal) to be burned 1c) (Piel) burner, burning (participle) 1d) (Pual) to be burnt up, be burned Also means: sa.raph (סָרַף "to burn" H5635)
Usage: Occurs in 107 OT verses. KJV: (cause to, make a) burn((-ing), up) kindle, [idiom] utterly. See also: Genesis 11:3; 1 Kings 13:2; Psalms 46:10.
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
בֵּ֣ית
bayith
H1004
"place"
N-ms
The Hebrew word for house refers to a dwelling place, including a family home, temple, or even the human body. It appears in various contexts, such as the temple in Jerusalem or the household of a family. In the Bible, it is often used to describe a place of worship or a family's living space.
Definition: nm place, origin, between
Usage: Occurs in 1712 OT verses. KJV: court, daughter, door, [phrase] dungeon, family, [phrase] forth of, [idiom] great as would contain, hangings, home(born), (winter) house(-hold), inside(-ward), palace, place, [phrase] prison, [phrase] steward, [phrase] tablet, temple, web, [phrase] within(-out). See also: Genesis 6:14; Exodus 8:5; Numbers 1:45.
הָ/אֱלֹהִ֔ים
ʼĕlôhîym
H430
"God"
Art | N-mp
The Hebrew word for God, elohim, refers to the one supreme God, and is sometimes used to show respect to judges or magistrates. It is also used to describe angels or mighty beings. This word is closely related to the name of the Lord, Yahweh, and is often translated as God or gods in the Bible.
Definition: This name means "gods" (plural intensive-singular meaning), "God" Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G)
Usage: Occurs in 2246 OT verses. KJV: angels, [idiom] exceeding, God (gods) (-dess, -ly), [idiom] (very) great, judges, [idiom] mighty. See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 22:12; Exodus 3:11.
וַֽ/יְנַתְּצ֔וּ
nâthats
H5422
"to tear"
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3mp
The act of tearing down or destroying something, like a wall or a city, is what this word describes, and it can also mean to overthrow or defeat someone.
Definition: 1) to pull down, break down, cast down, throw down, beat down, destroy, overthrow, break out (teeth) 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to pull down 1a2) to break down, break off 1b) (Niphal) to be pulled or broken down 1c) (Piel) to tear down 1d) (Pual) to be torn down 1e) (Hophal) to be broken, be broken down
Usage: Occurs in 41 OT verses. KJV: beat down, break down (out), cast down, destroy, overthrow, pull down, throw down. See also: Exodus 34:13; 2 Chronicles 23:17; Psalms 52:7.
אֵ֖ת
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
חוֹמַ֣ת
chôwmâh
H2346
"wall"
N-fs
A wall of protection, like the walls of Jerusalem, provided safety and security for the people. It appears in the Bible as a physical barrier. The Israelites built walls around their cities for defense.
Definition: wall
Usage: Occurs in 123 OT verses. KJV: wall, walled. See also: Exodus 14:22; Nehemiah 6:15; Psalms 51:20.
יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם
Yᵉrûwshâlaim
H3389
"Jerusalem"
N-proper
Jerusalem is the capital city of Palestine, also known as the city of peace. It was the chief city of the united kingdom and the nation of Judah after the split.
Definition: § Jerusalem = "teaching of peace" the chief city of Palestine and capital of the united kingdom and the nation of Judah after the split
Usage: Occurs in 600 OT verses. KJV: Jerusalem. See also: Joshua 10:1; 2 Kings 22:14; 2 Chronicles 24:6.
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
"all"
Conj | N-ms
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Definition: 1) all, the whole 1a) all, the whole of 1b) any, each, every, anything 1c) totality, everything Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Usage: Occurs in 4242 OT verses. KJV: (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever). See also: Genesis 1:21; Genesis 17:10; Genesis 41:40.
אַרְמְנוֹתֶ֨י/הָ֙
ʼarmôwn
H759
"citadel"
N-mp | Suff
The Hebrew word for a high palace or fortress, like a citadel, appears in the Bible as a place of strength and power. It is often translated as castle or palace in the KJV. This word is used to describe the strongholds of kings and rulers.
Definition: : palace citadel, palace, fortress Also means: ar.mon (אַרְמוֹן ": fortress" H0759H)
Usage: Occurs in 31 OT verses. KJV: castle, palace. Compare H2038 (הַרְמוֹן). See also: 1 Kings 16:18; Jeremiah 49:27; Psalms 48:4.
שָׂרְפ֣וּ
sâraph
H8313
"to burn"
V-Qal-Perf-3cp
This Hebrew word means to set something on fire, and is used in the Bible to describe burning or kindling flames, like in Psalm 83:14. It can also mean to utterly destroy something. The word is related to fire and burning, and is used in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: 1) to burn 1a) (Qal) to burn 1b) (Niphal) to be burned 1c) (Piel) burner, burning (participle) 1d) (Pual) to be burnt up, be burned Also means: sa.raph (סָרַף "to burn" H5635)
Usage: Occurs in 107 OT verses. KJV: (cause to, make a) burn((-ing), up) kindle, [idiom] utterly. See also: Genesis 11:3; 1 Kings 13:2; Psalms 46:10.
בָ/אֵ֔שׁ
ʼêsh
H784
"fire"
Prep | N-cs
Fire is a powerful symbol in the Bible, representing both God's anger and his refining presence, as seen in Deuteronomy 4:24 and Malachi 3:2-3. It is also used for cooking and warmth. This concept is central to many biblical stories.
Definition: 1) fire 1a) fire, flames 1b) supernatural fire (accompanying theophany) 1c) fire (for cooking, roasting, parching) 1d) altar-fire 1e) God's anger (fig.) Aramaic equivalent: esh (אֶשָּׁא "fire" H0785)
Usage: Occurs in 348 OT verses. KJV: burning, fiery, fire, flaming, hot. See also: Genesis 15:17; Joshua 7:15; Psalms 11:6.
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
"all"
Conj | N-ms
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Definition: 1) all, the whole 1a) all, the whole of 1b) any, each, every, anything 1c) totality, everything Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Usage: Occurs in 4242 OT verses. KJV: (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever). See also: Genesis 1:21; Genesis 17:10; Genesis 41:40.
כְּלֵ֥י
kᵉlîy
H3627
"article/utensil"
N-mp
This Hebrew word refers to any object or tool, like a utensil or a piece of furniture. It is used to describe a wide range of items, from musical instruments to weapons. It emphasizes the object's purpose or function.
Definition: 1) article, vessel, implement, utensil 1a) article, object (general) 1b) utensil, implement, apparatus, vessel 1b1) implement (of hunting or war) 1b2) implement (of music) 1b3) implement, tool (of labour) 1b4) equipment, yoke (of oxen) 1b5) utensils, furniture 1c) vessel, receptacle (general) 1d) vessels (boats) of paper-reed
Usage: Occurs in 276 OT verses. KJV: armour(-bearer), artillery, bag, carriage, [phrase] furnish, furniture, instrument, jewel, that is made of, [idiom] one from another, that which pertaineth, pot, [phrase] psaltery, sack, stuff, thing, tool, vessel, ware, weapon, [phrase] whatsoever. See also: Genesis 24:53; 1 Samuel 14:13; Ezra 8:26.
מַחֲמַדֶּ֖י/הָ
machmâd
H4261
"desire"
N-mp | Suff
A delight or object of affection, this word describes something desirable, as seen in KJV translations as beloved or pleasant things. It represents a cherished or lovely thing.
Definition: desire, desirable thing, pleasant thing
Usage: Occurs in 13 OT verses. KJV: beloved, desire, goodly, lovely, pleasant (thing). See also: 1 Kings 20:6; Lamentations 2:4; Isaiah 64:10.
לְ/הַשְׁחִֽית
shâchath
H7843
"to ruin"
Prep | V-Hiphil-Inf-a
This verb means to ruin or destroy something, and it is used in various forms throughout the Bible to describe corruption and decay.
Definition: 1) to destroy, corrupt, go to ruin, decay 1a) (Niphal) to be marred, be spoiled, be corrupted, be corrupt, be injured, be ruined, be rotted 1b) (Piel) 1b1) to spoil, ruin 1b2) to pervert, corrupt, deal corruptly (morally) 1c) (Hiphil) 1c1) to spoil, ruin, destroy 1c2) to pervert, corrupt (morally) 1c3) destroyer (participle) 1d) (Hophal) spoiled, ruined (participle) Aramaic equivalent: she.chat (שְׁחַת "to corrupt" H7844)
Usage: Occurs in 136 OT verses. KJV: batter, cast off, corrupt(-er, thing), destroy(-er, -uction), lose, mar, perish, spill, spoiler, [idiom] utterly, waste(-r). See also: Genesis 6:11; Psalms 14:1; Psalms 53:2.
Study Notes — 2 Chronicles 36:19
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- 2 Chronicles 36:19 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on 2 Chronicles 36:19
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on 2 Chronicles 36:19
- Trapp's Commentary on 2 Chronicles 36:19
- Ellicott's Commentary on 2 Chronicles 36:19
- Adam Clarke's Commentary on 2 Chronicles 36:19
- Cambridge Bible on 2 Chronicles 36:19
- Sermons on 2 Chronicles 36:19
Context — The Fall of Jerusalem
17So He brought up against them the king of the Chaldeans, who put their young men to the sword in the sanctuary, sparing neither young men nor young women, neither elderly nor infirm. God gave them all into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar,
18who carried off everything to Babylon—all the articles of the house of God, both large and small, and the treasures of the house of the LORD and of the king and his officials.
19Then the Chaldeans set fire to the house of God and broke down the wall of Jerusalem. They burned down all the palaces and destroyed every article of value.
20Those who escaped the sword were carried by Nebuchadnezzar into exile in Babylon, and they became servants to him and his sons until the kingdom of Persia came to power. 21So the land enjoyed its Sabbath rest all the days of the desolation, until seventy years were completed, in fulfillment of the word of the LORD spoken through Jeremiah.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 79:1 | The nations, O God, have invaded Your inheritance; they have defiled Your holy temple and reduced Jerusalem to rubble. |
| 2 | 1 Kings 9:8 | And when this temple has become a heap of rubble, all who pass by it will be appalled and will hiss and say, ‘Why has the LORD done such a thing to this land and to this temple?’ |
| 3 | Jeremiah 52:13–15 | He burned down the house of the LORD, the royal palace, and all the houses of Jerusalem—every significant building. And the whole army of the Chaldeans under the captain of the guard broke down all the walls around Jerusalem. Then Nebuzaradan captain of the guard carried into exile some of the poorest people and those who remained in the city, along with the deserters who had defected to the king of Babylon and the rest of the craftsmen. |
| 4 | Psalms 79:7 | for they have devoured Jacob and devastated his homeland. |
| 5 | Micah 3:12 | Therefore, because of you, Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple mount a wooded ridge. |
| 6 | Psalms 74:4–8 | Your foes have roared within Your meeting place; they have unfurled their banners as signs, like men wielding axes in a thicket of trees and smashing all the carvings with hatchets and picks. They have burned Your sanctuary to the ground; they have defiled the dwelling place of Your Name. They said in their hearts, “We will crush them completely.” They burned down every place where God met us in the land. |
| 7 | Lamentations 4:1 | How the gold has become tarnished, the pure gold has become dull! The gems of the temple lie scattered on every street corner. |
| 8 | 2 Kings 25:9–11 | He burned down the house of the LORD, the royal palace, and all the houses of Jerusalem—every significant building. And the whole army of the Chaldeans under the captain of the guard broke down the walls around Jerusalem. Then Nebuzaradan captain of the guard carried into exile the people who remained in the city, along with the deserters who had defected to the king of Babylon and the rest of the population. |
| 9 | Isaiah 64:10–11 | Your holy cities have become a wilderness. Zion has become a wasteland and Jerusalem a desolation. Our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised You, has been burned with fire, and all that was dear to us lies in ruins. |
| 10 | Jeremiah 7:4 | Do not trust in deceptive words, chanting: ‘This is the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD.’ |
2 Chronicles 36:19 Summary
This verse describes the devastating consequences of Judah's disobedience to God, as the Chaldeans destroy the temple and the city of Jerusalem. The temple, which was the center of Israel's worship, was set on fire and the city walls were broken down, leaving the people vulnerable and helpless. This event was a fulfillment of God's warnings in Deuteronomy 28:49-52 and a reminder that God is a God of justice and judgment. As we reflect on this verse, we can learn about the importance of obedience to God and the consequences of sin, and we can be encouraged to trust in His sovereignty and provision, as seen in Jeremiah 29:11 and Romans 8:28.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the significance of the Chaldeans setting fire to the house of God?
The act of setting fire to the house of God was a devastating blow to the Israelites, as the temple was the center of their worship and spiritual life, as seen in 1 Kings 8:13 and Psalm 84:1-4. This event marked the culmination of God's judgment on Judah for their disobedience and idolatry.
Why did the Chaldeans break down the wall of Jerusalem?
The Chaldeans broke down the wall of Jerusalem as a display of their military power and to assert their dominance over the city, similar to what is described in Deuteronomy 28:49-52, where God warns of the consequences of disobedience.
What were the palaces that were burned down?
The palaces that were burned down were likely the royal residences and other important buildings in Jerusalem, which were symbols of the city's wealth and power, much like the palaces mentioned in 1 Kings 21:1 and Esther 1:2-5.
What does this verse reveal about God's character?
This verse reveals that God is a God of justice and judgment, who will not tolerate sin and disobedience, as seen in Isaiah 13:19 and Jeremiah 25:12, where God's judgment on Babylon is prophesied.
Reflection Questions
- How can I apply the lesson of God's judgment on Judah to my own life, and what areas of sin or disobedience do I need to repent of?
- What are some ways that I can prioritize my relationship with God and make sure that I am not compromising my faith, as the Israelites did?
- How can I trust in God's sovereignty and provision, even in the midst of difficult circumstances, like the Israelites experienced during the Babylonian exile?
- What are some ways that I can be a light for God in a world that is often hostile to Him, and how can I share His message of hope and redemption with others?
Gill's Exposition on 2 Chronicles 36:19
And they burnt the house of the Lord,.... The temple; of which, and what follows in this verse, [See comments on Jeremiah 52:13], [See comments on Jeremiah 52:14].
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on 2 Chronicles 36:19
But they mocked the messengers of God, and despised his words, and misused his prophets, until the wrath of the LORD arose against his people, till there was no remedy. No JFB commentary on these verses.
Trapp's Commentary on 2 Chronicles 36:19
2 Chronicles 36:19 And they burnt the house of God, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem, and burnt all the palaces thereof with fire, and destroyed all the goodly vessels thereof.Ver. 19. And they burnt the house of God.] Which those Jews had so fearfully profaned. And burnt all the palaces thereof.] See 2 Kings 25:9.
Ellicott's Commentary on 2 Chronicles 36:19
(19) They burnt the house of God.—2 Kings 25:9. Brake down the wall . . .—Jeremiah 39:8; 2 Kings 25:9-10. And destroyed all the goodly vessels.—Literally, And all her delightsome vessels were for destroying (lĕ ?hashchîth). (Comp. Isaiah 64:11): “all our pleasant things are laid waste.” 2 Kings 25:13 speaks of the breaking-up of the great vessels of the Temple, for the sake of carrying off their material more easily. Servants to him and his sons . . . kingdom Of Persia.—A fulfilment of Jeremiah’s prophecy concerning Nebuchadnezzar: “And all nations shall serve him, and his son, and his son’s son, until the time of his own land come” (Jeremiah 27:7). Comp. also Isaiah’s word to Hezekiah (2 Kings 20:18.)
Adam Clarke's Commentary on 2 Chronicles 36:19
Verse 19. They burnt the house of God] Here was an end to the temple; the most superb and costly edifice ever erected by man. Brake down the wall of Jerusalem] So it ceased to be a fortified city. Burnt all the palaces] So it was no longer a dwelling-place for kings or great men. Destroyed all the goodly vessels] Beat up all the silver and gold into masses, keeping only a few of the finest in their own shape. See 2 Chronicles 36:18.
Cambridge Bible on 2 Chronicles 36:19
19. brake down the wall] The Heb. verb here used (nittçç) implies probably a more thorough breaking down than the pâraç of 2 Chronicles 25:23 (see note); 2 Chronicles 26:6.
Sermons on 2 Chronicles 36:19
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
|
(Rebuilding the House of the Lord) 1. Revival Regeneration by Roy Hession | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of brokenness and humility before God. He explains that God's contest with us is not primarily about sin, but about our refus |
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A Psalm of Asaph by Chuck Smith | In this sermon, Pastor Chuck Smith discusses the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonian army. He describes the defilement of the holy temple and the suffering of the people. Th |
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The Burden of the Hour by Phil Beach Jr. | Phil Beach Jr. emphasizes the urgency of recognizing the spiritual state of God's people as reflected in Psalms 79 and 80. He highlights the importance of humility and the cry for |
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Exposition on Psalm 80 by St. Augustine | St. Augustine preaches on the Psalms, focusing on the Advent of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and the symbolism of the vineyard representing Christ and the Church. He delves in |
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Overcoming the Spirit of Fear by David Wilkerson | In this sermon, the speaker addresses the causes of fear that are prevalent in society. They mention a flood that has occurred in Albania, leading to violence and death among the p |
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Have You Ever Felt That God Is Doing Nothing in Your Life? by Carter Conlon | Carter Conlon addresses the feeling of spiritual stagnation, emphasizing that even when it seems God is silent, He is actively working within us. He draws from Isaiah 30, highlight |
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Has the Church Lost It's Luster? by Derek Melton | Derek Melton preaches on the dimming of the Church's glory, likening it to the fading of gold's luster in Lamentations 4:1. He highlights the shift from fervent prayer to worldly s |