Aretas

Are´tas, the common name of several Arabian kings.

1. The first of whom we have any notice was a contemporary of the Jewish high-priest Jason and of Antiochus Epiphanes about B.C. 170 (2Ma 5:8).

2. Josephus mentions an Aretas, king of the Arabians contemporary with Alexander Jannæus (died b.c 79) and his sons. After defeating Antiochus Dionysus, he reigned over Cœle-Syria, ’being called to the government by those that held Damascus by reason of the hatred they bore to Ptolemy Mennæus.’ He took part with Hyrcanus in his contest for the sovereignty with his brother Aristobulus, and laid siege to Jerusalem, but, on the approach of the Roman general Scaurus, he retreated to Philadelphia. Hyrcanus and Aretas were pursued and defeated by Aristobulus, at a place called Papyron, and lost above 6000 men. Three or four years after, Scaurus, to whom Pompey had committed the government of Cœle-Syria, invaded Petræa, but finding it difficult to obtain provisions for his army, he consented to withdraw on the offer of 300 talents from Aretas.

Fig. 47—Coin displaying the name Aretas

3. Aretas, whose name was originally Æneas, succeeded Obodas. He was the father-in-law of Herod Antipas. The latter made proposals of marriage to the wife of his half-brother Herod-Philip, Herodias, the daughter of Aristobulus their brother, and the sister of Agrippa the Great. In consequence of this, the daughter of Aretas returned to her father, and a war (which had been fomented by previous disputes about the limits of their respective countries) ensued between Aretas and Herod. The army of the latter was totally destroyed, and on his sending an account of his disaster to Rome, the emperor immediately ordered Vitellius to bring Aretas prisoner alive, or, if dead, to send his head. But while Vitellius was on his march to Petra, news arrived of the death of Tiberius, upon which, after administering the oath of allegiance to his troops, he dismissed them to winter-quarters and returned to Rome. It must have been at this juncture that Aretas took possession of Damascus, and placed a governor in it with a garrison. For a knowledge of this fact we are indebted to the apostle Paul.

The name of several kings of northwestern Arabia. The only one mentioned in Scripture gave his daughter in marriage to Herod Antipas; but she being repudiated by Herod, Aretas made war upon him and destroyed his army. In consequence of this, the emperor Tiberius directed Vitellius, then proconsul of Syria, to make war upon or dead to Rome. But while Vitellius was in the midst of preparation for the war, he received intelligence of the death of Tiberius, A. D. 37; on which he immediately recalled his troops, dismissed them into winter quarters, and then left the province. Aretas, taking advantage of this supineness, seems to have made an incursion and got possession of Damascus, over which he appointed a governor or ethnarch, who, A. D. 39, at the instigation of the Jews, attempted to put Paul in prison, 2Co 11:32 . Compare Mal 9:24,25 .\par

Are’tas or Ar’etas. (graver).

1. A contemporary of Antiochus Epiphanes, B.C. 170, and Jason. 2Ma 5:8.

2. The Aretas alluded to by St. Paul, 2Co 11:32, was father-in-law of Herod Antipas.

A common name of many Arabian kings. 2Co 11:32; "in Damascus the governor ethnarch) under Aretas the king kept the city of the Damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me; and through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands." The ethnarch did it to please the Jews, who (Act 9:24) "watched the gates day and night to kill Paul." His office was to exercise authority under the king, over the many Jews in large cities: compare Act 9:25. Damascus had been a city of the Roman province, Syria; and we have Damascene coins of Augustus and Tiberius, and afterward of Nero, etc., but we have none of Caligula. This implies that some change in the government of Damascus took place under Caligula, Tiberius’s successor. Moreover, Aretas, king of Arabia Nabataea dud its capital Petra, made war on Antipas for divorcing Aretas’ daughter, and defeated him.

But Tiberius, at Antipas’ entreaty, commanded Vitellius, governor of Syria, to take Aretas dead or alive. Before the order was executed Tiberius himself was dead. Then all was reversed. Antipas was banished by Caligula to Lyons, and his kingdom given to Agrippa, his nephew and his foe. It seems therefore to harmonize with history, as well as with Scripture, to assume that in A.D. 38 or 39, when Caligula made several changes in the E., he also granted Damascus to Aretas. The incidental way in which Paul alludes to Aretas’ kingship over Damascus at the time of his escape from the ethnarch under him, by being let down in a basket from a house on the city wall (compare Act 9:23-25), is a strong presumption for the truth of the Acts and Second Epistle to Corinthians. This was three years after Paul’s conversion; so that A. D. 36 will be the date of his conversion.

(Α᾿ρέτας; Arab. charresh, Pococke, Spec. Hist. Arab. p. 58, or, in another form, c(haurish=חוֹרֵשׁ, graver, Pococke, 1:70, 76, 77, 89), the common name of several Arabian kings (see Diod. Sic. 14:70; comp. Wesseling; Michaelis, in Pott’s Syllog. 3, 62 sq.).

1. The first of whom we have any notice was a contemporary of the Jewish high-priest Jason and of Antiochus Epiphanes, about B.C. 170 (2Ma 5:8): “In the end, therefore, he (Jason) had an unhappy return, being accused before Aretas, the king of the Arabians."

2. Josephus (Ant. 13, 13, 3) mentions an Aretas, king of the Arabians

(surnamed Obedas, Ο᾿βέδας, Ant. 13, 13, 5), contemporary with Alexander Jannaeus (died B.C. 79) and his sons. After defeating Antiochus Dionysus, he reigned over Coele-Syria, “being called to the government by those that held Damascus (κληθεὶς εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ τῶν τὴν Δαμασκὸνἐχόντων) by reason of the hatred they bore to Ptolemy Mennaeus” (Ant. 13:15, 2). He took part with Hyrcanus, who had taken refuge with him (War, 1:6, 2), in his contest (Ant. 14:1, 4) for the sovereignty with his brother Aristobulus (q.v.), and laid siege to Jerusalem (B.C. 65), but, on the approach of the Roman general Scaurus, he retreated to Philadelphia (War, 1, 6, 3). Hyrcanus and Aretas were pursued and defeated by Aristobulus at a place called Papyron, and lost above 6000 men (Ant. 14, 2, 3). After Pompey had reduced Syria to a Roman province, Aretas submitted to him again, B.C. 64 (see Dion Cass. 37:15; Appian, Mithr. 166; Plut. Pomp. 39, 41). Three or four years after, Scaurus, to whom Pompey had committed the government of Coele-Syria, invaded Petraea, but, finding it difficult to obtain provisions for his army, he consented to withdraw on the offer of 300 talents from Aretas (Josephus, Ant. 14, 5, 1; War, 1, 8, 1). This expedition is commemorated on a coin. SEE SCAURUS. The successors of Scaurus in Syria also prosecuted the war with the Arabs (Appian, Syr. 50).

3. Aretas, whose name was originally AEneas (Αἰνείας), succeeded Obodas (Josephus, Ant. 16, 9, 4). He was the father-in-law of Herod Antipas. The latter made proposals of marriage to the wife of his half- brother Herod-Philip, Herodias, the daughter of Aristobulus, their brother, and the sister of Agrippa the Great. (On the apparent discrepancy between the Evangelists and Josephus, in reference to the name of the husband of Herodias, see Lardner’s Credibility, etc., 2:5; Works, 1835, 1, 408-416.) In consequence of this the daughter of Aretas returned to her father, and a war (which had been fomented by previous disputes about the limits of their respective countries, see Joseph. Ant. 17, 10, 9) ensued between Aretas and Herod. The army of the latter was totally destroyed; and on his sending an account of his disaster to Rome the emperor immediately ordered Vitellius to bring Aretas prisoner alive, or, if dead, to send his head (Joseph. Ant. 18, 5, 1). But while Vitellius was on his march to Petra, news arrived of the death of Tiberius (A.D. 37), upon which, after administering the oath of allegiance to his troops, he dismissed them to winter-quarters and returned to Rome (Joseph. Ant. 18, 5, 3). The Aretas into whose dominions AElius Gellius came in the time of Augustus (Strabo, 16:781) is probably the same. There is another coin extant inscribed Φιλέλληνος, i, e. lover of the Greeks (Eckhel, Doctr. Num. 3, 330), that may have belonged to this Aretas.

It has been supposed by many that it was at the above juncture that Aretas took possession of Damascus, and placed a governor in it (ἐθνάρχης) with a garrison, as stated by the Apostle Paul: “In Damascus the governor under Aretas, the king, kept the city of the Damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me; and through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands” (2Co 11:32, compared with Act 9:24). In that case we are furnished with a chronological mark in the apostle’s history. From Gal 1:18, it appears that Paul went up to Jerusalem from Damascus three years after his conversion. SEE PAUL. The Emperor Tiberius died March 16, A.D. 37; and, as the affairs of Arabia were settled in the second year of Caligula, Damascus was then most probably reoccupied by the Romans. The city under Augustus and Tiberius was attached to the province of Syria; and we have Damascene coins of both these emperors, and again of Nero and his successors. But we have none of Caligula and Claudius, and the following circumstances make it probable that the rulership of Damascus was changed after the death of Tiberius. By this occurrence at Rome a complete reversal took place in the situation of Antipas and his enemy. The former was ere long (A.D. 39) banished to Lyons, and his kingdom given to Agrippa, his foe (Ant. 18:7), who had been living in habits of intimacy with the new emperor (Ant. 18:6, 5). It would be natural that Aretas, who had been grossly injured by Antipas, should, by this change of affairs, be received into favor; and the more so as Vitellius had an old grudge against Antipas (Ant. 18:4, 5). Now in the year 38 Caligula made several changes in the East, granting Ituraea to Soanmus, Lesser Armenia and parts of Arabia to Cotys, the territory of Cotys to Rhaemetalces, and giving to Polemon, son of Polemon, his father’s government. These facts, coupled with that of no Damascene coins of Caligula or Claudius existingr, make it probable that about this time Damascus, which belonged to the predecessor of Aretas (Ant. 13:5, 2), was granted to him by Caligula. The other hypotheses, that the ethnarch was only visiting the city (as if he could then have guarded the walls to prevent escape), that Aretas had seized Damascus on Vitellius giving up the expedition against him (as if a Roman governor of a province would allow one of its chief cities to be taken from him merely because he was in uncertainty about the policy of a new emperor), are very improbable (Wieseler, Chron. des apostolischen Zeitalters, p. 174). If, then, Paul’s flight took place in A.D. 39, his conversion must have occurred in A.D. 36 (Neander’s History of the Planting of the Christian Church, 1, 107; Lardner’s Credibility, etc., Supplement, ch. 11; Works, 5, 497, ed. 1835; Schmidt in Keil’s Analekt. 3, 135 sq.; Bertholdt, Einl. 5, 2702 sq.). But it is still more likely that the possession of Damascus by Aretas to which Paul alludes occurred earlier, on the affront of his daughter by the espousal of Herodias (Luk 3:19-20; Mar 6:16; Mat 14:3), which stands in connection with the death of John the Baptist (q.v.); and in that case it affords neither date nor difficulty in the apostle’s history (see Browne’s Ordo Saeclorum, p. 113 n.; Conybeare and Howson, 1:82; Smith’s Dict. of Class. Biog. s.v.). SEE CHRONOLOGY.

4. One or more other kings of Arabia by the same name are mentioned in history (Strabo, 16:781; Dio Cass. 37:15; comp. Assemani, Bibl. Orient. 1, 367; 2, 331; 3, 1, 139; and a coin of one of them is extant (Mionet, Desc. des medailles antiques, p. 284, 285; comp. Conybeare and Howson, St. Paul, 1, 107); but it is not clear that the Aretas whom Josephus names as having a contest with Syllaeus (Ant. 17, 3, 2; War, 1, 29, 3) was different from the preceding, and the succeeding kings of that name are unimportant in any Scriptural relation (see Anger, De tempor. ratione, p. 173; Heyne, De Areta Arabum rege, Viteb. 1775; Heinold, De ethnarcha Jeudeorum Paulo obsidiante, Jen. 1757).

Aretas (ăr’e-tâs), virtuous. 2Co 11:32. The king of Arabia Petræa at the time the governor of Damascus attempted to apprehend Paul. Act 9:24-25. His daughter married Herod Antipas, but was afterward divorced to allow him to marry Herodias. In consequence of this insult, Aretas made war upon Antipas and defeated him. Antipas was soon after banished and his kingdom given to Agrippa. It is likely that Aretas was restored to the good graces of the Romans, and that Caligula granted him Damascus, which had already formed part of his predecessor’s kingdom. In this way we can account for the fact in Paul’s life stated above.

[Ar’etas]

The common appellation (like Pharaoh for Egyptian kings) of the Arabian kings of the northern part of Arabia. The deputy of Aretas in Damascus sought to arrest Paul. 2Co 11:32. This king, who was father-in-law to Herod Antipas, made war against him for divorcing his daughter, and defeated him. Vitellius, governor of Syria was ordered to take Aretas dead or alive; but Tiberius died before this was accomplished. Caligula, who succeeded to the empire, banished Antipas. He made certain changes in the East, and it is supposed that Damascus was detached from the province of Syria and given to Aretas.

( in Aramaic ) IV.:

By: Richard Gottheil, Louis Ginzberg

Nabatæan king; reigned from 9 B.C. to 40 of the common era. His full title, as given in the inscriptions, was "Aretas, King of the Nabatæans, Friend of his People." Being the most powerful neighbor of Judea, he frequently took part in the state affairs of that country, and was influential in shaping the destiny of its rulers. While on not particularly good terms with Rome—as intimated by his surname, "Friend of his People," which is in direct opposition to the prevalent φιλορώμαις ("Friend of the Romans") and φιλόκαισαρ ("Friend of the Emperor")—and though it was only after great hesitation that Augustus recognized him as king, nevertheless he took part in the expedition of Varus against the Jews in the year 4 B.C. (see Archelaus and Varus), and placed a considerable army at the disposal of the Roman general. It appears, however, that his relations with the Jews, or at least with the reigning family, became later more friendly; and Herod Antipas married his daughter. This marriage, however, led to a war between Aretas and Herod; the latter having conceived a fatal passion for his sister-in-law, Herodias, and having repudiated his wife, thus aroused the hatred of the Nabatæan king. Soon afterward there arose a quarrel between Aretas and Herod concerning the boundary of Gilead, which led to open warfare. In a battle between the two armies, Herod Antipas was defeated, and would have been completely overthrown but for the interference of Rome: it was against Roman interests to permit the spread of the power of Aretas. The emperor Tiberius commanded Vitellius, governor of Syria, to punish Aretas for his independent action. On account of the emperor's death (37), however, his order was never carried out.

Bronze Coin of Aretas IV. Philodeme of Nabathæa, with Inscription—. . . . . . —"Aretas King of Nabathæa . . . Year . . . "(After Vigouroux, "Dictionnaire de la Bible.")

Aretas IV. is probably identical with the Aretas whose governor at Damascus attempted to imprison Paul the apostle while the latter was on his missionary journey (II Cor. xi. 32). Since in a parallel passage (Acts ix. 23 et seq.) the Jews of Damascus are mentioned as lying in wait for Paul, it is very probable that Aretas made the attempt to capture Paul at the request of the Jews. From this it follows that the Jews must have been influential in the Nabatæan kingdom; otherwise the Nabatæans would have been careful to avoid any interference with Paul, who was a Roman citizen.

Bibliography:

A. von Gutschmid, in Euting, Nabatäische Inschriften, p. 84, Berlin, 1885;

Schürer,Gesch. i. 617-619, and the bibliography cited;

Paul Ewald, in Realencyclop. für Protest. Theologie, 3d ed., i. 795 et seq.;

Wilcken, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie, s.v.;

and the commentaries upon the New Testament passages quoted.

ARETAS.—This is the dynastic name (Aram. [Note: Aramaic.] Charethath) of several kings of the Nahatæan Arabs whose capital was Petra (Sela), and whose language for purposes of writing and commerce was an Aramaic dialect, as is seen from the existing inscriptions. (Cooke, N. Semitic Inscr. p. 214 ff.). The first of the line is mentioned in 2Ma 5:8; the fourth (whose personal name was Æneas) in 2Co 11:32, where his ‘ethnarch’ is said to have ‘guarded the city of the Damascenes in order to take’ St. Paul; but the Apostle escaped. This was within three years after his conversion (Gal 1:17 f., Act 9:23 ff.). There is a difficulty here, for Damascus was ordinarily in the Roman province of Syria. Aretas III. had held it in b.c. 85; the Roman coins of Damascus end a.d. 34 and begin again a.d. 62–3. It has been supposed that the Nabatæans held the city during this interval. Yet before the death of Tiberius (a.d. 37) there could hardly have been any regular occupancy by them, as Vitellius, proprætor of Syria, was sent by that emperor to punish Aretas IV. for the vengeance that the latter had taken on Herod Antipas for divorcing his sister in favour of Herodias. It has therefore been thought that a.d. 37 is the earliest possible date for St. Paul’s escape; and this will somewhat modify our view of Pauline chronology (see art. Paul the Apostle, § 4). Yet the allusion in 2Co 11:32 f. does not necessarily imply anything like a permanent tenure of Damascus by Aretas’ ethnarch. A temporary occupancy may well have taken place in Aretas’ war against Herod Antipas or afterwards; and it would be unsafe to build any chronological theory on this passage. The reign of Aretas IV. lasted from b.c. 9 to a.d. 40; inscriptions (at el-Hejra) and coins are dated in his 48th year (Cooke, l.c.).

A. J. Maclean.

ar´ē̇-tas (Ἀρέτας, Arétas): The name is a common one among Arabian princes and signifies “virtuous or pleasing.”

1. 2 Macc 5:8

It is mentioned several times in Biblical literature and in Josephus. Here it refers to an Arabian king, who was a contemporary of Antiochus Epiphanes (circa 170 bc), before whom Jason the high priest was accused.

2. Obodas

Another Arabian prince of this name, surnamed Obodas (Ant., XIII, xv, 2; xvi, 2; XVI, ix, 4) defeated Antiochus Dionysius and reigned over Coele-Syria and Damascus. He participated with Hyrcanus in the war for the Jewish throne against his brother Aristobulus, but the allies were completely defeated at Papyron, by Aristobulus and Scaurus, the Roman general. The latter carried the war into Arabia and forced Aretas to make an ignominious peace, at the price of three hundred talents of silver. Of that event a memorial denarius still exists, with a Roman chariot in full charge on the one side and a camel on the other, by the side of which an Arab is kneeling, who holds out a branch of frankincense.

3. Aeneas

The successor of Obodas was apparently surnamed Aeneas and this is the Arabian king who figures in the New Testament (2Co 11:32; compare Act 9:24). The Aretas, here mentioned, is the father-in-law of Herod Antipas, who divorced his wife to marry Herodins, the wife of his brother Philip (Mat 14:3; Mar 6:17; Luk 3:19). Josephus (Ant., XVIII, v, 1, 3) gives us a circumstantial narration of the events leading up to and following the conduct of Antipas. Coupled with a boundary dispute, it occasioned a bitter w ar between the two princes, in which Antipas was completely overwhelmed, who thereupon invoked the aid of the Romans. Tiberius ordered Vitellius, proconsul of Syria, to make war on Aretas and to deliver him dead or alive into the hands of the emperor. On the way, at Jerusalem, Vitellius received intelligence of the death of Tiberius, March 16, 37 ad, and stopped all warlike proceedings (Ant., XVIII, v, 1, 3). According to 2Co 11:32, Damascus, which had formerly belonged to the Arabian princes, was again in the hands of Are tas, when Paul escaped from it, not immediately after his conversion, but on a subsequent visit, after his Arabian exile (Gal 1:16, Gal 1:17). It is inconceivable that Aretas should have taken Damascus by force, in the face of the almost omnipotent power of Rome. The picture moreover, which Josephus draws of the Herodian events, points to a passive rather than an active attitude on the part of Aretas. The probability is that Cajus Caligula, the new emperor, wishing to settle the affairs of Syria, freely gave Damascu s to Aretas, inasmuch as it had formerly belonged to his territory. As Tiberius died in 37 ad, and as the Arabian affair was completely settled in 39 ad, it is evident that the date of Paul’s conversion must lie somewhere between 34 and 36 ad. This date is further fixed by a Damascus coin, with the image of King Aretas and the date 101. If that date points to the Pompeian era, it equals 37 ad, making the date of Paul’s conversion 34 ad (Mionnet, Descript. des médailles antiques, V, 284-85).

(ἈñÝôáò, Arab, Ḥâritha)

The Gr. form of a name borne by several rulers of the Nabataean Arabs, whose capital was Petra in Arabia.

1. The first known to history, ‘Aretas, prince of the Arabians,’ is said to have had the fugitive high-priest Jason shut up at his court (2Ma_5:8; the Gr. text is doubtful). His designation as ‘prince’ (ôýñáííïò) indicates that the hereditary chieftain of the tribe had not yet assumed the dignity of king-ship. The royal dynasty was founded by Erotimus about 110-100 b.c., when the Greek kings of Syria and Egypt had lost so much of their power, ‘ut adsiduis proeliis consumpti in contemptum finitimorum vencrint praedaeque Arabum geuti, imbelli antea, fuerint’ (Trog. Pomp. ap. Justin., xxxix. 5. 5-6).

2. The second Aretas, called äʼ ÁñÜâùí âáóéëåýò, is mentioned by Josephus (Ant. xiii. xiii. 3) in connexion with the siege of Gaza by Alexander Jannaeus in 96 b.c.

3. Aretas iii., who reigned from about 85 to 60 b.c., is known as ‘Aretas the Philhellene,’ this being the superscription of the earliest Nabataean coins that are known. Under him the mountain fortress of Petra began to assume the aspect of a Hellenistic city, and the Nabataean sway was extended as far as Damascus. He incurred the displeasure of the Romans by interfering in the quarrel of Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, but the war which Scaurus waged against him left his power unbroken (Ant. xiv. v. i.; Bellum Judaicum (Josephus) i. viii. 1). He could not, however, prevent Lollius and Metellus from taking possession of Damascus (Ant. xiv. ii. 3; Bellum Judaicum (Josephus) i. vi. 1), which thereafter was permanently under the suzerainty of Rome.

4. Aretas IV., Philopatris, the last and best-known, had a long and successful reign (circa, about 9 b.c.-a.d. 40). He was originally called aeneas, but on coming to the throne he assumed the favourite name of the Nabataean kings. He soon found it necessary to ingratiate himself with Rome.

Augustus ‘was angry that Aretas had not sent to him first before he took the kingdom; yet did aeneas send an epistle and presents to Caesar, and a crown of gold of the weight of many talents.’ … The Emperor ‘admitted Aretas’s ambassadors, and after he had just reproved him for his rashness in not waiting till he had received the kingdom from him, he accepted his presents, and confirmed him in the government’ (Jos. Ant. xvi. ix. 4, x. 9).

This Aretas’ daughter became the wife of Herod Antipas, who divorced her in order to marry Herodias (Mar_6:17). Border disputes gave the injured father an opportunity of revenge. Again acting, at this new juncture, without consulting Rome, he attacked and defeated Antipas (a.d. 28); and again fortune smiled on his daring disregard of consequences. The belated expedition which Vitellius, governor of Syria, at Tiberius’ command, led against Petra, had only got as far as Jerusalem, when the tidings of the Emperor’s death (a.d. 37) caused it to be abandoned.

There is circumstantial evidence, though perhaps too slender to be quite convincing, that Tiberius’ successor Caligula favoured the cause of Aretas. St. Paul was converted probably about a.d. 36 (so Turner), and, some time after, the Jews of Damascus conspired to kill him (Act_9:22 f.). In recalling this fact he mentions a detail (2Co_11:32) which the writer of Acts omits, namely, that it was the governor (ἐèíÜñ÷çò) under Aretas the king who-doubtless at the instigation of the Jews-guarded the city to take him. The question is thus raised when and how Aretas became overlord of Damascus. It is inconceivable either that he captured the city in face of the Roman legions in Syria, or that Tiberius, who in the end of his reign was strongly hostile, ceded it to him. But it is probable that Caligula favoured the enemy of Herod Antipas. One of his first imperial acts was to give the tetrarchy of Philip and Lysanias to Agrippa (Ant. xviii. vi. 10), and he may at the same time have given Damascus to Aretas as a peace-offering. It was better policy to befriend than to crush the brave Nabataeans. Antipas was ultimately deposed and banished in 39.

It was only for a short time, however, that Rome relaxed her direct hold upon the old Syrian capital. There are Damascene coins with the figure of Tiberius down to a.d. 34, and the fact that none has been found with the image of Caius or Claudius is significant of a change of régime; but the image of Nero appears from 62 onwards. To the view of Marquardt (Röm. Staatsverwaltung, 1885, i. 405) and Mommsen (Provinces2, 1909, ii. 149), based on 2Co_11:32, that Damascus was continuously in subjection to the Nabataean kings from the beginning of the Roman period down to a.d. 106, there are the strongest objections (see Schürer, History of the Jewish People (Eng. tr. of GJV).] i. ii. 354). Cf. article Arabia.

More coins and inscriptions date from the time of Aretas IV. than from any Nabataean reign. While the standing title of Aretas III. was öéëÝëëçíïò, that which the last chose for himself was øçí òîä, ‘Lover of his people.’ He set country above culture; he was a Nabataean patriot first and a Hellenist afterwards. It was probably this successful reign that Josephus had in view when he wrote of the extension of the Nabataean kingdom from the Euphrates to the Red Sea (Ant. i. xii. 4).

Literature-In addition to the authorities cited in the body of the article , see Literature appended to article Arabia, and P. Ewald, article ‘Aretas,’ In Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche 3.

James Strahan.

(2 Corinthians 11)

- King of Nabatea (9BC-AD40), capital Petra, apparently ruled Damascus even though it was a city of the Decapolis. His daughter was the first wife of Herod Antipas. Antipas divorced her for his niece Herodias, the mother of Salome who was responsible for the death of John the Baptist. King Aretas avenged his daughter’s treatment by going to war against Antipas, who only survived with Roman help.