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2 Samuel 21:16 — Word Study

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WLCוְיִשְׁבִּ֨י בְּנֹ֜ב אֲשֶׁ֣ר׀ בִּילִידֵ֣י הָרָפָ֗ה וּמִשְׁקַ֤ל קֵינוֹ֙ שְׁלֹ֤שׁ מֵאוֹת֙ מִשְׁקַ֣ל נְחֹ֔שֶׁת וְה֖וּא חָג֣וּר חֲדָשָׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֖אמֶר לְהַכּ֥וֹת אֶת־ דָּוִֽד׃

BSAThen Ishbi-benobYishbôw bᵉ-Nôb [a giant Philistine, descendant of Rapha] a descendantyâlîyd of Rapharâphâʼ whose bronzenᵉchôsheth [made of copper] spearqayin weighedmishqâl threeshâlôwsh hundredmêʼâh [shekels]mishqâl [about 7-1/2 pounds, a heavy weight] and whohûwʼ was bearingchâgar [girded, prepared for battle] a new [sword]châdâsh [recently created, fresh] resolvedʼâmar [determined, made up his mind] to killnâkâh [smite, strike down] DavidDâvid

Word
Listen & take away2 Samuel 21
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 16 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (da.Vid) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
2 Samuel 21:16quick helps
In a sentenceIshbi-benob, a giant Philistine, resolved to kill David with a heavy bronze spear and a new sword.
Who is speakingThe narrative describes Ishbi-benob, a descendant of Rapha.
Where we areThis verse is part of the account of battles between David and the Philistines.
The hard wordרָפָה, Rapha
Take awayThe verse highlights the threat posed by giants to David and his kingdom.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectהוּא verbחָגַר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 18 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — 2 Samuel 21:16

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Battle Against the Philistinesgenerated

15Once again the Philistines waged war against Israel, and David and his servants went down and fought against the Philistines; but David became exhausted.
16Then Ishbi-benob, a descendant of Rapha, whose bronze spear weighed three hundred shekels and who was bearing a new sword, resolved to kill David.
17But Abishai son of Zeruiah came to his aid, struck the Philistine, and killed him. Then David’s men swore to him, “You must never again go out with us to battle, so that the lamp of Israel may not be extinguished.”
18Some time later at Gob, there was another battle with the Philistines. At that time Sibbecai the Hushathite killed Saph, one of the descendants of Rapha.

2 Samuel 21:16 recounts a moment when Ishbi-benob, a giant Philistine, threatened David during a battle. This incident reflects the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Philistines, showcasing the dangers David faced as king. The narrative emphasizes the bravery of David's men, particularly Abishai, who ultimately saved him from this threat, as seen in 2 Samuel 21:17.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 6:4The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and afterward as well—when the sons of God had relations with the daughters of men. And they bore them children who became the mighty men of old, men of renown.
2Numbers 13:32–33So they gave the Israelites a bad report about the land that they had spied out: “The land we explored devours its inhabitants, and all the people we saw there are great in stature.
3Deuteronomy 1:28Where can we go? Our brothers have made our hearts melt, saying: ‘The people are larger and taller than we are; the cities are large, with walls up to the heavens. We even saw the descendants of the Anakim there.’”
4Deuteronomy 2:10–21(The Emites used to live there, a people great and many, as tall as the Anakites.
5Deuteronomy 3:11(For only Og king of Bashan had remained of the remnant of the Rephaim. His bed of iron, nine cubits long and four cubits wide, is still in Rabbah of the Ammonites.)

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 11 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word יִשְׁבִּי, Yishbigenerated

The name יִשְׁבִּי (Yishbi) means 'he dwells in Nob' and identifies a Philistine giant from the lineage of Rapha. The parsing shows it as a proper noun, indicating a specific individual rather than a common term.

Ishbi-benob is noted for his formidable presence, being part of a group of giants that posed significant threats to Israel. His name connects him to the giants mentioned in other biblical passages, establishing a historical context for his character.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses the term resolved to convey Ishbi-benob's intention to kill David.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb וַיֹּ֖אמֶר (and he said) governs the sentence, indicating Ishbi-benob's determination. The structure includes noun phrases describing Ishbi-benob and his spear, as well as clauses detailing his actions.

The Hebrew word order places emphasis on Ishbi-benob's identity and his intention, making it clear that he is the subject of the action against David.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, the word for Ishbi-benob is rendered with καὶ (and), indicating a straightforward translation without additional interpretation. This choice reflects a direct correspondence to the Hebrew text.

The LXX does not provide a unique term for the spear or the weight, maintaining the focus on the narrative rather than expanding on the details.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

2 Samuel 21:16 tells us that Ishbi-benob, a giant Philistine, wanted to kill David. He had a heavy bronze spear and a new sword, showing he was ready for battle. This event highlights the dangers David faced as king and the threats from the Philistines.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

Who was Ishbi-benob?

Ishbi-benob was a Philistine giant, a descendant of Rapha, who threatened David during a battle.

What does Ishbi-benob's name mean?

His name means 'he dwells in Nob,' indicating his origin.

What was significant about the spear?

The spear weighed three hundred shekels, making it a heavy weapon, which emphasized the threat Ishbi-benob posed.

How did David's men respond to the threat?

David's men, particularly Abishai, came to his aid and killed Ishbi-benob, ensuring David's safety.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does Ishbi-benob's story teach us about facing our own giants or challenges?
  2. How can we prepare ourselves for the battles we encounter in life, much like Ishbi-benob was prepared for combat?
  3. In what ways can we support those who are in danger or facing threats, as Abishai did for David?
  4. What lessons can we learn about courage and determination from this encounter?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on 2 Samuel 21:16 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And Ishbibenob, which [was] of the sons of the giant,.... Of Goliath, or of a giant, of the race of them: the weight of whose spear [weighed] three hundred [shekels] of brass in weight; which must be

Read John Gill on 2 Samuel 21 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And Ishbibenob, which was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear weighed three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David.

Read Robert Jamieson on 2 Samuel 21 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

The giant; so called by way of eminency. Or, of Rapha, a giant so called. The weight of whose spear weighed three hundred shekels: see . With a new sword, or rather, with a new girdle or belt; for, first, This was the usual habit of soldiers, , and when it was of an extraordinary fashion and price, an ensign of dignity and command in the army, . So this may be mentioned to note that this was the first time either of his going out to fight, or of his advancement to some eminent place in the army; which made him desirous to signalize himself with some great action. Secondly, This supplement is more natural and usual, the word girdle being easily supplied from the word being girded; such…

Read Matthew Poole on 2 Samuel 21 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

2 Samuel 21:16 And Ishbibenob, which [was] of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear [weighed] three hundred [shekels] of brass in weight, he being girded with a new [sword], thought to have slain David.Ver. 15. Which was of the sons of the giant.] Such as were those before the flood, and the Zamzummims, and that Gabbara in Pliny brought out of Arabia, under the empire of Claudius, who was nine feet and nine inches high. Thought to have slain David.] This happened, saith Josephus, when the enemies being put to flight, David pursued them before all others.

Read John Trapp on 2 Samuel 21 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(16) Ishbi-benob.—The name is a strange one, and it is generally thought that some error has crept into the text, but none of the suggested emendations are free from difficulty. Perhaps the most probable is that in the Speaker’s Commentary, by which for Ishbi (the Hebrew margin) they halted is read, and benob, by a very slight change in one letter, becomes at Gob; then a clause is supplied, there was a man, so that the whole reads, “David waxed faint, and they halted at Gob. And there was a man which was of the sons,” &c.; 2 Samuel 21:18 (as well as 2 Samuel 21:19) seems to imply a previous battle in Gob. Three hundred shekels.—About eight pounds; just half the weight of Goliath’s…

Read Charles John Ellicott on 2 Samuel 21 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 16. Being girded with a new sword] As the word sword is not in the original, we may apply the term new to his armour in general; he had got new arms, a new coat of mail, or something that defended him well, and rendered him very formidable: or it may mean a strong or sharp sword.

Read AdamClarke on 2 Samuel 21 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

16. Ishbi-benob] Perhaps = “dweller on a height,” a name given him because he lived in some inaccessible castle. But there are good reasons for suspecting that there is some corruption in the text, and that the giant’s real name has been lost. of the sons of the giant] The word for sons is one specially used of the progeny of the giant races of Canaan (Numbers 13:22; Numbers 13:28; Joshua 15:14). Râphâh, or with the article ha-Râphâh, translated “the giant,” may be a quasi proper-name for the father of the four giants here mentioned, or, more probably, for the founder of the tribe of Rephaim. The Vulg. has Arapha, and hence comes Harapha, the name of the giant introduced in Milton’s Samson…

Read Cambridge on 2 Samuel 21 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Ishbi-benob - A corrupt reading. The whole passage should perhaps run thus: “And David waxed faint. So they halted in Gob (as in 2 Samuel 21:18-19).

Read Albert Barnes on 2 Samuel 21 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Then Ishbi-benob, a descendant of Rapha, whose bronze spear weighed three hundred shekels and who was bearing a new sword, resolved to kill David.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

and Ishbibenob, who was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of bronze in weight, he being armed with a new sword, thought he would kill David.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Then Ishbi-benob, a descendant of Rapha, whose bronze spear weighed three hundred shekels and who was bearing a new sword, resolved to kill David.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Now Ishbi-Benob, one of the descendants of Rapha, had a spear that weighed three hundred bronze shekels, and he was armed with a new weapon. He had said that he would kill David.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And Ishbi-benob, which was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear weighed three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

and Ishbi-benob, who was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David.

RVARevised Version, American1894

and Ishbi-benob, which was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And Ishbi-benob, who was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword , thought to have slain David.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Then Ishi-benob which was of the sonnes of Haraphah (the head of whose speare wayed three hundreth shekels of brasse) euen he being girded with a newe sword, thought to haue slaine Dauid.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And Ishbibenob, who was of the children of Raphah — the weight of his lance was three hundred shekels of bronze, and he was girded with new [armour] — thought to smite David.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

and Ishbi-Benob, who [is] among the children of the giant — the weight of his spear [is] three hundred [shekels] weight of brass, and he is girded with a new one — speaketh of smiting David,

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

and Ishbi-Benob, who [is] among the children of the giant—the weight of his spear [is] three hundred [shekels in] weight of bronze, and he is girded with a new one—speaks of striking David,

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And Yishbi at Nob, who was of the children of the Raphah, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of copper, he being girded with a new armor, thought to slay David.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Ishbi-Benob, a descendant of the giants, whose bronze spear weighed three hundred shekels, and who was armed with a new sword, intended to kill David.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Jesbibenob, who was of the race of Arapha, the iron of whose spear weighed three hundred ounces, being girded with a new sword, attempted to kill David.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Ishbi-benob, one of the descendants of Rapha, whose bronze spear weighed three hundred shekels, and who was carrying a new sword, said he was going to kill David.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And there came against David one of the offspring of the Rephaim, whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, and having a new sword, he made an attempt to put David to death.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclausenoun phrase · predicaterelpאֲשֶׁ֣רwhoclauseprepositional phrase · predicateבִּ[was].amongnoun phraseילִידֵ֣יthose.bornnoun phraseהָofרָפָ֗הthe.Raphahוּandclausenoun phrase · subjectמִשְׁקַ֤לthe.weightnoun phraseקֵינhis.spearוֹ֙hisnoun phrase · predicatenumeral phraseשְׁלֹ֤שׁ[was].threeמֵאוֹת֙hundred(s)noun phraseמִשְׁקַ֣ל[the].weightנְחֹ֔שֶׁתof.bronzeוְandclausesubjectה֖וּאheverbחָג֣וּר[was].girdedadverbialחֲדָשָׁ֑הa.new.[weapon]וַandclauseverbיֹּ֖אמֶרhe.saidprepositional phrase · prepositionalלְtoclauseverbהַכּ֥וֹתstrike.downnoun phrase · objectאֶת(et)דָּוִֽדDavid

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is supported by the Dead Sea Scrolls, which retain much of the original wording. However, some words are restored by editors in the scrolls, indicating minor variations in preservation.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְיִשְׁבִּ֨י בְּנֹ֜ב אֲשֶׁ֣ר׀ בִּילִידֵ֣י הָרָפָ֗ה וּמִשְׁקַ֤ל קֵינוֹ֙ שְׁלֹ֤שׁ מֵאוֹת֙ מִשְׁקַ֣ל נְחֹ֔שֶׁת וְה֖וּא חָג֣וּר חֲדָשָׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֖אמֶר לְהַכּ֥וֹת אֶת־ דָּוִֽד׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְיִשְׁבִּ֨יκαὶבִּילִידֵ֣יὁλκὴ

2 of the 18 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q51a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[וישבי] [בנב] [אשר] [מן] ילדי [הרפה] [ומשקל] [קנ׳ו] [שלש] [מאות] [שקלים] [משקל] [נחשת] [והוא] [חגור] חורה ויאמר [להכות] [את] [דויד]

3 words on the leather — 17 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Q7a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[הרפה] ומשקל [קינ׳ו] [שלש] [מאות] [משקל] [נחשת] [והוא] חגור [חדשה] ויאמר [להכות] את [דויד]

14 words of the verse are on this fragment — 1 partly restored, 10 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

2 Samuel 21:16יִשְׁבּוֹand Ishbi-and Ishbi-יִשְׁבּוֹיִשְׁבּוֹBenobBenobיִשְׁבּוֹאֲשֶׁרwhowhoאֲשֶׁריָלִיד[was] among[was] among thoיָלִידרָפָהthe Raphahthe Raphahרָפָהמִשְׁקָלand [the] wand [the] weighמִשְׁקָלקַ֫יִןspear hisspear hisקַ֫יִןשָׁלֹשׁ[was] three[was] threeשָׁלֹשׁמֵאָהhundredhundredמֵאָהמִשְׁקָל[the] weigh[the] weight ofמִשְׁקָלנְחֹ֫שֶׁתbronzebronzeנְחֹ֫שֶׁתהוּאand heand heהוּאחָגַר[was] girde[was] girdedחָגַרחָדָשׁa new [weapa new [weapon]חָדָשׁאָמַרand he saidand he saidאָמַרנָכָהto strike dto strike downנָכָהאֵתthe object the object markאֵתדָּוִדDavidDavidדָּוִדיָשַׁבto dwellto dwellיָשַׁבשָׁקַלto weighto weighשָׁקַליָלַדto begetto begetיָלַדרָפָאto healto healרָפָאקונֵןto chantto chantקונֵןחָדַשׁto renewto renewחָדַשׁאוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתשָׁלִthirdthirdשָׁלִנְחוּשָׁהbronzebronzeנְחוּשָׁהדּוֹדbelovedbelovedדּוֹדכְּפוֹרbowlbowlכְּפוֹרמִזְרָקbowlbowlמִזְרָקצָוָהto commandto commandצָוָהאֲחִימַןAhimanAhimanאֲחִימַןעֲנָקAnakAnakעֲנָקיָלִידbornbornיָלִידעֵ֫מֶקvalleyvalleyעֵ֫מֶקמֵאָהhundredhundredמֵאָה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in 2 Samuel 21:16

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
וְיִשְׁבִּ֨יve.yish.bo and Ishbi- H3430 Conjunction · noun proper masculine
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Ishbi-benob was a giant Philistine who lived in Nob and was killed by Abishai, a soldier in King David's army, as told in 2 Samuel 21:16. He was the son of Rapha and brother of Goliath. Ishbi-benob's name means his dwelling is in Nob.
Amplified meaning
a giant Philistine, descendant of Rapha
Tyndale gloss
Ishbi-benob
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב (Yishbow b-Nob) refers to Ishbi-benob, a Philistine giant mentioned in 2 Samuel 21:16. The name means 'his dwelling is in Nob' and is derived from roots meaning 'to dwell' and 'Nob.' He is noted as a son of Rapha and a brother of Goliath, part of a group of giants who confronted David.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב Kt, יִשְׁבִּי בְּנֹב Qr, n.pr.m. a gigantic Philistine

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3430 יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב, יִשְׁבִּי בְּנֹב

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3430 Yishbow b-Nob yish-bo'beh-nobe

from 3427 and 5011, with a pronominal suffix and a

preposition interposed; his dwelling (is) in Nob;

Jishbo-be-Nob, a Philistine:--Ishbi-benob (from the margin).

see HEBREW for 03427

see HEBREW for 05011

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב (yish.bo b.nov) — Ishbi-benob.

A man living at the time of United Monarchy, only mentioned at 2Sa.21.16;

son of: Rapha (H7497A);

brother of: Goliath (H1555), Saph (H5593), Lahmi (H3902) and huge_man (H4060A)

§ Ishbi-benob = "his dwelling is in Nob"

son of Rapha, one of the nation of Philistine giants who attacked David in battle and was slain by Abishai

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-proper — Conjunction · noun proper masculine
HC/Npm
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
בְּנֹ֜בbe.No Benob H3430 Noun proper masculine
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Ishbi-benob was a giant Philistine who lived in Nob and was killed by Abishai, a soldier in King David's army, as told in 2 Samuel 21:16. He was the son of Rapha and brother of Goliath. Ishbi-benob's name means his dwelling is in Nob.
Tyndale gloss
Ishbi-benob
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב (Yishbow b-Nob) refers to Ishbi-benob, a Philistine giant mentioned in 2 Samuel 21:16. The name means 'his dwelling is in Nob' and is derived from roots meaning 'to dwell' and 'Nob.' He is noted as a son of Rapha and a brother of Goliath, part of a group of giants who confronted David.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב Kt, יִשְׁבִּי בְּנֹב Qr, n.pr.m. a gigantic Philistine

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3430 יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב, יִשְׁבִּי בְּנֹב

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3430 Yishbow b-Nob yish-bo'beh-nobe

from 3427 and 5011, with a pronominal suffix and a

preposition interposed; his dwelling (is) in Nob;

Jishbo-be-Nob, a Philistine:--Ishbi-benob (from the margin).

see HEBREW for 03427

see HEBREW for 05011

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יִשְׁבּוֹ בְּנֹב (yish.bo b.nov) — Ishbi-benob.

A man living at the time of United Monarchy, only mentioned at 2Sa.21.16;

son of: Rapha (H7497A);

brother of: Goliath (H1555), Saph (H5593), Lahmi (H3902) and huge_man (H4060A)

§ Ishbi-benob = "his dwelling is in Nob"

son of Rapha, one of the nation of Philistine giants who attacked David in battle and was slain by Abishai

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpm — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
אֲשֶׁ֣ר׀'a.Sher who H834 Particle
5,500× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is a conjunction that connects ideas and events in the Bible, like in the book of Genesis, where it's used to describe the relationship between God and His creation.
Tyndale gloss
which
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.

base

בַאֲשֶׁר

in (that) which

adv. in (the place) where

conj. in that, inasmuch as

on account of whom?

base

מֵאֲשֶׁר

from (or than) that which

adv. from (the place) where

conj. from (the fact) that …, since

base

כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when

according to that which, according as, as

with a causal force, in so far as, since

with a temporal force, when

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which

. adv. in (the place) where

. conj. in that, inasmuch as

. on account of whom?

H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which

. adv. from (the place) where

. conj. from (the fact) that …, since

H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as

. with a causal force, in so far as, since

. with a temporal force, when

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

834 'aher ash-er'

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)

when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X

alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +

from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,

wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where

(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +

whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is

indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun

expletively, used to show the connection.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.

A: 1) (relative part.)

1a) which, who

1b) that which

2) (conj)

2a) that (in obj clause)

2b) when

2c) since

2d) as

2e) conditional if

B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

D: Kaph+

1) (conj.), according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since

1c) with a temporal force: when

בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.

1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.

1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.

conj

1) according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTr — Particle
HTr
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
בִּילִידֵ֣יbi.li.Dei [was] among those born of H3211 Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means born, referring to a child or son, like a home-born son or daughter.
Tyndale gloss
born
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָלִיד (yaliyd) means 'born' and is derived from the root word for 'to bear' or 'to bring forth.' It generally refers to someone who is born, such as a child or son. The entries consistently emphasize this meaning without notable disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[יָלִיד] adj. born

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3211 יָלִיד born

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3211 yaliyd yaw-leed'

from 3205; born:--((home-))born, child, son.

see HEBREW for 03205

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָלִיד (ya.lid) — born.

born

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-mp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct
HR/Ncmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
הָרָפָ֗הha.ra.Fah the Raphah H7497 Particle · noun proper
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Raphaite were a group of giants, including Goliath, mentioned in 2 Samuel 21:16, who lived during the time of King David.
Tyndale gloss
Rapha
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָפָה (rapha') refers to a giant, specifically associated with the Rephaim, an ancient race of giants mentioned in the Old Testament. The term encompasses both the individual Rapha and the collective Rephaim, who are described as descendants of Rapha. The entries highlight the connection to invigorating or healing, but primarily focus on the notion of giants.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָפָה, רָפָא as n.pr.m. Hā-Rāphā

base

רְפָאִים n.pr.gent. old race of giants

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7497a רָפָה, רָפָא Hā-Rāphā H7497b רְפָאִים n. pr. gent. old race of giants

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7497 rapha' raw-faw'

or raphah {raw-faw'}; from 7495 in the sense of invigorating;

a giant:--giant, Rapha, Rephaim(-s). See also 1051.

see HEBREW for 07495

see HEBREW for 01051

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָפָה (ra.pah) — Rapha.

A man living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 2Sa.21.16;

father of: Goliath (H1555), Ishbi-benob (H3430), Saph (H5593), Lahmi (H3902), huge_man (H4060A); also translated "giant";

Also named: re.pha.im (רְפָאִים "Raphaite" H7497H)

§ giant, Rephah

רְפָאִים (re.pha.im) — Rephaim.

1) giants, Rephaim

1a) old tribe of giants

2) People descended from Repha(?), first mentioned at Gen.14.5

Also named: zam.zom (זַמְזֻמִּים "Zamzummin" H2157)

רְפָאִים (re.pha.im) — (Valley of) Rephaim.

Combined with e.meq (עֵ֫מֶק " Valley" H6010P)

This name means giants,

רְפָאִים (re.pha.im) — Raphaite.

Descendants from Rapha, who lived at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 2Sa.21.16;

father of: Goliath (H1555), Ishbi-benob (H3430), Saph (H5593), Lahmi (H3902), huge_man (H4060A); also translated "giant";

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | Ngmsa — Particle · noun proper
HTd/Npt
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

Raphu, relaxation; physic; comfort

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
וּמִשְׁקַ֤לu.mish.Kal and [the] weight of H4948 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
49× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means weight or heaviness, often referring to a full weight, like in trade or commerce, as seen in Genesis. It represents a standard unit of measurement.
Tyndale gloss
weight
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁקָל (mishqal) means 'weight' and is derived from a root that implies weighing. It covers the concept of weight in a numerical sense and the act of weighing. The entries consistently define it as related to heaviness or weight.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁקָל 49 n.m. id. [מִשְׁקוֹל];—weight

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4948 מִשְׁקָל id. [מִשְׁקוֹל];—weight

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4948 mishqal mish-kawl'

from 8254; weight (numerically estimated); hence, weighing

(the act):--(full) weight.

see HEBREW for 08254

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁקָל (mish.qal) — weight.

heaviness, weight

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
HC/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
קֵינוֹ֙kei.No spear his H7013 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a spear, a weapon used for throwing or thrusting. It is described as a lance that strikes quickly. The word is about a sharp object.
Tyndale gloss
spear
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קַ֫יִן (qayin) means 'spear' and is derived from a root that conveys the idea of fixity. It is primarily used in the context of weaponry, specifically referring to a lance or spear. The entries consistently define it as a spear without any noted disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[קַ֫יִן] n.[m.] spear

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7013 קַ֫יִן

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7013 qayin kah'-yin

from 6969 in the original sense of fixity; a lance (as

striking fast):--spear.

see HEBREW for 06969

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קַ֫יִן (qa.yin) — spear.

spear

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hiz: Used often in the King James Version with reference to a neuter or inanimate thing, or to a lower animal (Ge 1:11, "after his kind"; Le 1:16, "pluck away his crop"; Ac 12:10, "of his own accord"; 1Co 15:38, "his own body"), etc. the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "its."

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
שְׁלֹ֤שׁshe.Losh [was] three H7969 Noun common · both singular construct
432× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means three or thrice, and is used to describe quantities or repetitions in the Bible. It appears in various forms, including three, third, and thirteen.
Tyndale gloss
three
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׁלֹשׁ (*shalosh*) means 'three' or 'triad.' It can also refer to the ordinal 'third' and is used in various contexts, including multiplication as 'thrice.' The entries consistently define it as a primitive number without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁלֹשׁ, שָׁלוֹשׁ, שְׁלֹשָׁה 430 n.m. et f. a three, triad

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7969 שָׁלֹשׁ, שָׁלוֹשׁ, שְׁלֹשָׁה a three, triad

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7969 shalowsh shaw-loshe'

or shalosh {shaw-loshe'}; masculine shlowshah {shel-o-shaw'};

or shloshah {shel-o-shaw'}; a primitive number; three;

occasionally (ordinal) third, or (multipl.) thrice:--+ fork,

+ often(-times), third, thir(-teen, -teenth), three, + thrice.

Compare 7991.

see HEBREW for 07991

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁלֹשׁ (sha.losh) — three.

1) three, triad

1a) 3, 300, third

Aramaic equivalent: te.lat (תְּלָת "three" H8532)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Noun common · both singular construct
HNcbsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

(shalosh; treis).

See NUMBER.

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The phrase "three days and three nights," Mt 12:40, was equivalent in Hebrew to the English "three days;" the Jews employing the expression "a day and a night" to denote our "day" of twentyfour hours. Nor did "three days," 1Sa 30:13, literally "this third day," according to their usage, necessarily include the whole of three days, but a part of three days, a continuous period including one whole day of twenty-four hours, and a portion of the day preceding it and the day following it. Compare Ge 7:12,17 1Sa 30:12-13.

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
מֵאוֹת֙me.'Ot hundred H3967 Noun common · feminine plural absolute
581× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Means a hundred, used as a simple number or part of a larger number in the Bible. It appears in various forms, including fractions like one one-hundredth. Found in books like Genesis and Psalms.
Tyndale gloss
hundred
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מֵאָה (me'ah) means 'hundred' in Hebrew. It can refer to a simple number, a component of a larger number, or a fraction representing one one-hundredth. The entries consistently describe its use as a numeral without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מֵאָה 583 n.f. hundred

as simple number

as part of larger number

a hundredth part

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3967 מֵאָה hundred . as simple number

. as part of larger number

. a hundredth part

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3967 me'ah may-aw'

or metyah {may-yaw'}; properly, a primitive numeral; a

hundred; also as a multiplicative and a

fraction:--hundred((-fold), -th), + sixscore.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מֵאָה (me.ah) — hundred.

1) hundred

1a) as simple number

1b) as part of larger number

1c) as a fraction-one one-hundredth (1/100)

Aramaic equivalent: me.ah (מְאָה "hundred" H3969)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Noun common · feminine plural absolute
HNcfpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hun'-dred (me'-ah; hekaton).

See NUMBER.

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
מִשְׁקַ֣לmish.Kal [the] weight of H4948 Noun common · masculine singular construct
49× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means weight or heaviness, often referring to a full weight, like in trade or commerce, as seen in Genesis. It represents a standard unit of measurement.
Amplified meaning
about 7-1/2 pounds, a heavy weight
Tyndale gloss
weight
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁקָל (mishqal) means 'weight' and is derived from a root that implies weighing. It covers the concept of weight in a numerical sense and the act of weighing. The entries consistently define it as related to heaviness or weight.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁקָל 49 n.m. id. [מִשְׁקוֹל];—weight

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4948 מִשְׁקָל id. [מִשְׁקוֹל];—weight

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4948 mishqal mish-kawl'

from 8254; weight (numerically estimated); hence, weighing

(the act):--(full) weight.

see HEBREW for 08254

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁקָל (mish.qal) — weight.

heaviness, weight

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
נְחֹ֔שֶׁתne.Cho.shet bronze H5178 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
140× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to copper or something made of it, like a coin or chain. It can also symbolize something base or impure, as in lust or filthiness. It appears in various KJV translations, including brasen and brass.
Amplified meaning
made of copper
Tyndale gloss
bronze
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נְחֹ֫שֶׁת (nechosheth) refers to copper or bronze, often indicating items made from these metals, such as fetters. It is noted for being less valuable than gold but more than wood. Additionally, it can figuratively represent a harsh sky or, in specific contexts, suggest meanings related to lust or harlotry, as seen in Ezekiel 16:36.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נְחֹ֫שֶׁת 137 n.m. copper, bronze

copper

fetters of copper or bronze

as less in value than gold but more than wood

fig. of pitiless sky

base

[נְחֹ֫שֶׁת] n.[f.] Ez 16:36 where context favours mng. lust, harlotry, or specif. sens. obscoen.

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5178a נְחֹ֫שֶׁת copper, bronze . copper

. fetters of copper or bronze

. as less in value than gold but more than wood

. fig. of pitiless sky

H5178b נְחֹ֫שֶׁת where context favours mng. lust, harlotry, or specif. sens. obscoen.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5178 nchosheth nekh-o'-sheth

for 5154; copper, hence, something made of that metal, i.e.

coin, a fetter; figuratively, base (as compared with gold or

silver):--brasen, brass, chain, copper, fetter (of brass),

filthiness, steel.

see HEBREW for 05154

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נְחֹ֫שֶׁת (ne.cho.shet) — bronze.

1) copper, bronze

1a) copper (ore), bronze (as copper alloy)

1b) fetters (of copper or bronze)

1c) copper (as value)

נְחֹ֫שֶׁת (ne.cho.shet) — lust.

lust, harlotry

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
וְה֖וּאve.Hu' and he H1931 Conjunction · pronoun
1,879× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.
Tyndale gloss
he/she/it
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it

an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

It resumes the subj. with emph.

Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

As an emph. predicate, of God

In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

. It resumes the subj. with emph.

. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

. As an emph. predicate, of God

. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1931 huw' hoo

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a

primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or

it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also

(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;

sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally

(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),

it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,

this, those, which (is), who.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.

pron 3p s

1) he, she, it

1a) himself (with emphasis)

1b) resuming subj with emphasis

1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)

1d) (anticipating subj)

1e) (emphasising predicate)

1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron

2) that (with article)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Pron — Conjunction · pronoun
HC/Pp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ha: The fifth letter of the Hebrew alphabet; transliterated in this Encyclopedia as "h." It came also to be used for the number 5. For name, etc., see ALPHABET.

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
חָג֣וּרcha.Gur [was] girded H2296 Verb · Qal · participle (passive) masculine singular
44× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word chagar means to gird or put on a belt, and is used to describe preparing for battle or work, as seen in various KJV translations.
Amplified meaning
girded, prepared for battle
Tyndale gloss
to gird
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָגַר (chagar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to gird or to put on a belt. It is a primitive root that conveys the action of binding or restraining oneself, often in preparation for action. The entries consistently emphasize its use in the context of girding on clothing or armor.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[חָגַר] vb. gird, gird on, gird oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2296 [חָגַר] gird, gird on, gird oneself

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2296 chagar khaw-gar'

a primitive root; to gird on (as a belt, armor, etc.):--be

able to put on, be afraid, appointed, gird, restrain, X on

every side.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָגַר (cha.gar) — to gird.

1) to gird, gird on, gird oneself, put on a belt

1a)(Qal)

1a1) to gird

1a2) to gird on, bind on

1a3) to gird oneself

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Inf-c — Verb · Qal · participle (passive) masculine singular
HVqsmsa
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
חֲדָשָׁ֑הcha.da.Shah a new [weapon] H2319 Adj
53× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for new or fresh, used to describe something recently created or renewed, as seen in God's creation of a new heaven and earth. It emphasizes the idea of something being recent or modern.
Amplified meaning
recently created, fresh
Tyndale gloss
new
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָדָשׁ (chadash) means 'new' or 'fresh.' It is derived from the root word represented by Strong's H2318. The entries indicate that it covers meanings related to novelty and freshness, with an Aramaic equivalent noted as חֲדַ֑ת (cha.dat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2319 חָדָשׁ new

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2319 chadash khaw-dawsh'

from 2318; new:--fresh, new thing.

see HEBREW for 02318

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָדָשׁ (cha.dash) — New (Gate).

§ new, new thing, fresh

חָדָשׁ (cha.dash) — new.

new, new thing, fresh

Aramaic equivalent: cha.dat (חֲדַ֑ת "new" H2323)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAafsa
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
וַיֹּ֖אמֶרvai.Yo.mer and he said H559 Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singular
5,309× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to say or speak, and it's used in many different ways in the Bible. It can mean to command, promise, or think, and it's translated in the KJV as 'answer', 'appoint', or 'command'.
Amplified meaning
determined, made up his mind
Tyndale gloss
to say
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָמַר (amar) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to say' or 'to utter,' with a broad range of uses including to promise, command, or even boast. It appears in various forms, such as in the Qal (to say), Niphal (to be told), and Hiphil (to avow). The entries highlight its versatility in both spoken and internal contexts, though no specific verse is noted.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָמַר 5287 vb. utter, say

Qal

Say

Say in the heart (= think)

Promise

Command (esp. late)

Niph. be said, told

Hiph. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)

Hithp. act proudly, boast

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H559 אָמַר utter, say .. Say

. Say in the heart (= think)

. Promise

. Command (esp. late)

. be said, told

. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)

. act proudly, boast

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

559 'amar aw-mar'

a primitive root; to say (used with great

latitude):--answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call,

certify, challenge, charge, + (at the, give) command(-ment),

commune, consider, declare, demand, X desire, determine, X

expressly, X indeed, X intend, name, X plainly, promise,

publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), X still, X

suppose, talk, tell, term, X that is, X think, use (speech),

utter, X verily, X yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָמַר (a.mar) — to say.

1) to say, speak, utter

1a) (Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend

1b) (Niphal) to be told, to be said, to be called

1c) (Hithpael) to boast, to act proudly

1d) (Hiphil) to avow, to avouch

Aramaic equivalent: a.mar (אֲמַר "to say" H0560)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singular
Hc/Vqw3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
לְהַכּ֥וֹתle.ha.Kot to strike down H5221 Preposition · verb hiphil infinitive construct common
500× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to strike or hit something, and it's used in many different ways, like in Exodus when God strikes down the Egyptians. It can also mean to punish or destroy, as seen in Isaiah. The word is used to describe God's judgment.
Amplified meaning
smite, strike down
Tyndale gloss
to smite
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָכָה (nakah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to strike or smite, encompassing a range of actions from lightly hitting to fatal blows. It appears in various forms, indicating actions like attacking, punishing, or causing disease. The entries suggest its use in both literal and figurative contexts, including divine judgment and applause. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[נָכָה] 501 vb. smite (not in Qal)

Niph. and he shall be smitten [struck by weapon in battle] and die

Pu. both be smitten down by the hail

Hiph.

lit., smite (with a single, non-fatal, blow), strike

smite repeatedly, beat a man

and they clapped hands (in applause)

give a thrust (with fork) into pot; strike roots

rarely smite (in battle) so as (merely) to wound

smite, of sun

Smite fatally

Smite = attack, attack and destroy a company

Of God

smite with a plague, disease, etc.

smite = chastise, or send judgment upon

of God’s destroying palaces

Hoph. be smitten

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5221 נָכָה smite (not in Qal) . and he shall be smitten [struck by weapon in battle] and die

. both be smitten down by the hail

. . . lit., smite (with a single, non-fatal, blow), strike

. smite repeatedly, beat a man

. and they clapped hands (in applause)

. give a thrust (with fork) into pot; strike roots

. rarely smite (in battle) so as (merely) to wound

. smite, of sun

. Smite fatally

. Smite = attack, attack and destroy a company

. Of God . smite with a plague, disease, etc.

. smite = chastise, or send judgment upon

. of God’s destroying palaces

. be smitten

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5221 nakah naw-kaw'

a primitive root; to strike (lightly or severely, literally

or figuratively):--beat, cast forth, clap, give (wounds), X

go forward, X indeed, kill, make (slaughter), murderer,

punish, slaughter, slay(-er, -ing), smite(-r, -ing), strike,

be stricken, (give) stripes, X surely, wound.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָכָה (na.khah) — to smite.

1) to strike, smite, hit, beat, slay, kill

1a)(Niphal) to be stricken or smitten

1b) (Pual) to be stricken or smitten

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to smite, strike, beat, scourge, clap, applaud, give a thrust

1c2) to smite, kill, slay (man or beast)

1c3) to smite, attack, attack and destroy, conquer, subjugate, ravage

1c4) to smite, chastise, send judgment upon, punish, destroy

1d) (Hophal) to be smitten

1d1) to receive a blow

1d2) to be wounded

1d3) to be beaten

1d4) to be (fatally) smitten, be killed, be slain

1d5) to be attacked and captured

1d6) to be smitten (with disease)

1d7) to be blighted (of plants)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | V-Hiphil-Inf-a — Preposition · verb hiphil infinitive construct common
HR/Vhcc
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
אֶת־'et- the object marker H853 Particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTo — Particle
HTo
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and Ishbi- Benob who [was] among those born of the Raphah and [the] weight of spear his [was] three hundred [the] weight of bronze and he [was] girded a new [weapon] and he said to strike down the object marker David
דָּוִֽד׃da.Vid David H1732 Noun proper masculine
1,075× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
David was the youngest son of Jesse and a king of Judah, first mentioned in Ruth 4:17, and an ancestor of Jesus.
Tyndale gloss
David
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דָּוִד (David) refers to the second king of Israel, known as the youngest son of Jesse. The name means 'beloved' and is associated with a significant lineage, including many siblings and notable descendants like Solomon. The entries highlight his familial connections and historical context, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

דָּוִד, דָּוִיד 1066 n.pr.m. David

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1732 דָּוִד, דָּוִיד David

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1732 David daw-veed'

rarely (fully); Daviyd {daw-veed'}; from the same as 1730;

loving; David, the youngest son of Jesse:--David.

see HEBREW for 01730

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דָּוִד (da.vid) — David.

A king of the tribe of Judah living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at Rut.4.17;

son of: Jesse (H3448) and Nahash (H5176I);

brother of: Eliab (H0446I), Abinadab (H0041I), Shimeah (H8093), Zeruiah (H6870), Abigail (H0026H)(?), Nethanel (H5417H), Raddai (H7288), Ozem (H0684) and Elihu (H0453J); married to Michal (H4324), Abigail (H0026), Ahinoam (H0293H), Maacah (H4601I), Haggith (H2294), Abital (H0037), Eglah (H5698) and Bathsheba (H1339);

father of: Amnon (H0550), Chileab (H3609), Absalom (H0053), Adonijah (H0138), Shephatiah (H8203), Ithream (H3507), Shammua (H8051H), Shobab (H7727), Nathan (H5416), Solomon (H8010), Ibhar (H2984), Elishua (H0474), Nepheg (H5298H), Japhia (H3309I), Elishama (H0476H), Eliada (H0450), Eliphelet (H0467), Tamar (H8559H), Elpelet (H0467I), Nogah (H5052) and Jerimoth (H3406N)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

da'-vid (dawidh, or dawidh, "beloved"; Daueid, also in New Testament, Dauid, Dabid; see Thayer's Lexicon):

I. NAME AND GENEALOGY

II. EARLY YEARS

1. Shepherd

2. Slinger

3. Harpist

4. Poet

5. Psalmist

6. Tribesman

III. IN THE SERVICE OF SAUL

1. David First Meets Saul

2. His First Exploit

3. Envy of Saul and Flight of David

4. Jonathan and David

IV. DAVID IN EXILE

1. David as Outlaw

2. David Joins the Philistines

V. DAVID AS KING

1. Civil War

2. Conquests Abroad

3. Political Situation

4. The Ark

VI. DOMESTIC LIFE

1. His Wives and Children

2. Domestic Troubles

VII. HIS OFFICIALS

1. Prophets

2. Priests

3. Military Officers

4. Other Officials

5. Mutual Rivalry

VIII. PERSONAL CHARACTER OF DAVID

1. Chronicles

2. Psalms

3. Complex Character

4. Physical Courage

5. Moral Courage

6. Prudence

7. Strategy

8. Nobility

9. David in Relation to His Family

10. David in Relation to His Friends

11. His Success

12. His Foreign Friends

13. Nemesis

Easton's Bible Dictionary

David

Beloved, the eighth and youngest son of Jesse, a citizen of Bethlehem. His father seems to have been a man in humble life. His mother’s name is not recorded. Some think she was the Nahash of 2 Sam. 17:25. As to his personal appearance, we only know that he was red-haired, with beautiful eyes and a fair face (1 Sam. 16:12; 17:42).

His early occupation was that of tending his father’s sheep on the uplands of Judah. From what we know of his after history, doubtless he frequently beguiled his time, when thus engaged, with his shepherd’s flute, while he drank in the many lessons taught him by the varied scenes spread around him. His first recorded exploits were his encounters with the wild beasts of the field. He mentions that with his own unaided hand he slew a lion and also a…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(well-beloved), the son of Jesse. His life may be divided into three portions: His youth before his introduction to the court of Saul; His relations with Saul; His reign. The early life of David contains in many important respects the antecedents of his future career. It appears that David was the youngest son, probably the youngest child, of a family of ten, and was born in Bethlehem B.C. 1085. The first time that David appears in history at once admits us to the whole family circle. The annual sacrificial feast is being held when Samuel appears, sent by God to anoint one of Jesse’s sons as they pass before him, (1 Samuel 16:6-10) Samuel sends for the youngest, David, who was "keeping the sheep," and anoints him. (1 Samuel 16:11-13) As David stood before Samuel we are enabled to…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Beloved, the youngest son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah, born in Bethlehem B. C. 1085; one of the most remarkable men in either sacred of secular history. His life is fully recorded in 1Sa 16:1 1Ki 2:46. He was "the Lord’s anointed," chosen by God to be king of Israel instead of Saul, and consecrated to that office by the venerable prophet Samuel long before he actually came to the throne, 1Sa 16:1-13, for which God prepared him by the gift of his Spirit, and a long course of vicissitudes and dangers. In his early pastoral life he distinguished himself by his boldness, fidelity, and faith in God; and while yet a youth was summoned to court, as one expert in music, valiant, prudent in behavior, and comely in person. He…

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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