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Genesis 14:3 — Word Study

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WLCכָּל־ אֵ֙לֶּה֙ חָֽבְר֔וּ אֶל־ עֵ֖מֶק הַשִּׂדִּ֑ים ה֖וּא יָ֥ם הַמֶּֽלַח׃

BSAThe latterʼêl-leh [five]kôl [as allies, in union] came as allieschâbar [together, joined] toʼêl the Valleyʻêmeq [lowland area, plain] of SiddimSiddîym [a field, the Dead Sea valley] (that ishûwʼ [also known as] the Saltmelach Seayâm [a large body of water, the west sea]

Word
Listen & take awayGenesis 14
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 3 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ha.Me.lach) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Genesis 14:3quick helps
In a sentenceFive kings allied themselves and came to the Valley of Siddim, which is also known as the Salt Sea.
Who is speakingThe narrator describes the actions of the five kings.
Where we areThe context is a historical account of a battle involving various kings.
The hard wordחָֽבְר֔וּ
Take awayThe kings united to confront their common enemy.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectהוּא verbחָבַר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Genesis 14:3

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Kings of the Valley of Siddimgenerated

2went to war against Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar).
3The latter five came as allies to the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea ).
4For twelve years they had been subject to Chedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
5In the fourteenth year, Chedorlaomer and the kings allied with him went out and defeated the Rephaites in Ashteroth-karnaim, the Zuzites in Ham, the Emites in Shaveh-kiriathaim,

Genesis 14:3 describes how five kings joined forces to confront a common threat in the Valley of Siddim, a significant geographical location associated with the Dead Sea. This event illustrates the alliances formed in ancient times for mutual defense and the dynamics of power among city-states in the region.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 19:24Then the LORD rained down sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah—from the LORD out of the heavens.
2Numbers 34:12Then the border will go down along the Jordan and end at the Salt Sea. This will be your land, defined by its borders on all sides.”
3Deuteronomy 3:17The Jordan River in the Arabah bordered it from Chinnereth to the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea ) with the slopes of Pisgah to the east.
4Joshua 3:16the flowing water stood still. It backed up as far upstream as Adam, a city in the area of Zarethan, while the water flowing toward the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea ) was completely cut off. So the people crossed over opposite Jericho.
5Psalm 107:34and fruitful land into fields of salt, because of the wickedness of its dwellers.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word חָֽבְר֔וּ, cha.ve.Rugenerated

The verb חָבַר (chabar) means to unite or join together. It is a perfect form indicating that the action is complete, showing that the kings successfully formed an alliance. This word encompasses various forms of joining, including making alliances or being in fellowship.

The use of this verb here highlights the strategic importance of alliances in ancient warfare, as these kings came together to strengthen their position against a common enemy.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses came as allies to convey the unity of the five kings.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb חָֽבְר֔וּ (they joined together) governs the entire clause, indicating the action of the five kings. The structure is straightforward, with the subject followed by the prepositional phrase indicating the destination.

The phrase אֶל־ עֵ֖מֶק הַשִּׂדִּ֑ים specifies where the kings went, emphasizing the geographical significance of the Valley of Siddim.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates חָֽבְר֔וּ as συνεφώνησαν, meaning 'they agreed' or 'they united'. This choice reflects a broader interpretation of the alliance, suggesting not only a physical joining but also a consensus among the kings.

This translation indicates a slight widening of the meaning, emphasizing the cooperative aspect of their actions.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Genesis 14:3 tells us that five kings came together as allies to the Valley of Siddim, which is also known as the Salt Sea. This highlights the importance of alliances in their efforts against common enemies.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that the kings came as allies?

It indicates that the five kings united their forces to confront a common threat, showcasing the importance of alliances in warfare.

Why is the Valley of Siddim significant?

The Valley of Siddim, identified with the Dead Sea, is a notable geographical location that plays a role in the narrative of conflict among kings.

How does this verse connect to the larger story?

This verse sets the stage for the ensuing conflict and illustrates the political landscape of the region during that time.

What can we learn about leadership from this alliance?

The alliance among the kings demonstrates the necessity of cooperation and unity in leadership, especially in times of conflict.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some examples of alliances in modern contexts that mirror the unity seen in this verse?
  2. How can we apply the concept of joining together for a common cause in our own lives?
  3. What lessons about leadership can we draw from the actions of these kings?
  4. In what ways do we see the importance of community and support in facing challenges today?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Jerome comments on this verse, noting the significance of the valley and the alliances formed among the kings.

JeromeChapter 14, Verse 3 c. 347–420
And the king of Bale, which is Segor. All these agreed in the valley of Salsam, which is the Dead Sea. Bale in the Hebrew language is called κατάποσις, which means swallowing.
Early Church Fathers on Genesis 14 →

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Genesis 14:3 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim,.... Or "of fields", or "ploughed lands" (b), a fruitful vale abounding with corn; or of gardens or paradises, as the Targums of Jonathan and

Read John Gill on Genesis 14 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea. All these were joined together - i:e., were confederate.

Read Robert Jamieson on Genesis 14 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Which now is, though when this battle was fought it was not so.

Read Matthew Poole on Genesis 14 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Genesis 14:3 All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea.Ver. 3. The salt sea.] So it was afterwards called. See Plin., lib. v. cap. 16.

Read John Trapp on Genesis 14 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(3) The Horites.—Cave-men, the aboriginal inhabitants of Mount Seir, subsequently conquered by the Edomites (Deuteronomy 2:12; Deuteronomy 2:22). The miserable condition of these earth-men is described in Job 30:3-8. El-paran.—This forest of oaks (or terebinths) was on the edge of the great wilderness, and reached to within three days’ journey of Sinai (Numbers 10:12; Numbers 10:33).

Read Charles John Ellicott on Genesis 14 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

3. All these] Probably the kings mentioned in Genesis 14:2, i.e. the five local subject princes. That there should be any doubt whether “all these” refers to the four kings of the east, or to the five kings of the west, is an example of the unskilful style in which this section is written. joined together] The five local kings combined: “the vale of Siddim” was their rallying place. But as “the vale of Siddim” was their own country, the wording is awkward. Hence some prefer R.V. marg. “joined themselves together against,” with a change of subject; i.e. the kings of the E. combined and marched against the kings of the W. But the change of subject, interrupting Genesis 14:2; Genesis 14:4, is…

Read Cambridge on Genesis 14 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

3. These were joined together — They were allies and confederates.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Genesis 14 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

The latter five came as allies to the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea ).

WEBWorld English Bible2000

All these joined together in the valley of Siddim (also called the Salt Sea).

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

The latter five came as allies to the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea).

NETBNew English Translation2006

These last five kings joined forces in the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea).

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

All these joined together in the vale of Siddim (the same is the Salt Sea).

RVARevised Version, American1894

All these joined together in the vale of Siddim (the same is the Salt Sea).

NWBWebster's Bible1833

All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

All these ioyned together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt Sea.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

All these were joined in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

All these have been joined together unto the valley of Siddim, which [is] the Salt Sea;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

All these have been joined together to the Valley of Siddim, which [is] the Salt Sea;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

All these joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is now the salt sea.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

These latter five kings joined together in the Valley of Siddim (also called the Salt Sea).

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

All these came together into the woodland vale, which now is the salt sea.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

All these in the second group joined forces in the Valley of Siddim (the Dead Sea valley).

BBEBible in Basic English1949

All these came together in the valley of Siddim (which is the Salt Sea).

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · subjectכָּלallאֵ֨לֶּה֙theseverbחָֽבְר֔וּthey.joined.togetherprepositional phrase · prepositionalאֶלtonoun phrasenoun phraseעֵ֖מֶקthe.valleynoun phraseהַof.(the)שִּׂדִּ֑יםSiddimclausesubjectה֖וּאthatnoun phrase · predicateיָ֥ם[is].the.Seanoun phraseהַof.(the)מֶּֽלַחSalt

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Samaritan Pentateuch agree word for word in this verse, confirming the unity of the five kings and their destination. The Septuagint matches eight of the nine words with some differences in word order, reflecting its own syntactical structure.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

כָּל־ אֵ֙לֶּה֙ חָֽבְר֔וּ אֶל־ עֵ֖מֶק הַשִּׂדִּ֑ים ה֖וּא יָ֥ם הַמֶּֽלַח׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
כָּל־πάντεςאֵ֙לֶּה֙οὗτοιחָֽבְר֔וּσυνεφώνησανאֶל־ἐπὶהַשִּׂדִּ֑יםἁλυκήνה֖וּאαὕτηיָ֥םθάλασσαהַמֶּֽלַח׃ἁλῶν

8 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

כל אלה חברו אל עמק השׂדים הוא ים המלח

Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Genesis 14:3כֹּלallallכֹּלאֵ֫לֶּהthesetheseאֵ֫לֶּהחָבַרthey joinedthey joined togחָבַראֶלtotoאֶלעֵ֫מֶק[the] valle[the] valley ofעֵ֫מֶקשִׂדִּיםSiddimSiddimשִׂדִּיםהוּאthatthatהוּאיָם[is] [the] [is] [the] Sea יָםמֶ֫לַחSaltSaltמֶ֫לַחכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלאֵלthesetheseאֵלעָמֹקbe deepbe deepעָמֹקמָלַחto dissipato dissipateמָלַחשָׂדַיfieldfieldשָׂדַיעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהתּוֹלֵדוֹתgenerationgenerationתּוֹלֵדוֹתאַלּוּףtametameאַלּוּףקֶ֫רֶסclaspclaspקֶ֫רֶסיְרִיעָהcurtaincurtainיְרִיעָהפָּלַלto prayto prayפָּלַליִרְמְיָ֫הJeremiahJeremiahיִרְמְיָ֫העָכוֹר(Valley of(Valley of) AchעָכוֹררָפָהRaphaRaphaרָפָהבְּאֵרwellwellבְּאֵרעֵ֫מֶקvalleyvalleyעֵ֫מֶקטָמֵאuncleanuncleanטָמֵא
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Genesis 14:3

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
כָּל־kol- all H3605 Noun common · masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
as allies, in union
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
אֵ֙לֶּה֙'e.leh these H428 Particle
746× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is used to point out specific people or things, like saying 'these' or 'those'. It appears in the book of Genesis, where God says 'let there be light' and separates the light from the darkness.
Tyndale gloss
these
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵ֫לֶּה (el-leh) means 'these' and is used in various grammatical contexts, often in apposition to a noun with a pronoun suffix. It can appear with or without the definite article and is sometimes paired with other terms like וְאֵלֶּה (and these). The word conveys a sense of proximity or specification, referring to particular items or people.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵ֫לֶּה pr.pl.m. & f. these

in appos. to a subst. with a pron. suff. (always without the article)

repeated, אלה … ואלה, these … those

with the art. (but only after a subst. determined likewise by the art.)

with preps.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H428 אֵ֫לֶּה these . in appos. to a subst. with a pron. suff. (always without the article)

. repeated, אלה … ואלה, these … those

. with the art. (but only after a subst. determined likewise by the art.)

. with preps.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

428 'el-leh ale'-leh

prolonged from 411; these or those:--an- (the) other; one

sort, so, some, such, them, these (same), they, this, those,

thus, which, who(-m).

see HEBREW for 0411

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵ֫לֶּה (el.leh) — these.

1) these

1a) used before antecedent

1b) used following antecedent

Aramaic equivalent: el.leh (אֵלֶּה "these" H0429)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Particle
HTm
all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
חָֽבְר֔וּcha.ve.Ru they joined together H2266 Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
29× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to unite or join, and can also refer to charming or spellbinding someone. It appears in various forms throughout the Old Testament, including in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. It can also mean to make an alliance or fellowship.
Amplified meaning
together, joined
Tyndale gloss
to unite
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָבַר (chabar) means to unite or join together, often in a figurative sense, but can also refer to tying magic spells or charms. It encompasses various forms of joining, including making alliances or being in fellowship. The verb appears in different stems, indicating nuances like being allied or compacted, but no significant disagreements among lexicons are noted.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[חָבַר] vb. unite (usu. intr.), be joined, tie a magic knot or spell, charm

Qal

unite, be joined

tie magic knots, charm

Pi.

make an ally of, unite one with

unite, join (trans.)

Pu.

be allied with

be united to = be one of

be joined together

Hiph. I could make a joining with words

Hithp. join oneself to, make an alliance with

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2266 חָבַר unite (usu. intr.), be joined, tie a magic knot or spell, charm

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2266 chabar khaw-bar'

a primitive root; to join (literally or figuratively);

specifically (by means of spells) to fascinate:--charm(- er),

be compact, couple (together), have fellowship with, heap up,

join (self, together), league.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָבַר (cha.var) — to unite.

1) to unite, join, bind together, be joined, be coupled, be in league, heap up, have fellowship with, be compact, be a charmer

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to unite, be joined

1a2) to tie magic charms, charm

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to unite with, make an ally of

1b2) to unite, join, ally

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to be allied with, be united

1c2) to be joined together

1d) (Hiphil) to join together, pile up (words)

1e) (Hithpael) to join oneself to, make an alliance, league together

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common plural
HVqp3cp
all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
אֶל־'el- to H413 Preposition
5,518× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Tyndale gloss
to(wards)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֶל (el) is primarily a preposition indicating motion towards or direction to a person or place. It can also imply entering a limit, presence at a location, or a hostile direction (against). Additionally, it may express concepts such as concerning, in addition to, or according to. The entries highlight its versatility in both physical and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph),

prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).of motion to or unto a person or place

Where the limit is actually entered, into

Of direction towards anything

Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

Of rule or standard according to (rare)

Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H413 אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), . of motion to or unto a person or place

. Where the limit is actually entered, into

. Of direction towards anything

. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

. Of rule or standard according to (rare)

. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

413 'el ale

(but only used in the shortened constructive form sel {el});

a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but

occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e. near, with or

among; often in general, to:--about, according to ,after,

against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and,

by, concerning, for, from, X hath, in(- to), near, (out) of,

over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether,

with(-in).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶל (el) — to(wards).

1) to, toward, unto (of motion)

2) into (limit is actually entered)

2a) in among

3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion)

4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character)

5) in addition to, to

6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of

7) according to (rule or standard)

8) at, by, against (of one's presence)

9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
עֵ֖מֶק'E.mek [the] valley of H6010 Noun common · masculine singular construct
69× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Describes a valley or lowland area, like the Valley of Elah where David fought Goliath.
Amplified meaning
lowland area, plain
Tyndale gloss
valley
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עֵ֫מֶק (*'emeq*) means 'vale' or 'valley,' indicating a broad depression in the landscape. It is derived from the root meaning 'deepening' or 'depth.' This term is often used in proper names, such as the Valley of Achor and the Valley of Elah, and covers a range of valleys and lowlands mentioned in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֵ֫מֶק 70 n.m. vale (prop. deepening, depth)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6010 עֵ֫מֶק vale (prop. deepening, depth)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6010 `emeq ay'-mek

from 6009; a vale (i.e. broad depression):--dale, vale,

valley (often used as a part of proper names). See also 1025.

see HEBREW for 06009

see HEBREW for 01025

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Achor).

Combined with a.khor (עָכוֹר " of Achor" H5911)

§ valley, vale, lowland, open country

עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Beracah).

Combined with be.ra.khah (בְּרָכָה " of Beracah" H1294H)

§ valley, vale, lowland, open country

עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Elah).

Combined with e.lah (אֵלָה "Elah" H0425L)

§ valley, vale, lowland, open country

עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Emek.

§ valley, vale, lowland, open country

עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Hebron).

Combined with chev.ron (חֶבְרוֹן " of Hebron" H2275H)

§ valley, vale, lowland, open country

עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Topheth).

valley, vale, lowland, open country

Another name of to.phet (תֹּ֫פֶת "Topheth" H8612)

עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Jezreel).

Combined with yiz.re.el (יִזְרְעֶאל " of Jezreel" H3157L)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
הַשִּׂדִּ֑יםha.si.Dim Siddim H7708 Particle · noun proper
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Siddim refers to a valley in Palestine, also known as a field or plain. This valley is where the Dead Sea is located, and it is mentioned in the Bible as a significant geographical location.
Amplified meaning
a field, the Dead Sea valley
Tyndale gloss
Valley
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שִׂדִּים (sid.dim) refers to the vale of Siddim, identified with the Dead Sea. It is a plural noun derived from a root meaning 'flats' or 'fields.' The term encompasses the geographical location of a valley in Palestine.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שִׂדִּים n.[m.]pl. in n.pr.loc. vale of Siddim (identif. with Dead Sea)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7708 שִׂדִּים vale of Siddim (identif. with Dead Sea)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7708 Siddiym sid-deem'

plural from the same as 7704; flats; Siddim, a valley in

Palestine:--Siddim.

see HEBREW for 07704

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שִׂדִּים (sid.dim) — Valley.

§ Siddim = "field" or "plain"

valley where the Dead Sea is located

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-proper — Particle · noun proper
HTd/Npl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Smith's Bible Dictionary

(field, plain), The vale of, a place named only in one passage of Genesis-- (Genesis 14:3,8,10) It was one of that class of valleys which the Hebrews designated by the word emek . This term appears to have been assigned to a broad, flattish tract, sometimes of considerable width, enclosed on each side by a definite range of hills. It has so far a suitable spot for the combat between the four and five kings, ver. 8; but it contained a multitude of bitumen-pits sufficient materially to affect the issue of the battle. In this valley the kings of the five allied cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim and Bela seem to, have awaited the approach of the invaders. It is therefore probable that it was in the neighborhood of the "plain or circle of Jordan" in which those cities stood. If we could venture, as some have done, to interpret the…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See SEA 3.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

the tilled field

Nave's Topical Bible

→ (Vale of, a valley of uncertain location)

→ Scene of the defeat of the king of Sodom Ge 14:3,8,10

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
ה֖וּאhu' that H1931 Pronoun
1,879× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.
Amplified meaning
also known as
Tyndale gloss
he/she/it
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it

an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

It resumes the subj. with emph.

Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

As an emph. predicate, of God

In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

. It resumes the subj. with emph.

. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

. As an emph. predicate, of God

. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1931 huw' hoo

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a

primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or

it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also

(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;

sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally

(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),

it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,

this, those, which (is), who.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.

pron 3p s

1) he, she, it

1a) himself (with emphasis)

1b) resuming subj with emphasis

1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)

1d) (anticipating subj)

1e) (emphasising predicate)

1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron

2) that (with article)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
יָ֥םyam [is] [the] Sea of H3220 Noun common · masculine singular construct
396× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Refers to a large body of water like the Mediterranean Sea or a sea in general, sometimes specifically the west or seaward direction.
Amplified meaning
a large body of water, the west sea
Tyndale gloss
(Mt. Ephron in the) West
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָם (yam) means 'sea' and refers to various large bodies of water, including the Mediterranean, Red, and Dead Seas, as well as the Sea of Galilee. It can also denote a mighty river like the Nile and has geographical implications, indicating directions such as west or south. The term is derived from a root meaning to roar, suggesting the noise of breaking surf.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָם 390 n.m. sea

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3220 יָם sea

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3220 yam yawm

from an unused root meaning to roar; a sea (as breaking in

noisy surf) or large body of water; specifically (with the

article), the Mediterranean Sea; sometimes a large river, or

an artifical basin; locally, the west, or (rarely) the

south:--sea (X -faring man, (-shore)), south, west (-ern,

side, -ward).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָם (yam) — sea.

: sea

1) sea

1a) Mediterranean Sea

1b) Red Sea

1c) Dead Sea

1d) Sea of Galilee

1e) sea (general)

1f) mighty river (Nile)

1g) the sea (the great basin in the temple court)

1h) seaward, west, westward

יָם (yam) — sea: west.

: west

1) sea

1a) Mediterranean Sea

1b) Red Sea

1c) Dead Sea

1d) Sea of Galilee

1e) sea (general)

1f) mighty river (Nile)

1g) the sea (the great basin in the temple court)

1h) seaward, west, westward

יָם (yam) — (Mt. Ephron in the) West.

This name means sea, seaward, westward

Another name of eph.ron (עֶפְרוֹן "(Mount )Ephron" H6085H)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

all these they joined together to [the] valley of Siddim that [is] [the] Sea of Salt
הַמֶּֽלַח׃ha.Me.lach Salt H4417 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
28× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers specifically to salt that is easily pulverized and dissolved, often used to season food. It is also associated with salt pits, where salt was harvested. The word highlights the importance of salt in ancient Israelite life.
Tyndale gloss
salt
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מֶ֫לַח (melach) means 'salt' and is derived from a root meaning 'powder.' It specifically refers to salt in various contexts, including geographical references like the 'Valley of Salt.' The entries consistently define it as salt without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מֶ֫לַח n.m. salt

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4417 מֶ֫לַח salt

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4417 melach meh'-lakh

from 4414; properly, powder, i.e. (specifically) salt (as

easily pulverized and dissolved:--salt((-pit)).

see HEBREW for 04414

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מֶ֫לַח (me.lach) — Salt (Sea).

salt

Also named: a.ra.vah (עֲרָבָה "(Sea of the )Arabah" H6160K)

מֶ֫לַח (me.lach) — (Valley of) Salt.

Combined with gay (גַּיְא " Valley" H1516J)

§ salt

מֶ֫לַח (me.lach) — salt.

salt

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

solt (melach; halas, hals): Common salt is considered by most authorities as an essential ingredient of our food. Most people intentionally season their cooking with more or less salt for the sake of palatability. Others depend upon the small quantities which naturally exist in water and many foods to furnish the necessary amount of salt for the body. Either too much salt or the lack of it creates undesirable disturbance in the animal system. Men and animals alike instinctively seek for this substance to supplement or improve their regular diet. The ancients appreciated the value of salt for seasoning food (Job 6:6). So necessary was it that they dignified it by making it a requisite part of sacrifices (Le 2:13; Ezr 6:9; 7:22;

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Salt

Used to season food (Job 6:6), and mixed with the fodder of cattle (Isa. 30:24, “clean;” in marg. of R.V. “salted”). All meat-offerings were seasoned with salt (Lev. 2:13). To eat salt with one is to partake of his hospitality, to derive subsistence from him; and hence he who did so was bound to look after his host’s interests (Ezra 4:14, “We have maintenance from the king’s palace;” A.V. marg., “We are salted with the salt of the palace;” R.V., “We eat the salt of the palace”).

A “covenant of salt” (Num. 18:19; 2 Chr. 13:5) was a covenant…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Indispensable as salt is to ourselves, it was even more so to the Hebrews, being to them not only an appetizing condiment in the food both of man, (Job 11:6) and beset, (Isaiah 30:24) see margin, and a valuable antidote to the effects of the heat of the climate on animal food, but also entering largely into the religious services of the Jews as an accompaniment to the various offerings presented on the altar. (Leviticus 2:13) They possessed an inexhaustible and ready supply of it on the southern shores of the Dead Sea. [SEA, THE SALT, THE SALT] There is one mountain here called Jebel Usdum, seven miles long and several hundred feet high, which is composed almost entirely of salt. The Jews appear to have distinguished between rock-salt and that which was gained by evaporation as…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Was procured by the Jews from the Dead Sea, wither from the immense hill or ridge of pure rock salt at its southwest extremity, or from that deposited on the shore by the natural evaporation. The Arabs obtain it in large cakes, two or three inches thick, and sell it in considerable quantities throughout Syria. It well-known preservative qualities, and its importance as a seasoning for food, Job 6:6, are implied in most of the passages where it is mentioned in Scripture: as in the miraculous healing of a fountain, 2Ki 2:21; in the sprinkling of salt over the sacrifices consumed on God’s altar, Le 2:13 Eze 43:24 Mr 9:49

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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