Aeon

(αἰών, an age), originally, the life or duration of any person or thing. In the system of Gnosticism we find the term used to signify spiritual beings who emanated from the Deity, and who presided over the various periods of the history of the world. SEE GNOSTICS.

(Greek: aion, age)

An age of the universe; ever-existing; eternal Divine power. In Gnosticism, one of the spiritual powers evolved from the eternal Divine Being by progressive emanation and constituting the Pleroma (plenitude) or invisible spiritual world, as distinct from the Kenoma (chaotic void) or visible material world.

ē´on: This word originally meant “duration,” “dispensation.” in the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle the word is αἰών, aiō̇n, from which this word is transliterated. In the Gnostic philosophy it has a special meaning and is there used to solve the problem of the world order. In the infinite separation between God and the world, it was taught, there must of necessity be mediating powers. These powers are the eons and are the successive emanations from God from eternity. They are spiritual, existing as distinct entities. They constituted the Divine fullness or the Divine Pleroma. The name was applied to these beings for two reasons: because they were thought to partake of the eternal existence of God and because they were supposed to govern the various ages. The idea of the eons in various forms may be found in nearly all oriental philosophy that attempted to deal with the problem of the world order. It appears in the writings of Philo, in Shintoism, in the old Zoroastrian religion. See GNOSTICISM.

(áἰþí, áἰῶíåò, ‘age,’ ‘ages’)

There is some uncertainty as to the derivation of the word áἰþí. Some relate it with ἄçìé, ‘to breathe,’ but modern opinion connects it with ἀåß, áἰåß (= áἰþí), and finds as other derivatives the Latin œvum and the English ‘aye.’ In the Septuagint áἰþí is used to translate òåֹìָí in various forms, as îַòåֹìָí, Gen_6:4; òַã òåֹìָí, 1Ki_1:31; àַì òåֹìָí, Gen_21:33; äָòåֹìָí, Ecc_3:11. It is of frequent occurrence in the NT. The instances number 125 in TR [Note: Textus Receptus, Received Text.] , and 120 in critical editions. Following these, it is noteworthy that in the Gospels and Acts, where it occurs 34 times, it is only once used in the plural (Luk_1:33). In the rest of the NT the use of the plural predominates (54 out of 86 instances). In Rev. the word occurs with great frequency (26 times). In every case it is used in the plural, and, except in two places, in the intensive formula åἰò ôïὺò áἰῶíáò ôῶí áἰþíùí-a form which is never found in the Gospels or Acts. áἰþí is variously translated as ‘age,’ ‘for ever,’ ‘world,’ ‘course,’ ‘eternal.’ It expresses a time-concept, and under all uses of the word that concept remains in a more or less definite degree.

1. It expresses the idea of long or indefinite past time, ἀðʼ áἰῶíïò, ‘since the world began’ (English Version ; Luk_1:70, Act_3:21; Act_15:18; cf. îֵòåֹìָí, Gen_6:4, Isa_64:4, ἐê ôïῦ áἰῶíïò, Joh_9:32). In these instances, the phrases express what we mean when, speaking generally and indefinitely of time past, we say ‘from of old’ or ‘from the most ancient time.’

2. The common classical use of áἰþí for ‘lifetime’ is not found in the NT; but there are instances where the phrase åἰò ôὸí áἰῶíá seems to have that significance; e.g. ‘The servant abideth not in the house for life, but the son abideth for life,’ Joh_8:35 (also Mat_21:19, Joh_13:8, 1Co_8:13).

3. The phrase åἰò ôὸí áἰῶíá or ôïὺò áἰῶíáò is frequently found in the NT as a time-concept for a period or ‘age’ of indefinite futurity, and may be translated ‘for ever.’ Strictly speaking, in accordance with the root idea of áἰþí the phrase indicates futurity or continuance as long as the ‘age’ lasts to which the matter referred to belongs. The use of the intensive form åἰò ôïὺò áἰþíáò ôῶí áἰþíùí (Gal_1:5, Eph_3:21, Heb_13:21, and Rev. passim) indicates the effort of Christian faith to give expression to its larger conception of the ‘ages’ as extending to the limits of human thought, by duplicating arid reduplicating the original word. The larger vision gave the larger meaning; but it cannot he said that the fundamental idea of ‘age,’ as an epoch or dispensation with an end, is lost. In the Fourth Gospel the phrase is sometimes employed as a synonym for ‘eternal life’ (Joh_6:51; Joh_6:58).

4. The plural áἰῶíåò expresses the time-idea as consisting of or embracing many ages-aeons, periods of vast extent-‘from all ages’ (Revised Version , Eph_3:9), ‘the ages to come’ (Eph_2:7, etc.). Some of these ‘ages’ are regarded as having come to an end-‘but now once in the end of the world (‘at the end of the ages’ Revised Version ) hath he appeared to put away sin’ (Heb_9:28). The idea of one age succeeding another as under ordered rule is provided for in the suggestive title ‘the king eternal’ (English Version ‘the king of the ages’) (1Ti_1:17; cf. àַì òåֹìָí, Gen_21:33). In Heb_1:2 ‘through whom also he made the words’ (ages), and Heb_11:3 ‘the worlds (ages) were made by the word of God,’ we have the striking conception of the ‘ages’ as ‘including all that is manifested in and through them’ (Westcott, Com. in loc.). (In Wis_13:9 there is a curious instance of áἰþí as referring to the actual world, ‘For if they were able to know so much that they could aim at the world [óôï÷Üóáóèáé ôὸí áἰῶíá], how did they not sooner find out the Lord thereof?’)

5. There is also attached to the word the significance of ‘age’ as indicating a period or dispensation of a definite character-the present order of ‘world-life’ viewed as a whole and as possessing certain moral characteristics. It is unfortunate that there is no word in English which exactly expresses this meaning. The general translation in Authorized Version and Revised Version is ‘world,’ though ‘age’ appears always in Revised Version margin and in the text at Heb_6:5. There is undoubtedly at times a dose similarity of connotation between áἰþí and êüóìïò as indicating a moral order. In the Gospel and Epp. of John áἰþí is never used in this sense, but êüóìïò is employed instead; e.g. ‘Now is the judgment of thin world; now shall the prince of this world be cast out’ (Joh_12:31, also Joh_15:19 etc.), ‘If any man love the world’ (1Jn_2:15 etc.). They are almost, if not altogether, synonymous in ‘Where is the disputer of this world (‘age,’ áἰþí)? Hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world (êüóìïò)?’ (1Co_1:20). That St. Paul recognized a distinction between them is evident from the phrase êáôὰ ôὸí áἰῶíá ôïῦ êὸóìïõ ôïýôïõ, which is translated both in Authorized Version and in Revised Version ‘according to the course of this world’ (Eph_2:2). Plainly áἰþí describes some quality of the êüóìïò. We have no term to express it exactly, but our phrase ‘the spirit of the age’ comes very near to what is required.

6. This ‘world’ or ‘age’ as a moral order includes the current epoch of the world’s life. It is an epoch in which the visible and the transitory have vast power over the souls of men, and may become the only objects of hope and desire. It is described simply as áἰþí, ‘the world’ (Mat_13:22, Mar_4:19), and its end is emphatically affirmed (Mat_13:39-40; Mat_13:49; Mat_24:3; Mat_28:20). But more frequently it is referred to as in contrast to a coming age. It is described as ὁ áἰὼí ïὗôïò, ‘this world’ (Mat_12:32, Luk_16:8, Rom_12:2, 1Co_1:20, etc.); as ὁ íῦí áἰþí (1Ti_6:17, etc.); as ὁ áἰὼí ὁ ἑíåóôþò, ‘the present … world’ (Gal_1:4). The future age is described as ὁ áἰὼí ìÝëëùí, ‘the world to come’ (Mat_12:32, Heb_6:5); ὁ ἐñ÷üìåíïò, ‘the world to come’ (Mat_10:30, etc.); and as ὁ áἰὼí ἐêåῖíïò, ‘that world’ (Luk_20:35). The present ‘age’ has its God (2Co_4:4), its rulers and its wisdom (1Co_2:6; 1Co_2:8), its sons (Luk_16:8), its fashion (Rom_12:2), and its cares (Mat_13:22). Men may be rich in it (1Ti_6:17), and love it (2Ti_4:10). It is an evil age (Gal_1:4), yet it is possible to live soberly, righteously, and godly in it (Tit_2:12), and it has an end (Mat_13:40). In the future ‘age’ there is ‘eternal life’ (Mar_10:30, Luk_18:30). Those who are counted worthy of it ‘neither marry nor are given in marriage, neither can they die any more’ (Luk_20:35 f.). It has ‘powers’ that may be ‘tasted’ in the present age (Heb_6:5).

The contrast is regarded as that which is described in Jewish writings as òåֹìָí äַåִּä and òåֹìָí äַðְּà, ‘this age’ and ‘the age that is to come.’ These are identified with the age before and after the coming of the Messiah. There is much uncertainty as to the time when this contrast first arose. Dalman says that ‘in pre-Christian products of Jewish literature there is as yet no trace of these ideas to be found’ (The Words of Jesus, p. 148). It is difficult to believe that a nation which expected as much from the advent of the Messiah did not form some idea, at a date before the days of Jesus Christ, of the vast changes vast would be produced when He did come, and look upon the age which was so marked as one to be contrasted with the age in which they were living. We cannot follow Dalman when he says: ‘It is not unlikely that in the time of Jesus the idea of “the future age,” being the product of the schools of the scribes, was not yet familiar to those He addressed’ (ib. p. 135). Dalman apparently doubts whether Jesus used the term Himself, but says: ‘The currency of the expressions “this age,” “the future age,” is at all events established by the end of the first Christian century.’ He makes the reservation that ‘for that period the expressions characterised the language of the learned rather than that of the people’ (ib. p. 151).

7. Among the Gnostics (see Gnosticism) the aeons were emanations from the Divine. But this meaning of the word belongs to a time when the Gnostic ideas and terminology were more fully developed than in the first century of the Christian era. It is enough to quote the opinion of Hort in his Judaistic Christianity, ‘There is not the faintest sign that such words as … áἰþí … have any reference [in the NT] to what we call Gnostic terms’ (p. 133, also p. 146).

Literature.-G. Dalman, The Words of Jesus, Eng. translation Edinburgh, 1902, pp. 147ff., 162ff.; Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) , article ‘World’: Westcott, Com. on the Epistle to the Hebrews, in locis; F. Rendall, Expositor, 3rd ser., vii. [1888] 266-278; Wilke-Grimm, Clavis Novi Testamenti, s.v.; Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics , article ‘aeons’ and ‘Ages of the World’; F. J. A. Hort, Judaistic Christianity, Cambridge and London, 1894, pp. 133, 146; H. B. Swete, Gospel according to St. Mark, London, 1902, pp. 65, 217; J. T. Marshall, Expository Times , x. [1898-99] 323; Lightfoot, Com. on Colossians and Phm_1:3, London, 1879, p. 73ff.; C. Geikie, Life and Words of Christ, do. 1877, p. 625; J. Agar Beet, Last Things, do. 1913, pp. 70f., 132f.; Sanday-Headlam, Romans 5 (International Critical Commentary , 1902).

John Reid.