Job 28:22 — Word Study
WLCאֲבַדּ֣וֹן וָ֭מָוֶת אָ֣מְר֑וּ בְּ֝אָזְנֵ֗ינוּ שָׁמַ֥עְנוּ שִׁמְעָֽהּ׃
BSAAbaddonʼăbaddôwn [Destruction, a place of ruin] and Deathmâveth [the end of life, mortal termination] sayʼâmar■ [speak, declare] We have heardshâmaʻ■ [listened to, given attention to] a rumor about itshêmaʻ [report, announcement, the matter, the thing]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אֲבַדּ֣וֹן | Abaddon | Noun |
| וָ֭מָוֶת | and death | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| אָ֣מְר֑וּ | they say | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| בְּ֝אָזְנֵ֗ינוּ | with ears our | Preposition, noun common feminine dual construct, suffix |
| שָׁמַ֥עְנוּ | we have heard | Verb, Qal, perfect first person common plural |
| שִׁמְעָֽהּ׃ | report its | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Abaddon and Death say, ‘We have heard a rumor about it.’ |
| KJV | Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with our ears. |
| ASV | Destruction and Death say, We have heard a rumor thereof with our ears. |
| YLT | Destruction and death have said: 'With our ears we have heard its fame.' |
| WEB | Destruction and Death say, ‘We have heard a rumor of it with our ears.’ |
| BBE | Destruction and Death say, We have only had word of it with our ears. |
The translations agree on the essence of the verse, with no significant differences noted.
The sentence structure is straightforward, with a main clause followed by supporting phrases that elaborate on the statement made.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbאָמַר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Job 28:22
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Search for Wisdomgenerated
Job 28:22 reflects on the elusive nature of wisdom and understanding, with Abaddon and Death personified as entities that acknowledge the existence of knowledge beyond human reach. This passage is part of a larger discourse in Job, where the quest for wisdom is contrasted with the limitations of human perception, as seen in the preceding verses and connected themes throughout the book.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Job 28:14 | The ocean depths say, ‘It is not in me,’ while the sea declares, ‘It is not with me.’ |
| 2 | Psalm 83:10–12 | who perished at Endor and became like dung on the ground. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — אֲבַדּוֹן, 'a.va.Dongenerated
The Hebrew word אֲבַדּוֹן ('abaddown) refers to a place of destruction or ruin, often associated with Hades. It is derived from a root meaning 'to perish' and appears in contexts related to death and the afterlife, notably in Job and Proverbs.
In this verse, Abaddon is paired with Death, emphasizing the finality and severity of destruction. The personification of these concepts highlights their role in the broader narrative of life and mortality, suggesting that even they are aware of the unfolding events.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations of this verse largely agree, with all versions reflecting the essence of Abaddon and Death speaking about having heard a rumor.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb אָמְר֑וּ (they say) governs the main clause, with the subject being Abaddon and Death. The structure emphasizes the declaration made by these two entities, followed by a prepositional phrase that indicates the context of their statement.
The arrangement of the Hebrew words places emphasis on the subjects, Abaddon and Death, as the ones who have heard and are reporting, which is central to the meaning of the verse.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew word אֲבַדּוֹן is rendered as ἀπώλεια (apōleia), which means 'destruction' or 'ruin.' This choice aligns with the Hebrew meaning but also suggests a broader interpretation of loss and annihilation.
The use of ἀπώλεια in the Septuagint emphasizes the finality of destruction, paralleling the Hebrew concept while also connecting it to the Greek understanding of death and loss.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Job 28:22 tells us that Abaddon, representing destruction, and Death, representing the end of life, declare that they have heard a rumor about something important. This verse highlights the acknowledgment of knowledge by these personified concepts, suggesting that even they are aware of events beyond human understanding.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Abaddon represents destruction or a place of ruin, often associated with the concept of Hades.
Death's declaration emphasizes the finality of life and the awareness of significant truths regarding existence.
This verse illustrates the limitations of human understanding, as even the most powerful forces acknowledge knowledge beyond their grasp.
The personification suggests that destruction and death are not just abstract concepts but entities that recognize and communicate about the deeper truths of life.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What are some areas in my life where I have seen destruction or endings, and how do they relate to new beginnings?
- How can I be more aware of the deeper truths in my life, similar to how Abaddon and Death acknowledge knowledge?
- In what ways can I seek wisdom in situations that seem beyond my understanding?
- How does the acknowledgment of death and destruction influence my perspective on life and its meaning?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The early commentary from Gregory the Dialogist highlights the significance of Abaddon and Death in understanding the nature of evil spirits and their awareness of divine matters.
Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with our ears. Who are denoted by the title of 'destruction and death,' save the evil spirits,Early Church Fathers on Job 28 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Job 28:22 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleDestruction and death say,.... Meaning the dead that are in the pit of destruction, the grave; not their dead bodies there, devoid of life and sense, and know not anything, but their souls; either
Read John Gill on Job 28 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryDestruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with our ears. i.e., the abodes of destruction and of the dead. "Death" put for Sheol (Job 30:23; Job 26:6, note; Psalms 9:13). We have (only) heard - the report of her.
Read Robert Jamieson on Job 28 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleDestruction and death; either, 1. Men that are dead, and thereby freed from the encumbrance of their bodies, which depress their minds, and have more raised thoughts than men that live here. Or, 2. The grave, the place of the dead, to which these things are here ascribed, as they are to the depths, and to the sea, , by a figure called prosopopaeia. If a man should search for this wisdom, either amongst living men, or amongst the dead, he could not find it; yea, though he should and might inquire of all men that formerly lived in the world, some of whom were persons of prodigious wit and learning, and of vast experience, as having lived nigh a thousand years, and made it their great business…
Read Matthew Poole on Job 28 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsJob 28:22 Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with our ears.Ver. 22. Destruction and death say, &c.] That is, the dead in the grave, and damned in hell, as some gloss it. Others, man in his corrupt estate, though a child of death, yet capable of salvation; and the wisdom of God hath found out a way to save him by his Son, letting in life by the ear, according to that, "Hear, and your souls shall live," Isaiah 55:3. The dead in sins and trespasses shall hear the voice of the Son of God (in the preaching of the word), and shall live, the life of grace here, and of glory hereafter, John 5:25. These have heard of God’ s wisdom in his various dealings with the sons of men…
Read John Trapp on Job 28 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(22) Destruction and death say.—That destruction and death should have heard the fame of wisdom is natural, as it consists in departing from the evil which leads to their abode.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Job 28 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 22. Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof] אבדון ומות Abaddon vamaveth, the destroyer, and his offspring death. This is the very name that is given to the devil in Greek letters Αβαδδων, Revelation 9:11, and is rendered by the Greek word Απολλυων, Apollyon, a word exactly of the same meaning. No wonder death and the devil are brought in here as saying they had heard the fame of wisdom, seeing Job 28:28 defines it to be the fear of the Lord, and a departure from evil; things point blank contrary to the interests of Satan, and the extension of the empire of death.
Read AdamClarke on Job 28 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges22. destruction and death] Heb. Abaddon and Death. Abaddon is Sheol, the realm of the dead, here personified, as also is Death. Comp. Revelation 1:18; Revelation 9:11, and see on ch. Job 26:6. the fame thereof] i. e. the report or rumour thereof. Destruction and Death have only heard of Wisdom, they have no knowledge of it, much less is it to be found with them. It is not true, alas! in this sense that There must be wisdom with great Death. The words “we have heard the report thereof” ascribe neither a less nor a greater knowledge of Wisdom to Death than the living possess. Both are equally ignorant of it, and equally without it. As Job 28:13-14 told how Wisdom was nowhere to be found in…
Read Cambridge on Job 28 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleDestruction - This is a personification which is exceedingly sublime. Job had spoken of the wonderful discoveries made by science, but none of them had disclosed true wisdom.
Read Albert Barnes on Job 28 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Abaddon and Death say, ‘We have heard a rumor about it.’
Destruction and Death say, ‘We have heard a rumor of it with our ears.’
Abaddon and Death say, ‘We have heard a rumor about it.’
Destruction and Death say, ‘With our ears we have heard a rumor about where it can be found.’
Tyndale line
Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with our ears.
Destruction and Death say, We have heard a rumor thereof with our ears.
Destruction and Death say, We have heard a rumour thereof with our ears.
Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame of it with our ears.
Destruction and death say, We haue heard the fame thereof with our eares.
Strictly literal
Destruction and death say, We have heard its report with our ears.
Destruction and death have said: 'With our ears we have heard its fame.'
Destruction and death have said: With our ears we have heard its fame.
Perdition and death say, With our ears have we heard a report of her.
Destruction and Death say, 'We have heard just a rumor about it with our ears.'
From the Latin
Destruction and death have said: With our ears we have heard the fame thereof.
Simplified
Abaddon and Death say, ‘We've only heard a rumor of it.’
Destruction and Death say, We have only had word of it with our ears.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely, with five of the six words matched. The Septuagint's word order differs, but the core message remains intact, affirming the recognition of destruction and death's awareness of significant matters.
אֲבַדּ֣וֹן וָ֭מָוֶת אָ֣מְר֑וּ בְּ֝אָזְנֵ֗ינוּ שָׁמַ֥עְנוּ שִׁמְעָֽהּ׃
5 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Job 28:22
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word אֲבַדּוֹן ('abaddown) refers to a place of destruction or ruin, often associated with Hades. It is derived from a root meaning 'to perish' and appears in contexts related to death and the afterlife, notably in Job and Proverbs. There is some discussion about its specific implications in relation to Sheol and the condition of the dead.
אֲבַדּוֹן n.f. ? Pr 27:20 abstr. nearly = n.pr. (place of) Destruction, Ruin, ’Abaddôn (cf. Syriac 𝔖 Jb 28:22 etc.)—אֲבַדּֽוֹן Jb 26:6 (+ 4 t.); abbrev. אבדה Kt אֲבַדּֽוֹ Qr Pr 27:20.—Place of ruin in Shᵉʼôl for lost or ruined dead, as development of earlier distinction of condition in Shᵉʼôl (v. שְׁאוֹל). Only in WisdLt; Jb 31:12; ∥ שׁאול Jb 26:6 Pr 15:11 27:20; ∥ מות Jb 28:22; ∥ קבר ψ…
Read the full entry →H11 אֲבַדּוֹן abstr. nearly = n. pr. (place of) Destruction, Ruin, ’Abaddôn
11 'abaddown ab-ad-done'
intensive from 6; abstract, a perishing; concrete,
Hades:--destruction.
see HEBREW for 06
אֲבַדּוֹן (a.vad.don) — Abaddon.
Abaddon, a place of destruction, destruction, ruin
N-proper — NounHNtfsa
a-bad'-on ('abhaddon, "ruin," "perdition," "destruction"): Though "destruction" is commonly used in translating 'abhaddon, the stem idea is intransitive rather than passive--the idea of perishing, going to ruin, being in a ruined state, rather than that of being ruined, being destroyed.
The word occurs six times in the Old Testament, always as a place name in the sense in which Sheol is a place name. It denotes, in certain aspects, the world of the dead as constructed in the Hebrew imagination. It is a common mistake to understand such expressions in a too mechanical way. Like ourselves, the men of the earlier ages had to use picture language when they spoke of the conditions that existed after death, however their picturing of the matter may have differed from ours. In three instances Abaddon is parallel with Sheol (Job 26:6;
Abaddon
Destruction, the Hebrew name (equivalent to the Greek Apollyon, i.e., destroyer) of “the angel of the bottomless pit” (Rev. 9:11). It is rendered “destruction” in Job 28:22; 31:12; 26:6; Prov. 15:11; 27:20. In the last three of these passages the Revised Version retains the word “Abaddon.” We may regard this word as a personification of the idea of destruction, or as sheol, the realm of the dead.
See APOLLYON.
the destroyer
מָ֫וֶת (maveth) means 'death' and encompasses various aspects such as natural or violent death, the state of being dead, and the realm of the dead (hades). It can also refer to pestilence or ruin. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to die' and has an Aramaic equivalent, מוֹת (mot).
מָ֫וֶת 161 n.m. death
death, opp. life
death by violence
state of death or place of death
base
H4194 מָ֫וֶת death
4194 maveth maw'-veth
from 4191; death (natural or violent); concretely, the dead,
their place or state (hades); figuratively, pestilence,
ruin:--(be) dead((-ly)), death, die(-d).
see HEBREW for 04191
מָ֫וֶת (ma.vet) — death.
1) death, dying, Death (personified), realm of the dead
1a) death
1b) death by violence (as a penalty)
1c) state of death, place of death
Aramaic equivalent: mot (מוֹת "death" H4193)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
(maweth; thanatos):
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND FIGURATIVE VIEW
The word "Death" is used in the sense of
(1) the process of dying (Ge 21:16);
(2) the period of decease (Ge 27:7);
(3) as a possible synonym for poison (2Ki 4:40);
(4) as descriptive of person in danger of perishing (Jud 15:18; "in deaths oft" 2Co 11:23). In this sense the shadow of death is a familiar expression in Job, the Psalms and the Prophets;
Death
May be simply defined as the termination of life. It is represented under a variety of aspects in Scripture: (1.) “The dust shall return to the earth as it was” (Eccl. 12:7).
(2.) “Thou takest away their breath, they die” (Ps. 104:29).
(3.) It is the dissolution of “our earthly house of this tabernacle” (2 Cor. 5:1); the “putting off this tabernacle” (2 Pet. 1:13, 14).
(4.) Being “unclothed” (2 Cor. 5:3, 4).
(5.) “Falling on sleep” (Ps. 76:5; Jer. 51:39;
Is taken in Scripture, first, for the separation of body and soul, the first death, Ge 25:11; secondly, for alienation from God, and exposure to his wrath, 1Jo 3:14, etc.; thirdly, for the second death, that of eternal damnation. Death was the penalty affixed to Adam’s transgression, Ge 2:17 3:19; and all his posterity are transgressors, and share the curse inflicted upon him. CHRIST is "our life." All believers share his life, spiritually and eternally; and though sin and bodily is taken away, and in the resurrection the last enemy shall be trampled under foot, Ro 5:12-21 1Co 15:1-58.
אָמַר (amar) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to say' or 'to utter,' with a broad range of uses including to promise, command, or even boast. It appears in various forms, such as in the Qal (to say), Niphal (to be told), and Hiphil (to avow). The entries highlight its versatility in both spoken and internal contexts, though no specific verse is noted.
אָמַר 5287 vb. utter, say
Qal
Say
Say in the heart (= think)
Promise
Command (esp. late)
Niph. be said, told
Hiph. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)
Hithp. act proudly, boast
base
H559 אָמַר utter, say .. Say
. Say in the heart (= think)
. Promise
. Command (esp. late)
. be said, told
. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)
. act proudly, boast
559 'amar aw-mar'
a primitive root; to say (used with great
latitude):--answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call,
certify, challenge, charge, + (at the, give) command(-ment),
commune, consider, declare, demand, X desire, determine, X
expressly, X indeed, X intend, name, X plainly, promise,
publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), X still, X
suppose, talk, tell, term, X that is, X think, use (speech),
utter, X verily, X yet.
אָמַר (a.mar) — to say.
1) to say, speak, utter
1a) (Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend
1b) (Niphal) to be told, to be said, to be called
1c) (Hithpael) to boast, to act proudly
1d) (Hiphil) to avow, to avouch
Aramaic equivalent: a.mar (אֲמַר "to say" H0560)
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
The Hebrew word אֹ֫זֶן (*ozen*) means 'ear' and is derived from a root that suggests broadness. It refers to the physical ear as well as the organ of hearing, and can also imply the act of revealing or receiving divine revelation. The term appears in contexts such as Exodus 29:20.
אֹ֫זֶן 188 n.f. Ex 29:20 ear
ear, as part of body
especially as organ of hearing
open ears of, reveal to
base
H241 אֹ֫זֶן ear
241 'ozen o'-zen
from 238; broadness. i.e. (concrete) the ear (from its form
in man):--+ advertise, audience, + displease, ear, hearing, +
show.
see HEBREW for 0238
אֹ֫זֶן (o.zen) — ear.
: ear
1) ear, as part of the body
2) ear, as organ of hearing
3) (subjective) to uncover the ear to reveal; the receiver of divine revelation
אֹ֫זֶן (o.zen) — ear: hearing.
: hearing
1) ear, as part of the body
2) ear, as organ of hearing
3) (subjective) to uncover the ear to reveal; the receiver of divine revelation
אֹ֫זֶן (o.zen) — ear: to ears.
: to[ears_of](PERSON)
1) ear, as part of the body
2) ear, as organ of hearing
3) (subjective) to uncover the ear to reveal; the receiver of divine revelation
HR/Ncfdc/Sp1bp — Preposition · noun common feminine dual construct · suffixHR/Ncfdc/Sp1bp
The Hebrew word שָׁמַע (shama`) means 'to hear' and encompasses a range of meanings including listening, obeying, and proclaiming. It is built from a primitive root and can imply attention and understanding. The entries highlight various grammatical forms, such as Qal, Niphal, Piel, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances of hearing and obeying. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
שָׁמַע 1152 vb. hear
Qal 1052
subj. pers. hum.
י׳ (God) subj.
Niph. 42 be heard, of voice, sound
be heard of
be regarded, obeyed
= (favourable) hearing was granted to their voice.
Pi. he caused the people to hear
Hiph. 63
of man
י׳ subj.
base
H8085 שָׁמַע hear
8085 shama` shaw-mah'
a primitive root; to hear intelligently (often with
implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to
tell, etc.):--X attentively, call (gather) together, X
carefully, X certainly, consent, consider, be content,
declare, X diligently, discern, give ear, (cause to, let, make
to) hear(-ken, tell), X indeed, listen, make (a) noise, (be)
obedient, obey, perceive, (make a) proclaim(-ation), publish,
regard, report, shew (forth), (make a) sound, X surely, tell,
understand, whosoever (heareth), witness.
שָׁמַע (sha.ma) — to hear: hear.
: hear
v
1) to hear, listen to, obey
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to hear (perceive by ear)
1a2) to hear of or concerning
1a3) to hear (have power to hear)
1a4) to hear with attention or interest, listen to
1a5) to understand (language)
1a6) to hear (of judicial cases)
1a7) to listen, give heed
1a7a) to consent, agree
1a7b) to grant request
1a8) to listen to, yield to
1a9) to obey, be obedient
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be heard (of voice or sound)
1b2) to be heard of
1b3) to be regarded, be obeyed
1c) (Piel) to cause to hear, call to hear, summon
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to cause to hear, tell, proclaim, utter a sound
1d2) to sound aloud (musical term)
1d3) to make proclamation, summon
1d4) to cause to be heard
n m
2) sound
שָׁמַע (sha.ma) — to hear: obey.
: obey
v
1) to hear, listen to, obey
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to hear (perceive by ear)
1a2) to hear of or concerning
1a3) to hear (have power to hear)
V-Qal-Perf-1cp — Verb · Qal · perfect first person common pluralHVqp1cp
שֶׁ֫מַע (shema`) refers to both 'sound' and 'hearing' or 'report.' It is derived from a root meaning to hear and encompasses concepts like announcement and rumor. The word appears in contexts related to auditory experiences, including Psalm 150:5. There is a variant form, שֹׁ֫מַע (sho.ma), which also means 'report.'
[שֶׁ֫מַע] n.[m.] sound;—ψ 150:5
ref
שֵׁ֫מַע n.[m.] hearing, report
base
H8088a שֶׁ֫מַע sound H8088b שֵׁ֫מַע hearing, report
8088 shema` shay'-mah
from 8085; something heard, i.e. a sound, rumor,
announcement; abstractly, audience:--bruit, fame, hear(-ing),
loud, report, speech, tidings.
see HEBREW for 08085
שֶׁ֫מַע (she.ma) — sound.
sound
שֵׁ֫מַע (she.ma) — report.
report, a hearing
Also means: sho.ma (שֹׁ֫מַע "report" H8089)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3fs