Menu

Ezekiel 44:16 — Word Study

Depth

WLCהֵ֜מָּה יָבֹ֣אוּ אֶל־ מִקְדָּשִׁ֗י וְהֵ֛מָּה יִקְרְב֥וּ אֶל־ שֻׁלְחָנִ֖י לְשָׁרְתֵ֑נִי וְשָׁמְר֖וּ אֶת־ מִשְׁמַרְתִּֽי׃

BSAThey alonehêm [specifically, the priests] shall enterbôwʼ My sanctuarymiqdâsh [the Lord's, holy place, temple] and draw nearqârab [approach, come close] toʼêl My tableshulchân [altar, sacred table] to minister before Meshârath [serve, worship] They will keepshâmar [obey, guard] My chargemishmereth [instructions, commandments]

Word
Listen & take awayEzekiel 44
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 16 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (mish.mar.Ti) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Ezekiel 44:16quick helps
In a sentenceThe priests alone are designated to enter the sanctuary and minister at the table of the Lord.
Who is speakingThe Lord is speaking about the Levitical priests, specifically those descended from Zadok.
Where we areThis verse is part of the instructions regarding the duties of the priests in the temple.
The hard wordמִשְׁמַרְתִּי
Take awayThe priests have specific responsibilities to uphold in the sacred space.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectהֵמָּה verbבּוֹא The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Ezekiel 44:16

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Duties of the Priestsgenerated

15But the Levitical priests, who are descended from Zadok and who kept charge of My sanctuary when the Israelites went astray from Me, are to approach Me to minister before Me. They will stand before Me to offer Me fat and blood, declares the Lord GOD.
16They alone shall enter My sanctuary and draw near to My table to minister before Me. They will keep My charge.
17When they enter the gates of the inner court, they are to wear linen garments; they must not wear anything made of wool when they minister at the gates of the inner court or inside the temple.
18They are to wear linen turbans on their heads and linen undergarments around their waists. They must not wear anything that makes them perspire.

Ezekiel 44:16 describes the exclusive role of the priests in entering the sanctuary of the Lord. This verse emphasizes their unique position and responsibilities, which include approaching the altar to serve and maintaining the commandments given to them. The surrounding verses highlight the importance of their duties and the sacredness of their service, reinforcing the distinction between the priests and the rest of the people.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Revelation 1:6who has made us to be a kingdom, priests to His God and Father—to Him be the glory and power forever and ever! Amen.
2Ezekiel 41:22There was an altar of wood three cubits high and two cubits square. Its corners, base, and sides were of wood. And the man told me, “This is the table that is before the LORD.”
3Malachi 1:7–12By presenting defiled food on My altar. But you ask, ‘How have we defiled You ?’ By saying that the table of the LORD is contemptible.
4Numbers 18:7–8But only you and your sons shall attend to your priesthood for everything concerning the altar and what is inside the veil, and you are to perform that service. I am giving you the work of the priesthood as a gift, but any outsider who comes near the sanctuary must be put to death.”
5Deuteronomy 33:8–10Concerning Levi he said: “Give Your Thummim to Levi and Your Urim to Your godly one, whom You tested at Massah and contested at the waters of Meribah.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

They shall enterRevelation 1:6

The Key Word מִקְדָּשִׁי, mik.da.Shigenerated

The noun מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdash) refers to a sacred place or sanctuary. It is derived from a root meaning to consecrate, indicating a space set apart for divine purposes. In this context, it specifically denotes the Lord's sanctuary, emphasizing its holiness and the reverence required in approaching it.

The parsing as a masculine singular construct with a suffix indicates possession, meaning 'my sanctuary.' This shows the personal relationship between the Lord and the sacred space, highlighting its significance in the worship and service of the priests.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb יָבֹ֣אוּ, they will come, governs the entire verse, with two clauses and several phrases hanging off it. The structure emphasizes the actions of the priests as they enter and minister.

The first clause establishes the subject הֵ֜מָּה (they) and the action of coming into the sanctuary, while the second clause describes their act of drawing near to the table to serve, creating a clear flow of responsibilities.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates יָבֹ֣אוּ as εἰσελεύσονται, indicating an entrance or arrival. This choice aligns with the Hebrew meaning but emphasizes the action of entering in a more formal sense.

The term שֻׁלְחָנִי is rendered as μου, which denotes possession, reinforcing the idea that the table belongs to the Lord and is central to the priests' ministry.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Ezekiel 44:16 states that only the priests can enter the Lord's sanctuary and serve at His table. They have specific duties to uphold, which include keeping the commandments given to them. This highlights the importance of their role in the worship of God.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that only the priests can enter the sanctuary?

This signifies the sacredness of the sanctuary and the special role of the priests in mediating between God and the people, as they are set apart for service.

What is the significance of drawing near to the table?

Drawing near to the table represents the act of serving and worshiping God, indicating a close relationship between the priests and the divine.

How do the priests keep the charge?

The priests keep the charge by obeying and guarding the commandments and instructions given to them, ensuring that they fulfill their sacred responsibilities.

Why is the sanctuary described as 'My sanctuary'?

The phrase 'My sanctuary' emphasizes the personal ownership of the space by the Lord, highlighting its holiness and the reverence required in its service.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways can I draw near to God in my own life?
  2. How can I better understand and fulfill my responsibilities in serving others?
  3. What does it mean to keep God's commandments in today's context?
  4. How can I cultivate a sense of sacredness in my own spiritual practices?

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 44:16 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

They shall enter into my sanctuary,.... Both to officiate, and to participate, which strangers and uncircumcised persons might not do, Ezekiel 44:9: and they shall come near to my table to minister

Read John Gill on Ezekiel 44 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge. No JFB commentary on this verse.

Read Robert Jamieson on Ezekiel 44 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

They shall enter, the high priest and the other priests shall have right and liberty of entering, into my sanctuary; both to the altar, to the temple, and the high priest into the holy of holies. To my table; to set the shew-bread on, and to take it off. To minister unto me; to offer sacrifice at the altar, and incense in the house; this the priests did in their course; and of this line the high priest alone, once a year, in the day of expiation, went in to minister to the Lord in the holy of holies. They shall keep my charge: see .

Read Matthew Poole on Ezekiel 44 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Ezekiel 44:16 They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge.Ver. 16. To my table,] i.e., To mine altar, which as often as they do, they receive a double pledge of the pardon of their own sins.

Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 44 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 16. Come near to my table] To place the shew-bread there, and to burn incense on the golden altar in the holy of holies.

Read AdamClarke on Ezekiel 44 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

16. near to my table] The altar of burnt-offering is no doubt meant, cf. on Ezekiel 41:22. Ezekiel 44:17-19. The garments of the priests.—In the service of the sanctuary they shall wear only linen clothing, drawers and head-dresses. In Exodus 28:39; Exodus 28:42; Exodus 39:27; Leviticus 16:4, the coats and bonnets of the priests are byssus (possibly cotton).

Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 44 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

9-16. It is not necessary to suppose, with Wellhausen, that these alien religionists (Ezekiel 44:7-8) had ever been the assistants of the higher order of priests in the inner court.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ezekiel 44 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

They alone shall enter My sanctuary and draw near to My table to minister before Me. They will keep My charge.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

“They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister to me, and they shall keep my instruction.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

They alone shall enter My sanctuary and draw near to My table to minister before Me. They will keep My charge.

NETBNew English Translation2006

They will enter my sanctuary, and approach my table to minister to me; they will keep my charge.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

they shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge.

RVARevised Version, American1894

they shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister to me, and they shall keep my charge.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

They shall enter into my Sanctuarie, and shall come neere to my table, to serue me, and they shall keepe my charge.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall approach unto my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

they come in unto My sanctuary, and they draw near unto My table to serve Me, and they have kept My charge.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

they come into My sanctuary, and they draw near to My table to serve Me, and they have kept My charge.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

These are they that shall enter into my sanctuary, and these shall come near to my table, to minister unto me; and they shall keep my charge.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

They will come to my sanctuary; they will approach my table to worship me and to fulfill their duties to me.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and to keep my ceremonies.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Only they are allowed to enter my sanctuary and approach my table to minister before me. They will do what I say.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

They are to come into my holy place and they are to come near to my table, to do my work and have the care of my house.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausesubjectהֵ֜מָּהtheyverbיָבֹ֣אוּthey.will.comeprepositional phrase · prepositionalאֶלintonoun phraseמִקְדָּשִׁ֗sanctuaryיmyוְandclausesubjectהֵ֛מָּהtheyverbיִקְרְב֥וּthey.will.draw.nearprepositional phrase · prepositionalאֶלtonoun phraseשֻׁלְחָנִ֖tableיmyprepositional phrase · prepositionalלְtoclauseverbשָׁרְתֵ֑serveobjectנִיmeוְandclauseverbשָׁמְר֖וּthey.will.keepnoun phrase · objectאֶת(et)noun phraseמִשְׁמַרְתִּֽchargeיmy

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text states, "הֵ֜מָּה יָבֹ֣אוּ אֶל־ מִקְדָּשִׁ֗י וְהֵ֛מָּה יִקְרְב֥וּ אֶל־ שֻׁלְחָנִ֖י לְשָׁרְתֵ֑נִי וְשָׁמְר֖וּ אֶת־ מִשְׁמַרְתִּֽי׃" The Septuagint agrees closely with the Masoretic Text, matching 11 of the 12 words, although it presents a different word order and structure. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls, where available, also align with the Masoretic Text in this verse, confirming its reading and meaning. Overall, there is a strong consensus among the ancient witnesses for this verse.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

הֵ֜מָּה יָבֹ֣אוּ אֶל־ מִקְדָּשִׁ֗י וְהֵ֛מָּה יִקְרְב֥וּ אֶל־ שֻׁלְחָנִ֖י לְשָׁרְתֵ֑נִי וְשָׁמְר֖וּ אֶת־ מִשְׁמַרְתִּֽי׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
הֵ֜מָּהοὗτοιיָבֹ֣אוּεἰσελεύσονταιאֶל־εἰςמִקְדָּשִׁ֗יμουוְהֵ֛מָּהοὗτοιיִקְרְב֥וּπροσελεύσονταιאֶל־πρὸςשֻׁלְחָנִ֖יμουלְשָׁרְתֵ֑נִיμοιוְשָׁמְר֖וּφυλάχουσινמִשְׁמַרְתִּֽי׃μου

11 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Ezekiel 44:16הֵ֫מָּהtheytheyהֵ֫מָּהבּוֹאthey will cthey will comeבּוֹאאֶלintointoאֶלמִקְדָּשׁsanctuary msanctuary myמִקְדָּשׁהֵ֫מָּהand theyand theyהֵ֫מָּהקָרֵבthey will dthey will draw קָרֵבאֶלtotoאֶלשֻׁלְחָןtable mytable myשֻׁלְחָןשָׁרַתto serve meto serve meשָׁרַתשָׁמַרand they wiand they will kשָׁמַראֵתthe object the object markאֵתמִשְׁמֶ֫רֶתcharge mycharge myמִשְׁמֶ֫רֶתהֲלַךְto goto goהֲלַךְקָדַשׁto consecrto consecrate: קָדַשׁשָׁלַחto send: dto send: departשָׁלַחאוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתמִשְׁמָרcustodycustodyמִשְׁמָרמְרִיrebellionrebellionמְרִיסֵ֫פֶרscroll: doscroll: documenסֵ֫פֶרפָּלַלto prayto prayפָּלַליִרְמְיָ֫הJeremiahJeremiahיִרְמְיָ֫השֶׁ֫מֶשׁsunsunשֶׁ֫מֶשׁחָלַלto boreto boreחָלַלשָׁרַתto ministeto ministerשָׁרַתקָרְבָּןofferingofferingקָרְבָּןאִשֶּׁהfood offerfood offeringאִשֶּׁהמַעֲרֶ֫כֶתrowrowמַעֲרֶ֫כֶתבֶּ֫גֶדtreacherytreacheryבֶּ֫גֶדכְּלִיarticle/utarticle/utensilכְּלִימִשְׁמֶ֫רֶתchargechargeמִשְׁמֶ֫רֶת
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 44:16

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
הֵ֜מָּהHe.mah they H1992 Pronoun
553× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is used to refer to a group of men, emphasizing that it is specifically them. It is often translated as 'they' or 'them' in the Bible, and appears in books like Exodus and Isaiah.
Amplified meaning
specifically, the priests
Tyndale gloss
they(masc.)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הֵ֫מָּה (hemmah) is a masculine plural pronoun meaning 'they.' The entries indicate that it can also mean 'these,' 'the same,' or refer to people in an emphatic context. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its usage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הֵ֫מָּה and הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) pron. 3 pl. masc. they

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1992 הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) they

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1992 hem haym

or (prolonged) hemmah {haym'-maw}; masculine plural from

1981; they (only used when emphatic):--it, like, X (how, so)

many (soever, more as) they (be), (the) same, X so, X such,

their, them, these, they, those, which, who, whom, withal, ye.

see HEBREW for 01981

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֵ֫מָּה (hem.mah) — they(masc.).

they, these, the same, who

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3mp
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
יָבֹ֣אוּya.Vo.'u they will come H935 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
2,573× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to go or come, and is used in many contexts, such as entering a place or approaching someone, as seen in the book of Genesis. It can also mean to abide or apply, and is translated in various ways in the KJV Bible. This term is related to the name Lebo Hamath.
Tyndale gloss
Lebo
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בּוֹא (bo) is a Hebrew verb meaning to come or go in, with a wide range of applications including entering, arriving, and bringing in. It can refer to both physical movement and abstract concepts like events coming to pass. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal (to come), Hiphil (to cause to come), and Hophal (to be brought). There is no significant disagreement among lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בּוֹא 2569 vb. come in, come, go in, go

Qal

come in

come (approach, arrive)

go, i.e. walk, associate with

go from speaker, but with limit of motion given

Hiph.

cause to come in, bring in (conduct, lead, obj. persons and animals)

cause to come, bring, bring near, etc. (animate obj.)

Hoph.

be brought in (of pers. and things)

be brought

be introduced, put

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H935 בּוֹא come in, come, go in, go .. come in

. come (approach, arrive)

. go, i.e. walk, associate with

. go from speaker, but with limit of motion given

. . cause to come in, bring in (conduct, lead, obj. persons and animals)

. cause to come, bring, bring near, etc. (animate obj.)

. . be brought in (of pers. and things)

. be brought

. be introduced, put

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

935 bow' bo

a primitive root; to go or come (in a wide variety of

applications):--abide, apply, attain, X be, befall, +

besiege, bring (forth, in, into, to pass), call, carry, X

certainly, (cause, let, thing for) to come (against, in, out,

upon, to pass), depart, X doubtless again, + eat, + employ,

(cause to) enter (in, into, -tering, -trance, -try), be

fallen, fetch, + follow, get, give, go (down, in, to war),

grant, + have, X indeed, (in-)vade, lead, lift (up), mention,

pull in, put, resort, run (down), send, set, X (well) stricken

(in age), X surely, take (in), way.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בּוֹא (bo) — to come (in): come.

: come/go_in

1) to go in, enter, come, go, come in

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to enter, come in

1a2) to come

1a2a) to come with

1a2b) to come upon, fall or light upon, attack (enemy)

1a2c) to come to pass

1a3) to attain to

1a4) to be enumerated

1a5) to go

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to lead in

1b2) to carry in

1b3) to bring in, cause to come in, gather, cause to come, bring near, bring against, bring upon

1b4) to bring to pass

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be brought, brought in

1c2) to be introduced, be put

לְב֥וֹא (bo) — Lebo-(Hamath).

This name means to go in, enter

Combined with cha.mat (חֲמָת "Hamath" H2574)

בּוֹא (bo) — to come (in): towards.

: towards/entrance

1) to go in, enter, come, go, come in

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to enter, come in

1a2) to come

1a2a) to come with

1a2b) to come upon, fall or light upon, attack (enemy)

1a2c) to come to pass

1a3) to attain to

1a4) to be enumerated

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

kum: The translation of many Hebrew and Greek words. In the phrase "The Spirit of Yahweh came mightily upon him" (Jud 14:6,19; 15:14; 1Sa 10:10; 11:6; 16:13), the word is tsaleah; Jud 14:6; 15:14 "came mightily," which is the uniform translation of the Revised Version (British and American) (compare Jud 13:25 "to move," i.e. to disturb or stir up). In Jud 6:34; 1Ch 12:18; 2Ch 24:20, it is labhesh, "to clothe"; the Revised Version, margin "The Spirit .... clothed itself with Gideon" and .... "with Zechariah,"…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
אֶל־'el- into H413 Preposition
5,518× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Tyndale gloss
to(wards)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֶל (el) is primarily a preposition indicating motion towards or direction to a person or place. It can also imply entering a limit, presence at a location, or a hostile direction (against). Additionally, it may express concepts such as concerning, in addition to, or according to. The entries highlight its versatility in both physical and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph),

prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).of motion to or unto a person or place

Where the limit is actually entered, into

Of direction towards anything

Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

Of rule or standard according to (rare)

Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H413 אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), . of motion to or unto a person or place

. Where the limit is actually entered, into

. Of direction towards anything

. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

. Of rule or standard according to (rare)

. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

413 'el ale

(but only used in the shortened constructive form sel {el});

a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but

occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e. near, with or

among; often in general, to:--about, according to ,after,

against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and,

by, concerning, for, from, X hath, in(- to), near, (out) of,

over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether,

with(-in).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶל (el) — to(wards).

1) to, toward, unto (of motion)

2) into (limit is actually entered)

2a) in among

3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion)

4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character)

5) in addition to, to

6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of

7) according to (rule or standard)

8) at, by, against (of one's presence)

9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
מִקְדָּשִׁ֗יmik.da.Shi sanctuary my H4720 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
75× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A sanctuary or holy place, like a temple or palace, set apart for God or idols, a sacred space.
Amplified meaning
the Lord's, holy place, temple
Tyndale gloss
sanctuary
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdash) refers to a sacred place or sanctuary, often associated with the temple or tabernacle of Jehovah. It can denote a consecrated space, including those dedicated to idols, and is derived from a root meaning to consecrate. The term encompasses various types of holy places, such as chapels and asylums.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִקְדָּשׁ 74 n.m. sacred place, sanctuary

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4720 מִקְדָּשׁ sacred place, sanctuary

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4720 miqdash mik-dawsh'

or miqqdash (Exod. 15:17) {mik-ked-awsh'}; from 6942; a

consecrated thing or place, especially, a palace, sanctuary

(whether of Jehovah or of idols) or asylum:--chapel, hallowed

part, holy place, sanctuary.

see HEBREW for 06942

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִקְדָּשׁ (miq.dash) — sanctuary.

1) sacred place, sanctuary, holy place

1a) sanctuary

1a1) of the temple

1a2) of the tabernacle

1a3) of Ezekiel's temple

1a4) of Jehovah

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp1bs
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
וְהֵ֛מָּהve.He.mah and they H1992 Conjunction · pronoun
553× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is used to refer to a group of men, emphasizing that it is specifically them. It is often translated as 'they' or 'them' in the Bible, and appears in books like Exodus and Isaiah.
Tyndale gloss
they(masc.)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הֵ֫מָּה (hemmah) is a masculine plural pronoun meaning 'they.' The entries indicate that it can also mean 'these,' 'the same,' or refer to people in an emphatic context. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its usage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הֵ֫מָּה and הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) pron. 3 pl. masc. they

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1992 הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) they

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1992 hem haym

or (prolonged) hemmah {haym'-maw}; masculine plural from

1981; they (only used when emphatic):--it, like, X (how, so)

many (soever, more as) they (be), (the) same, X so, X such,

their, them, these, they, those, which, who, whom, withal, ye.

see HEBREW for 01981

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֵ֫מָּה (hem.mah) — they(masc.).

they, these, the same, who

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/Pp3mp — Conjunction · pronoun
HC/Pp3mp
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
יִקְרְב֥וּyik.re.Vu they will draw near H7126 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
280× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To approach or come near someone or something, often with a sense of purpose or intention, like Moses approaching the burning bush in Exodus 3:5. This word can also mean to bring someone or something near, as in presenting an offering to God.
Amplified meaning
approach, come close
Tyndale gloss
to present: come
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קָרַב (qarab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to approach or come near, with various nuances including bringing or presenting something. It encompasses different forms such as Qal (to approach), Niphal (to be brought near), and Hiphil (to bring near). The term is often associated with offerings or dedications to God, particularly in the context of the book of Ezekiel.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[קָרֵב], קָרַב 279 vb. come near, approach

Qal 93 approach

Niph. he shall be brought unto God

Pi. cause to approach, bring near

Hiph.

177

bring near, bring, present

of time

as term techn. (c. 158 t.), chiefly Ez HP, bring near, of presenting, dedicating, or offering to י׳

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7126 קָרֵב, קָרַב come near, approach .approach

. he shall be brought unto God

. cause to approach, bring near

. . . bring near, bring, present

. of time

. as term techn. (c. 158 t.), chiefly Ez HP, bring near, of presenting, dedicating, or offering to י׳

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7126 qarab kaw-rab'

a primitive root; to approach (causatively, bring near) for

whatever purpose:--(cause to) approach, (cause to) bring

(forth, near), (cause to) come (near, nigh), (cause to) draw

near (nigh), go (near), be at hand, join, be near, offer,

present, produce, make ready, stand, take.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָרַב (qa.rav) — to present: come.

: come/approach

1) to come near, approach, enter into, draw near

1a) (Qal) to approach, draw near

1b) (Niphal) to be brought near

1c) (Piel) to cause to approach, bring near, cause to draw near

1d) (Hiphil) to bring near, bring, present

קָרַב (qa.rav) — to present: bring.

: bring/offer

1) to come near, approach, enter into, draw near

1a) (Qal) to approach, draw near

1b) (Niphal) to be brought near

1c) (Piel) to cause to approach, bring near, cause to draw near

1d) (Hiphil) to bring near, bring, present

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
אֶל־'el- to H413 Preposition
5,518× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Tyndale gloss
to(wards)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֶל (el) is primarily a preposition indicating motion towards or direction to a person or place. It can also imply entering a limit, presence at a location, or a hostile direction (against). Additionally, it may express concepts such as concerning, in addition to, or according to. The entries highlight its versatility in both physical and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph),

prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).of motion to or unto a person or place

Where the limit is actually entered, into

Of direction towards anything

Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

Of rule or standard according to (rare)

Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H413 אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), . of motion to or unto a person or place

. Where the limit is actually entered, into

. Of direction towards anything

. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

. Of rule or standard according to (rare)

. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

413 'el ale

(but only used in the shortened constructive form sel {el});

a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but

occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e. near, with or

among; often in general, to:--about, according to ,after,

against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and,

by, concerning, for, from, X hath, in(- to), near, (out) of,

over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether,

with(-in).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶל (el) — to(wards).

1) to, toward, unto (of motion)

2) into (limit is actually entered)

2a) in among

3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion)

4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character)

5) in addition to, to

6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of

7) according to (rule or standard)

8) at, by, against (of one's presence)

9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR — Preposition
HR
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
שֻׁלְחָנִ֖יshul.cha.Ni table my H7979 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
71× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A shulchan refers to a table, often used for meals or sacred purposes, like a king's table. It symbolizes a place of community and sharing.
Amplified meaning
altar, sacred table
Tyndale gloss
table
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שֻׁלְחָן (shulchan) means 'table' and is derived from the root meaning to spread out. It can refer to various types of tables, including those used for kings, private use, or sacred purposes. The entries consistently emphasize its primary meaning as a table.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שֻׁלְחָן 71 n.m. table

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7979 שֻׁלְחָן table

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7979 shulchan shool-khawn'

from 7971; a table (as spread out); by implication, a

meal:--table.

see HEBREW for 07971

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שֻׁלְחָן (shul.chan) — table.

1) table

1a) table

1a1) of king's table, private use, sacred uses

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp1bs
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
לְשָׁרְתֵ֑נִיle.sha.re.Te.ni to serve me H8334 Preposition · verb piel infinitive construct common · suffix
97× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to serve or minister to someone, often in a worship or temple setting. It is used to describe the work of priests and Levites in the Old Testament.
Amplified meaning
serve, worship
Tyndale gloss
to minister
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁרַת (sharath) is a Hebrew verb meaning to minister or serve. It is derived from a primitive root that conveys the idea of attending to someone as a servant or worshipper. The entries indicate its use in contexts related to ministry and service, particularly in the Piel form, which emphasizes active participation in serving.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁרַת] 97 vb. Pi. minister, serve

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8334 שָׁרַת Pi. minister, serve

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8334 sharath shaw-rath'

a primitive root; to attend as a menial or worshipper;

figuratively, to contribute to:--minister (unto), (do)

serve(- ant, -ice, -itor), wait on.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁרַת (sha.rat) — to minister.

(Piel) to minister, serve, minister to

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | V-Piel-Inf-a | Suff — Preposition · verb piel infinitive construct common · suffix
HR/Vpcc/Sp1bs
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
וְשָׁמְר֖וּve.sha.me.Ru and they will keep H8104 Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
469× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To keep or obey means to protect, attend to, or guard something, like keeping a promise or watching over someone, as seen in the commands to observe the Sabbath.
Amplified meaning
obey, guard
Tyndale gloss
to keep: obey
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׁמַר (*shamar*) is a primitive root meaning to keep, guard, or observe. It encompasses a wide range of actions including protecting, waiting for, and celebrating obligations like the Sabbath. The verb appears in various forms, indicating nuances such as being on guard or refraining from certain actions. It is used extensively in the Old Testament, reflecting both physical and moral vigilance.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁמַר 465 vb. keep, watch, preserve

Qal 425

keep, have charge of

keep, guard, captives

hence, watch for, wait for

watch, observe

keep, retain, of storing up (food)

keep within bounds, restrain

observe, celebrate

keep sabbath

of other obligations

observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom)

sts. י׳ subj.

keep, reserve, weeks of harvest

Niph.

36be on one's guard

keep oneself, refrain, abstain

be kept, guarded

Pi. those paying regard to false vanities

Hithp. I kept myself from

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8104 שָׁמַר keep, watch, preserve .. . keep, have charge of

. keep, guard, captives

. hence, watch for, wait for

. watch, observe

. . keep, retain, of storing up (food)

. keep within bounds, restrain

. . observe, celebrate

. keep sabbath

. of other obligations

. observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom)

. sts. י׳ subj.

. keep, reserve, weeks of harvest

. . be on one's guard

. keep oneself, refrain, abstain

. be kept, guarded

. those paying regard to false vanities

. I kept myself from

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8104 shamar shaw-mar'

a primitive root; properly, to hedge about (as with thorns),

i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to, etc.:--beward,

be circumspect, take heed (to self), keep(-er, self), mark,

look narrowly, observe, preserve, regard, reserve, save

(self), sure, (that lay) wait (for), watch(-man).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁמַר (sha.mar) — to keep: obey.

: obey/observe

1) to keep, guard, observe, give heed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to keep, have charge of

1a2) to keep, guard, keep watch and ward, protect, save life

1a2a) watch, watchman (participle)

1a3) to watch for, wait for

1a4) to watch, observe

1a5) to keep, retain, treasure up (in memory)

1a6) to keep (within bounds), restrain

1a7) to observe, celebrate, keep (sabbath or covenant or commands), perform (vow)

1a8) to keep, preserve, protect

1a9) to keep, reserve

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be on one's guard, take heed, take care, beware

1b2) to keep oneself, refrain, abstain

1b3) to be kept, be guarded

1c) (Piel) to keep, pay heed

1d) (Hithpael) to keep oneself from

שָׁמַר (sha.mar) — to keep: guard.

: guard

1) to keep, guard, observe, give heed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to keep, have charge of

1a2) to keep, guard, keep watch and ward, protect, save life

1a2a) watch, watchman (participle)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-3cp — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
Hc/Vqq3cp
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
אֶת־'et- the object marker H853 Particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTo — Particle
HTo
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
they they will come into sanctuary my and they they will draw near to table my to serve me and they will keep the object marker charge my
מִשְׁמַרְתִּֽי׃mish.mar.Ti charge my H4931 Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
78× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Mishmereth refers to a guard or watch, such as a sentry or a post, emphasizing the act of preservation or safekeeping, like a duty or obligation to protect something or someone.
Amplified meaning
instructions, commandments
Tyndale gloss
charge
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁמֶ֫רֶת (mishmereth) refers to a guard or watch, encompassing the concepts of duty, function, and preservation. It can denote a specific role, such as a sentry or an office, and implies the act of keeping or safeguarding. The term appears in contexts related to obligation and service, highlighting its multifaceted use in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁמֶ֫רֶת 78 n.f. guard, watch, also charge, function

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4931 מִשְׁמֶ֫רֶת guard, watch, also charge, function

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4931 mishmereth mish-mer'-reth

fem. of 4929; watch, i.e. the act (custody), or (concr.) the

sentry, the post; obj. preservation, or (concr.) safe; fig.

observance, i.e. (abstr.) duty or (obj.) a usage or

party:--charge, keep, or to be kept, office, ordinace,

safeguard, ward, watch.

see HEBREW for 04929

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁמֶ֫רֶת (mish.me.ret) — charge.

1) guard, charge, function, obligation, service, watch

1a) guard, watch, house of detention or confinement

1b) keeping, preserving

1c) charge, injunction

1d) office, function (ceremonial)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
HNcfsc/Sp1bs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

Everything we make is available for free because of a generous community of supporters.

Donate