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Job 36:28 — Word Study

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WLCאֲשֶֽׁר־ יִזְּל֥וּ שְׁחָקִ֑ים יִ֝רְעֲפ֗וּ עֲלֵ֤י׀ אָדָ֬ם רָֽב׃

BSAwhichʼăsher [flowing down from the sky] the cloudsshachaq [thin vapors in the sky] pour outnâzal [dropping, distilling] and showerrâʻaph [pour down, drip] abundantlyrab [plentifully, in great quantity] onʻal [above, upon] mankindʼâdâm [humanity, the man, Adam]

Word
Listen & take awayJob 36
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 28 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Rav) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Job 36:28quick helps
In a sentenceJob describes how the clouds pour out rain abundantly on humanity.
Who is speakingJob, reflecting on God's power and nature.
Where we areThis verse is part of a description of God's control over natural phenomena.
The hard wordיִזְּל֥וּ
Take awayGod provides for mankind through the natural world.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectשַׁחַק verbנָזַל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Job 36:28

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Job's Reflection on God's Powergenerated

27For He draws up drops of water which distill the rain from the mist,
28which the clouds pour out and shower abundantly on mankind.
29Furthermore, who can understand how the clouds spread out, how the thunder roars from His pavilion?
30See how He scatters His lightning around Him and covers the depths of the sea.

Job 36:28 is part of a larger discourse where Job reflects on God's sovereignty over nature, particularly how He controls the rain and clouds to provide for humanity. This verse emphasizes the abundance of God's provision, showing how the natural world serves His purposes and sustains life.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Job 37:11–13He loads the clouds with moisture; He scatters His lightning through them.
2Genesis 7:11–12In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, on the seventeenth day of the second month, all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened.
3Proverbs 3:20By His knowledge the watery depths were broken open, and the clouds dripped with dew.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 3 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly.Job 37:11–13 Genesis 7:11–12 Proverbs 3:20

The Key Word יִזְּל֥וּ, yi.ze.Lugenerated

The verb נָזַל (nazal) means to flow or drip, conveying a sense of liquid movement. In this verse, it describes the action of rain falling from the clouds, indicating a continuous and abundant supply of water.

The parsing as an imperfect third person masculine plural suggests an ongoing action, highlighting that the clouds are actively pouring out rain. This imagery connects to the idea of divine provision and care for humanity.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb יִזְּל֥וּ governs the main action of the verse, with two phrases hanging off it: a noun phrase describing the subject and another verb phrase indicating the action of dripping. The structure emphasizes the clouds as the source of the rain.

The word order places the subject, שְׁחָקִ֑ים (shachaqim), before the verb, highlighting the clouds as the primary focus of the action.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates נָזַל as ῥυήσονται (rhysontai), meaning 'they will flow.' This choice suggests a focus on the action of flowing, aligning with the Hebrew sense of continuous movement.

The Greek word emphasizes the abundance and provision aspect, similar to the Hebrew, but may carry a slightly different nuance in terms of the immediacy of the action.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Job 36:28 describes how the clouds pour out rain abundantly on humanity. This verse illustrates God's provision through nature, showing how He cares for people by providing water for life.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Job mean by the clouds pouring out rain?

Job is illustrating God's control over nature, emphasizing that the rain is a blessing from God that sustains life.

Why is the abundance of rain significant?

The abundance of rain symbolizes God's generosity and care for humanity, ensuring that the earth is nourished.

How does this verse relate to other passages about God's provision?

This verse connects to other scriptures, like Psalm 65:9, which also speaks of God's provision through nature.

What imagery does Job use to describe the clouds?

Job uses the imagery of clouds pouring out rain, which evokes a sense of abundance and the life-giving nature of water.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do I see God's provision in my own life, similar to how Job describes the rain?
  2. What role does nature play in my understanding of God's care for humanity?
  3. In what ways can I recognize the abundance in my life and express gratitude for it?
  4. How can I share the message of God's provision with others?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Gregory the Dialogist comments on this verse, reflecting on God's provision through the natural world, emphasizing the connection between divine understanding and the events described.

Gregory the DialogistMorals on the Book of Job, Book XXVII c. 540–604
Which flow from the clouds. Which cover all things above. For these whirlpools do indeed flow from the clouds; because, if the power of understanding did not begin with the holy Apostles,
Early Church Fathers on Job 36 →

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Job 36:28 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Which the clouds do drop [and] distil upon man abundantly. Not upon the persons of men, which they take care as much as possible to shun and avoid, but upon the fields of men, and so for the profit

Read John Gill on Job 36 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof: The marvelous formation of rain (so Job 5:9-10; Job 37:13).

Read Robert Jamieson on Job 36 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

In such plenty as the necessities of the earth require; which also is a wonderful work of God.

Read Matthew Poole on Job 36 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Job 36:28 Which the clouds do drop [and] distil upon man abundantly.Ver. 28. Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly] Hence the Dutch call it raegen, and we rained, a rigando, from watering the earth all over, at times. This is God’ s work, and it ought to be marvellous in our eyes; it would be so were it not so ordinary. Non sanctis id ascribamus, multo minus sagis, the heathens gave their gods the glory of it. The Holy Ghost here and elsewhere setteth before us these common things, that when we see them, and yet know not the reason of them, we may gather, that we ought not overly curiously to pry into the profound judgments of God, which are far above the clouds, those…

Read John Trapp on Job 36 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 28. Which the clouds do drop] In proportion to the evaporation will be the clouds or masses of volatilized and suspended vapour; and in proportion to this will be the quantum of rain which in different forms will fall upon the earth. There is a remarkable addition to this verse in the Septuagint. I shall insert the whole verse: Ῥυησονταιπαλαιωματα, εσκιασεδενεφηεπιαμυθητῳβροτῳ·ὡρανεθετοκτηνεσιν, οιδασιδεκοιτηςταξιν·επιτουτοιςπασινουκεξισταταισουἡδιανοια, ουδεδιαλλασσεταισουἡκαρδιααποσωματος; "The rains descend, and the clouds cover with their shadows multitudes of men: he hath appointed to animals to know the order of their dwellings. At the contemplation of these things is not…

Read AdamClarke on Job 36 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

28. upon man abundantly] This is possible, but the more natural meaning is as above, the reference being to the universal reach of the rain, and its fall on all mankind. 29–37:5. The marvel of the thunder-storm.

Read Cambridge on Job 36 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Upon man abundantly - That is, upon many people. The clouds having received the ascending vapor, retain it, and pour it down copiously for the use of man.

Read Albert Barnes on Job 36 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

which the clouds pour out and shower abundantly on mankind.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

which the skies pour down and which drop on man abundantly.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

which the clouds pour out and shower abundantly on mankind.

NETBNew English Translation2006

which the clouds pour down and shower on humankind abundantly.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Which the skies pour down And drop upon man abundantly.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Which the skies pour down and drop upon man abundantly.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Which the clouds do drop and distill upon man abundantly.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Which raine the cloudes do droppe and let fall abundantly vpon man.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Which the skies pour down [and] drop upon man abundantly.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Which clouds do drop, They distil on man abundantly.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Which clouds drop, || They distill on man abundantly.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

These drop down out of the skies; they distil upon the multitude of men.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

which the clouds pour down and drop in abundance on mankind.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Which flow from the clouds that cover all above.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

The clouds pour down rain, falling plentifully on humankind.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Flowing down from the sky, and dropping on the peoples.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · predicaterelpאֲשֶֽׁרwhichclauseverbיִזְּל֥וּthey.flowsubjectשְׁחָקִ֑ים[the].cloudsclauseverbיִ֝רְעֲפ֗וּthey.dripprepositional phrase · prepositionalעֲלֵ֤יonאָדָ֬םhumankindadverbialרָֽבnumerous

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text reads: אֲשֶֽׁר־ יִזְּל֥וּ שְׁחָקִ֑ים יִ֝רְעֲפ֗וּ עֲלֵ֤י׀ אָדָ֬ם רָֽב׃. The Septuagint matches 4 of the 7 words, indicating a close relationship between the two texts, though the word order differs.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

אֲשֶֽׁר־ יִזְּל֥וּ שְׁחָקִ֑ים יִ֝רְעֲפ֗וּ עֲלֵ֤י׀ אָדָ֬ם רָֽב׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
יִזְּל֥וּῥυήσονταιשְׁחָקִ֑יםνέφηעֲלֵ֤י׀ἐπὶאָדָ֬םβροτῶν

4 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Job 36:28אֲשֶׁרwhichwhichאֲשֶׁרנָזַלthey flowthey flowנָזַלשַׁ֫חַק[the] cloud[the] cloudsשַׁ֫חַקרָעַףthey dripthey dripרָעַףעַלononעַלאָדָםhumankindhumankindאָדָםרַבnumerousnumerousרַבשָׁחַקto beatto beatשָׁחַקאָדֹםto reddento reddenאָדֹםרָבַבto multiplto multiplyרָבַבעַלheightheightעַלשַׁ֫חַקcloudcloudשַׁ֫חַקצָוָהto commandto commandצָוָהבְּאֵרwellwellבְּאֵררָעַףto dripto dripרָעַףנָזַלto flowto flowנָזַלכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאדְּמוּתlikenesslikenessדְּמוּתבְּהֵמָהanimalanimalבְּהֵמָהנְבוּזַרְאֲדָןNebuzaradaNebuzaradanנְבוּזַרְאֲדָןטַבָּחguardguardטַבָּח
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Job 36:28

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

which they flow [the] clouds they drip on humankind numerous
אֲשֶֽׁר־'a.Sher- which H834 Particle
5,500× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is a conjunction that connects ideas and events in the Bible, like in the book of Genesis, where it's used to describe the relationship between God and His creation.
Amplified meaning
flowing down from the sky
Tyndale gloss
which
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.

base

בַאֲשֶׁר

in (that) which

adv. in (the place) where

conj. in that, inasmuch as

on account of whom?

base

מֵאֲשֶׁר

from (or than) that which

adv. from (the place) where

conj. from (the fact) that …, since

base

כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when

according to that which, according as, as

with a causal force, in so far as, since

with a temporal force, when

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which

. adv. in (the place) where

. conj. in that, inasmuch as

. on account of whom?

H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which

. adv. from (the place) where

. conj. from (the fact) that …, since

H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as

. with a causal force, in so far as, since

. with a temporal force, when

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

834 'aher ash-er'

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)

when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X

alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +

from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,

wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where

(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +

whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is

indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun

expletively, used to show the connection.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.

A: 1) (relative part.)

1a) which, who

1b) that which

2) (conj)

2a) that (in obj clause)

2b) when

2c) since

2d) as

2e) conditional if

B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

D: Kaph+

1) (conj.), according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since

1c) with a temporal force: when

בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.

1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.

1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.

conj

1) according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Rel — Particle
HTr
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
which they flow [the] clouds they drip on humankind numerous
יִזְּל֥וּyi.ze.Lu they flow H5140 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
16× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to flow or drip, like a stream or flood, and is used to describe the movement of water. It appears in descriptions of natural wonders, like rivers and waterfalls. In the Bible, it is used in Isaiah 44:3 to describe God's blessings flowing like a river.
Amplified meaning
dropping, distilling
Tyndale gloss
to flow
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָזַל (nazal) is a Hebrew verb meaning to flow or trickle. It encompasses various forms of flowing, including distilling and shedding liquid. The term appears in both the Qal and Hiphil stems, indicating both a simple action of flowing and causing something to flow. The poetic usage suggests a rich imagery associated with water and movement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[נָזַל] vb. flow, trickle, drop, distil (poet.)

Qal

flow

distil

Hiph. cause to flow

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5140 [נָזַל] flow, trickle, drop, distil (poet.)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5140 nazal naw-zal'

a primitive root; to drip, or shed by trickling:--distil,

drop, flood, (cause to) flow(-ing), gush out, melt, pour

(down), running water, stream.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָזַל (na.zal) — to flow.

1) to flow, distil, flow forth or down, trickle, drop

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to flow

1a1a) streams, floods (participle)

1a2) to distil

1b) (Hiphil) to cause to flow

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
which they flow [the] clouds they drip on humankind numerous
שְׁחָקִ֑יםshe.cha.Kim [the] clouds H7834 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
21× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This noun refers to a cloud or a thin vapor in the sky, as in Psalm 36:5 where God's faithfulness reaches to the clouds. It can also mean the firmament or heaven, like in Genesis 1:20 where birds fly across the sky. The word appears about 20 times in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
thin vapors in the sky
Tyndale gloss
cloud
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שַׁ֫חַק (shachaq) refers to fine dust or a thin cloud. It is derived from a root meaning to beat small, and its range includes both physical dust and vaporous clouds, extending to concepts of the firmament or sky. The entries consistently emphasize its qualities of fineness and thinness.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שַׁ֫חַק n.m. dust, cloud (as fine, thin)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7834 שַׁ֫חַק dust, cloud (as fine, thin)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7834 shachaq shakh'-ak

from 7833; a powder (as beaten small): by analogy, a thin

vapor; by extension, the firmament:--cloud, small dust,

heaven, sky.

see HEBREW for 07833

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שַׁ֫חַק (sha.chaq) — cloud.

1) dust, cloud

1a) fine dust

1b) (thin) cloud

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

In the summer season of Palestine, were an unlooked-for phenomenon, 1Sa 12:17,18, and rising from off the Mediterranean, betokened rain, 1Ki 18:44 Lu 12:54. Clouds are the symbol of armies and multitudes, probably by their grand and majestic movements, Isa 60:8 Jer 4:13 Heb 12:1. They betokened the presence of Jehovah, as on mount Sinai,

Ex 19:9 24:12-18; in the temple, Ex 40:34 1Ki 8:10; in the cloudy…

Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- Formed from the sea

1Ki 18:44; Am 9:6

- Are garment of the sea

Job 38:9

- GOD

. Established

Pr 8:28

. Balanced in the air

Job 37:16

. Disposed in order

Job 37:15

. Brings over the earth

Ge 9:14

. Binds up

Job 26:8

. Spreads out

Job 26:9

. Scatters

Job 37:11

- Power and wisdom of God exhibited in forming

which they flow [the] clouds they drip on humankind numerous
יִ֝רְעֲפ֗וּyir.'a.Fu they drip H7491 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
5× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to drip or trickle, often used to describe liquid or water flowing slowly. It appears in the book of Job and Psalms, describing the gentle flow of water.
Amplified meaning
pour down, drip
Tyndale gloss
to drip
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָעַף (ra`aph) is a primitive root meaning to drip or trickle. It appears in both the Qal and Hiphil forms, indicating the action of dripping or distilling. The entries consistently emphasize this meaning without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רָעַף] vb. trickle, drip

Qal of clouds

Hiph. trickle

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7491 [רָעַף] trickle, drip

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7491 ra`aph raw-af'

a primitive root; to drip:--distil, drop (down).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָעַף (ra.aph) — to drip.

1) to trickle, drip

1a) (Qal) to trickle, drip

1b) (Hiphil) to trickle

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
which they flow [the] clouds they drip on humankind numerous
עֲלֵ֤י׀'a.Lei on H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Amplified meaning
above, upon
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

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Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

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Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

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Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

On

Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See HELIOPOLIS.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

pain; force; iniquity

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
which they flow [the] clouds they drip on humankind numerous
אָדָ֬ם'a.Dam humankind H120 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
551× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Adam was the first human, created by God and mentioned in Genesis 2:19, who married Eve and had sons including Cain, Abel, and Seth.
Amplified meaning
humanity, the man, Adam
Tyndale gloss
the man (Adam)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָדָם (adam) refers to 'man' or 'mankind,' encompassing both individual humans and the species as a whole. It is also the name of the first man in the Bible, Adam, who is mentioned in various verses, including Genesis 2:19. The term can denote a city in the Jordan valley as well. The entries indicate a range of meanings, but there is no significant disagreement among them.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָדָם 560 n.m. Gn 1:27 man, mankind

a man = human being

coll. man, mankind

n.pr.m. Adam, first man (without art.)

n.pr.loc. city in Jordan valley (as built?)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H120 אָדָם man, mankind . a man = human being

. coll. man, mankind

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

120 'adam aw-dawm'

from 119; ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the

species, mankind, etc.):--X another, + hypocrite, + common

sort, X low, man (mean, of low degree), person.

see HEBREW for 0119

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָדָם (a.dam) — man.

1) man, mankind

1a) man, human being

1b) man, mankind (much more frequently intended sense in OT)

1c) Adam, first man

1d) city in Jordan valley

אָדָם (a.dam) — the man (Adam).

The first named man living at the time before the Flood, first mentioned at Gen.2.19;

married to Eve (H2332);

father of: Cain (H7014B), Abel (H1893) and Seth (H8352); also translated "man" at Gen.2.19,21,23; 3.8,9,20; 5.2; "mankind" at Deu.32.8; "others" at Job.31.33;

Another spelling of a.dam (אָדָם "Adam" H0121)

man, human being

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
which they flow [the] clouds they drip on humankind numerous
רָֽב׃Rav numerous H7227 Adj
454× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means a chief or captain, someone in charge. It is used in 2 Samuel 23:19 to describe a great and powerful man. The idea is one of leadership and authority.
Amplified meaning
plentifully, in great quantity
Tyndale gloss
many
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רַב (rav) means much, many, or great, often used in contrast to מְעַט (me'at). It can describe abundance in quantity or rank and is also used as a noun for chief or captain. The word conveys a range of meanings from numerous to exceedingly, and it can function as both an adjective and a noun.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רַב 429 adj. much, many, great

(oft. opp. מְעַט)

much: of substances

esp. of collectives, numerous

pl. many

רַב as subst. coll. pers.

cstr. = abounding in

מִן comp. = more numerous than

רַב = abundant, enough

as adv. much, exceedingly

less oft. great

base

רַב 49 n.m. chief

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7227a רַב much, many, great . (oft. opp. מְעַט) . . much: of substances

. esp. of collectives, numerous

. pl. many

. רַב as subst. coll. pers.

. cstr. = abounding in

. + מִן comp. = more numerous than

. רַב = abundant, enough

. as adv. much, exceedingly

. less oft. great

H7227b רַב chief

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7227 rab rab

by contracted from 7231; abundant (in quantity, size, age,

number, rank, quality):--(in) abound(-undance, -ant, -antly),

captain, elder, enough, exceedingly, full, great(-ly, man,

one), increase, long (enough, (time)), (do, have) many(-ifold,

things, a time), ((ship-))master, mighty, more, (too, very)

much, multiply(-tude), officer, often(-times), plenteous,

populous, prince, process (of time), suffice(-lent).

see HEBREW for 07231

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רַב (rav) — many.

adj

1) much, many, great

1a) much

1b) many

1c) abounding in

1d) more numerous than

1e) abundant, enough

1f) great

1g) strong

1h) greater than

adv

1i) much, exceedingly

רַב (rav) — chief.

captain, chief

Aramaic equivalent: rav.re.van (רַבְרְבָן "noble" H7261)

רַב (rav) — (Sidon) the Great.

Combined with tsi.don (צִידוֹן "Sidon" H6721H)

§ captain, chief

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAamsa
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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