2 Chronicles 14:10 — Word Study
WLCוַיֵּצֵ֥א אָסָ֖א לְפָנָ֑יו וַיַּֽעַרְכוּ֙ מִלְחָמָ֔ה בְּגֵ֥יא צְפַ֖תָה לְמָרֵשָֽׁה׃
BSASo AsaʼÂçâʼ [went out to confront]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וַיֵּצֵ֥א | and he went out | Verb, Qal, sequential imperfect third person masculine singular |
| אָסָ֖א | Asa | Noun proper masculine |
| לְפָנָ֑יו | before him | Preposition, noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| וַיַּֽעַרְכוּ֙ | and they drew up in formation | Verb, Qal, sequential imperfect third person masculine plural |
| מִלְחָמָ֔ה | battle | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| בְּגֵ֥יא | in [the] valley of | Preposition, noun common both singular construct |
| צְפַ֖תָה | Zephathah | Noun proper |
| לְמָרֵשָֽׁה׃ | to Mareshah | Preposition, noun proper |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | So Asa marched out against him and lined up in battle formation in the Valley of Zephathah near Mareshah. |
| KJV | Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah. |
| ASV | Then Asa went out to meet him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah. |
| YLT | and Asa goeth out before him, and they set battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah. |
| WEB | Then Asa went out to meet him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah. |
| BBE | And Asa went out against him, and they put their forces in position in the valley north of Mareshah. |
Where they part company is וַיַּֽעַרְכוּ — see How Translations Differ.
The main clause is followed by two prepositional phrases that provide context for Asa's actions, indicating both location and purpose.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאָסָא
verbקָרָא
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 8 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — 2 Chronicles 14:10
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Asa's Confrontation with Zerahgenerated
2 Chronicles 14:10 describes how King Asa faced Zerah the Cushite, who approached with a vast army. Asa's response was to march out and prepare for battle, showcasing his leadership in a moment of crisis. This passage highlights the importance of faith and reliance on God during times of conflict, as seen in Asa's subsequent prayer in 2 Chronicles 14:11.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joshua 19:4 | Eltolad, Bethul, Hormah, |
| 2 | Judges 1:17 | Then the men of Judah went with their brothers the Simeonites, attacked the Canaanites living in Zephath, and devoted the city to destruction. So it was called Hormah. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — וַיֵּצֵ֥א, vai.ye.Tze'generated
The verb יָצָא (yatsa') means to go out or come out. It emphasizes the action of leaving a place or entering into a new situation, often with purpose. In this verse, it indicates Asa's decisive action in confronting an enemy, reflecting his role as a leader.
The parsing as a sequential imperfect third person masculine singular shows that Asa's action is ongoing and significant, marking a pivotal moment in the narrative.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb וַיֵּצֵ֥א governs the whole verse — Asa went out — with two phrases hanging off it: a prepositional phrase indicating where he went and a second verb phrase describing what he did next.
The structure emphasizes Asa's actions: he not only went out but also arranged his forces for battle, showcasing his leadership in a critical moment.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יָצָא as ἐβόησεν, which means 'he cried out' rather than 'went out.' This choice reflects a different emphasis, suggesting a call to action or prayer rather than a physical movement.
This indicates a potential interpretive shift, focusing on Asa's reliance on God in the face of overwhelming odds.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
2 Chronicles 14:10 tells us that Asa, the king of Judah, went out to face Zerah the Cushite, who had come with a massive army. Asa arranged his troops for battle in the Valley of Zephathah near Mareshah, demonstrating his readiness to confront the enemy.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Asa's decision to go out against Zerah shows his courage and leadership, as he faced a formidable enemy.
Asa prepares by arranging his troops in formation, indicating strategic planning for the conflict ahead.
Asa's prayer for help highlights the importance of seeking divine assistance in challenging situations.
The Valley of Zephathah serves as the battleground where Asa confronts Zerah, illustrating the geographical context of the conflict.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can I demonstrate courage in facing challenges in my own life, like Asa did?
- What strategies can I use to prepare for difficult situations, as Asa prepared for battle?
- In what ways can I seek God's guidance when confronted with overwhelming odds?
- How does understanding the historical context of Asa's battle enhance my reading of this passage?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Aphrahat the Persian Sage comments on Asa's prayer during this confrontation, illustrating the power of faith in times of crisis.
Asa prayed, and his prayer manifested great power: when Zerah the Indian [Ethiopian] went out against him with an army of one million with him, Asa then prayed, saying, “By this shall your power be known, O our God,Early Church Fathers on 2 Chronicles 14 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on 2 Chronicles 14:10 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThen Asa went out against him,.... Notwithstanding he brought so great an army with him: and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah; where the Ethiopians were; he did not
Read John Gill on 2 Chronicles 14 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThen Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
Read Robert Jamieson on 2 Chronicles 14 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments2 Chronicles 14:10 Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.Ver. 10. In the valley of Zephathah.] See Judges 1:17.
Read John Trapp on 2 Chronicles 14 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(10) Then.—And.Against him.—Before him (1 Chronicles 12:17; 1 Chronicles 14:8). In the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.—This valley is not identified. The LXX. reads: ἐντῇφάραγγικατὰβορρᾶνΜαρισης, “in the ravine north of Mareshah.” This would involve a change of one letter in the present Hebrew. [Ηaphτnah “northward,” for Η’phathah.] Syriac and Arabic, “in the wady of Mareshah.”
Read Charles John Ellicott on 2 Chronicles 14 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges10. against him] R.V. to meet him. in the valley] Probably the valley in which Beit-Jibrin now stands, one of several valleys giving access from the Shephelah into central Judah (G. A. Smith, Hist. Geography, pp. 230–233). In such a place a large force might easily be discomfited by a few resolute men (cp. 2 Samuel 17:9-10). of Zephathah at Mareshah] Read with LXX., north of Mareshah (“Zaphonah” for “Zephathah”). No valley or town called “Zephathah” is known.
Read Cambridge on 2 Chronicles 14 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThe “valley of Zephathah” - not elsewhere mentioned - is probably the broad Wady which opens out from Mareshah (marginal reference) in a northwesterly direction, leading into the great Philistine plain.
Read Albert Barnes on 2 Chronicles 14 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible10. The valley of Zephathah — Dr. Robinson conjectures that this valley may have been the broad wady that runs northwesterly from Eleutheropolis towards Zell es-Safieh, which latter place may bear a
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on 2 Chronicles 14 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
So Asa marched out against him and lined up in battle formation in the Valley of Zephathah near Mareshah.
Then Asa went out to meet him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
So Asa marched out against him and lined up in battle formation in the Valley of Zephathah near Mareshah.
and Asa went out to oppose him. They deployed for battle in the Valley of Zephathah near Mareshah.
Tyndale line
Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
Then Asa went out to meet him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
Then Asa went out to meet him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathath at Mareshah.
Then Asa went out before him, and they set the battell in aray in the valley of Zephathah beside Mareshah.
Strictly literal
And Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah near Mareshah.
and Asa goeth out before him, and they set battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
and Asa goes out before him, and they set in array [for] battle in the Valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
(14:9) Then went Assa out against him, and they set themselves in battle-array in the valley of Zephathah near Mareshah.
Then Asa went out to meet him, and they set the battle lines in order in the Valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
From the Latin
And Asa went out to meet him, and set his army in array for battle in the vale of Sephata, which is near Maresa:
Simplified
Asa went out to confront him, lining up for battle in the Valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
And Asa went out against him, and they put their forces in position in the valley north of Mareshah.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree in the wording of this verse, with all eight words matched. This consistency suggests a strong preservation of the original message across these traditions.
וַיֵּצֵ֥א אָסָ֖א לְפָנָ֑יו וַיַּֽעַרְכוּ֙ מִלְחָמָ֔ה בְּגֵ֥יא צְפַ֖תָה לְמָרֵשָֽׁה׃
8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in 2 Chronicles 14:10
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
יָצָא (yatsa') is a Hebrew verb meaning to go or come out, with various applications including departure, escape, and emergence. It can refer to both animate and inanimate subjects and emphasizes the idea of origin or source. The verb appears in different forms, such as Qal, Hiphil, and Hophal, indicating actions like leading out or being brought forth.
יָצָא 1068 vb. go or come out
Qal
go or come out or forth
from (מִן) a place
go forth from (the presence of) a person
in technical senses
of flight, involving escape
depart
of inanimate things
with especial emphasis on idea of origin, source
of children as going forth from loins (of father)
go forth to a place
go forward, proceed to or toward something
come or go forth, with esp. ref. to purpose or result
of combinations
Hiph.
cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out
fig. obj. persons, bring out of (מִן) distress, etc.
bring out animals
inanimate obj.
fig. subj. י׳, bring forth from (מִן)
Hoph. be brought forth
base
H3318 יָצָא go or come out .. go or come out or forth . from (מִן) a place
. go forth from (the presence of) a person
. in technical senses
. of flight, involving escape
. depart
. of inanimate things
. with especial emphasis on idea of origin, source
. of children as going forth from loins (of father)
. . go forth to a place
. go forward, proceed to or toward something
. come or go forth, with esp. ref. to purpose or result
. of combinations
. . cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out
. fig. obj. persons, bring out of (מִן) distress, etc.
. bring out animals
. inanimate obj.
. fig. subj. י׳, bring forth from (מִן)
. be brought forth
3318 yatsa' yaw-tsaw'
a primitive root; to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great
variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct
and proxim.:--X after, appear, X assuredly, bear out, X
begotten, break out, bring forth (out, up), carry out, come
(abroad, out, thereat, without), + be condemned,
depart(-ing, -ure), draw forth, in the end, escape, exact,
fail, fall (out), fetch forth (out), get away (forth, hence,
out), (able to, cause to, let) go abroad (forth, on, out),
going out, grow, have forth (out), issue out, lay (lie) out,
lead out, pluck out, proceed, pull out, put away, be risen, X
scarce, send with commandment, shoot forth, spread, spring
out, stand out, X still, X surely, take forth (out), at any
time, X to (and fro), utter.
יָצָא (ya.tsa) — to come out: come.
: come/go_out/escape
1) to go out, come out, exit, go forth
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to go or come out or forth, depart
1a2) to go forth (to a place)
1a3) to go forward, proceed to (to or toward something)
1a4) to come or go forth (with purpose or for result)
1a5) to come out of
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out
1b2) to bring out of
1b3) to lead out
1b4) to deliver
1c) (Hophal) to be brought out or forth
יָצָא (ya.tsa) — to come out: send.
: send/take_out/release
1) to go out, come out, exit, go forth
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to go or come out or forth, depart
1a2) to go forth (to a place)
1a3) to go forward, proceed to (to or toward something)
1a4) to come or go forth (with purpose or for result)
1a5) to come out of
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to cause to go or come out, bring out, lead out
1b2) to bring out of
1b3) to lead out
1b4) to deliver
Hc/Vqw3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqw3ms
אָסָא ('Aca') refers to Asa, a king of Judah and a Levite. The entries indicate that Asa is of uncertain derivation, possibly meaning 'healer.' He is first mentioned in 1 Kings 15:8 as the son of Abijah and father of Jehoshaphat, and also appears in genealogies in Matthew. There is a suggestion of dual meanings, including 'injurious,' but this is uncertain.
אָסָא n.pr.m. (perh. healer) king of Judah, son of Abijam and father of Jehoshaphat
base
H609 אָסָא
609 'Aca' aw-saw'
of uncertain derivation; Asa, the name of a king and of a
Levite:--Asa.
אָסָא (a.sa) — Asa.
A king of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ki.15.8;
son of: Abijah (H0029I); married to Azubah (H5806);
father of: Jehoshaphat (H3092I); also called Asaph at Mat.1.7,8;
Also named: Asa (Ἀσά "Asaph" G0760)
§ Asa = "healer: injurious (?)"
1) king of Judah, son of Abijam, father of Jehoshaphat
2) a Levite
אָסָא (a.sa) — Asa.
A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at 1Ch.9.16;
son of: Elkanah (H0511K);
father of: Berechiah (H1296I)
§ Asa = "healer: injurious (?)"
1) king of Judah, son of Abijam, father of Jehoshaphat
2) a Levite
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
a'-sa ('aca', "healer"; Asa):
(1) A king of Judah, the third one after the separation of Judah and Israel. He was the son of Abijah and grandson of Rehoboam. Maacah, his mother, or rather grandmother, was daughter of Abishalom (Absalom) (1Ki 15:1 ff). The first ten years of his reign were prosperous and peaceful (2Ch 14:1). He introduced many reforms, such as putting away the sodomites or male prostitutes, removing idols from holy places, breaking down altars, pillars and Asherim. He even deposed the "queen mother" because of her idolatrous practices, and of the image which she had made for Asherah (1Ki 15:12 ff; 2Ch 14:3). Though the king himself, in the main, was a zealous…
Asa
Physician, son of Abijah and grandson of Rehoboam, was the third king of Judah. He was zealous in maintaining the true worship of God, and in rooting all idolatry, with its accompanying immoralities, out of the land (1 Kings 15:8-14). The Lord gave him and his land rest and prosperity. It is recorded of him, however, that in his old age, when afflicted, he “sought not to the Lord, but to the physicians” (comp. Jer. 17:5). He died in the forty-first year of his reign, greatly honoured by his people (2 Chr. 16:1-13), and was succeeded by his son Jehoshaphat.
(physician , or cure). Son of Abijah and third king of Judah. (B.C. 956-916.) (His long reign of 41 years was peaceful in its earlier portion, and he undertook the reformation of all abuses, especially of idolatry. He burnt the symbol of his grandmother Maachah’s religion and deposed her from the dignity of "king’s mother,") and renewed the great altar which the idolatrous priests apparently had desecrated. (2 Chronicles 15:8) Besides this he fortified cities on his frontiers, and raised an army, amounting, according to (2 Chronicles 14:8) to 580,000 men, a number probably exaggerated by an error of the copyist. During Asa’s reign, Zerah, at the head of an enormous host, (2 Chronicles 14:9) attacked Mareshah. There he was…
The third king of Judah after Solomon, son and successor of Abijam, 1Ki 15:8. He began to reign B. C. 951, and reigned forty-one years at Jerusalem. The first part of his reign was comparatively peaceful and prosperous. He restored the pure worship of God; expelled those who, from sacrilegious superstition, prostituted themselves in honor of their false gods; purified Jerusalem from the infamous practices attending the worship of idols; and deprived his mother of her office and dignity of queen, because she erected an idol to Astarte. In the eleventh year of his reign, God gave him the victory over the vast army of the Cushite king Zerah; and the prophet Azariah encouraged him to go on in his work of reform. And yet, when Baasha king of Israel opposed this very work, he sought aid not from God, but from heathen Syria. In the latter…
The Hebrew word פָּנֶה (*pāneh*) is a noun meaning 'face' or 'presence,' and it appears in various contexts, including the faces of seraphim and animals, as well as the surface of the ground. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'before' or 'in front of.' The word is built from a root that suggests turning or facing, and it encompasses a wide range of applications, both literal and figurative.
[פָּנֶה], pl. פָּנִים 2123 n.m. face, also faces
face, faces
presence, person
technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
face of seraphim
face of animals
face (= surface) of ground
as adv.loc. before
for other phrases
with prepositions
base
H6440 פָּנֶה, pl. פָּנִים face, also faces . . face, faces
. . presence, person
. technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
. face of seraphim
. face of animals
. face (= surface) of ground
. as adv. loc. before
. for other phrases
. with prepositions
6440 paniym paw-neem'
plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun (paneh
{paw-neh'}; from 6437); the face (as the part that turns);
used in a great variety of applications (literally and
figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a
preposition (before, etc.):--+ accept, a-(be- )fore(-time),
against, anger, X as (long as), at, + battle, + because (of),
+ beseech, countenance, edge, + employ, endure, + enquire,
face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er
time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, X him(-self), +
honourable, + impudent, + in, it, look(-eth) (- s), X me, +
meet, X more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), X on,
open, + out of, over against, the partial, person, + please,
presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, + regard, right
forth, + serve, X shewbread, sight, state, straight, + street,
X thee, X them(-selves), through (+ - out), till, time(-s)
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face: before.
: before/to/front
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face.
: face
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from…
HR/Ncmpc/Sp3ms — Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHR/Ncmpc/Sp3ms
עָרַךְ (arak) means to arrange or set in order, applicable in various contexts such as preparing a table, organizing a battle, or stating a legal case. It can also denote valuing or taxing in the Hiphil form. The word encompasses a wide range of meanings related to order and comparison.
עָרַךְ vb. arrange or set in order
Qal
arrange in order, seven altars
set or lay in order, as wood
in common life, arrange a table
arrange a battle, i.e. draw up in battle order
arrange weapons of army in order for battle
arrange words
state in order, set forth a legal case
compare (as result of arranging in order)
intrans. be comparable
base
עָרַךְ vb. denom. Hiph. value (for taxation), tax
base
H6186a עָרַךְ arrange or set in order .. . arrange in order, seven altars
. set or lay in order, as wood
. in common life, arrange a table
. arrange a battle, i.e. draw up in battle order
. arrange weapons of army in order for battle
. arrange words
. state in order, set forth a legal case
. . compare (as result of arranging in order)
. intrans. be comparable
H6186b עָרַךְ vb. denom. Hiph. value (for taxation), tax
6186 `arak aw-rak'
a primitive root; to set in a row, i.e. arrange, put in order
(in a very wide variety of applications):--put (set) (the
battle, self) in array, compare, direct, equal, esteem,
estimate, expert (in war), furnish, handle, join (battle),
ordain, (lay, put, reckon up, set) (in) order, prepare, tax,
value.
עָרַךְ (a.rakh) — to arrange.
1) to arrange, set or put or lay in order, set in array, prepare, order, ordain, handle, furnish, esteem, equal, direct, compare
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to arrange or set or lay in order, arrange, state in order, set forth (a legal case), set in place
1a2) to compare, be comparable
עָרַךְ (a.rakh) — to value.
(Hiphil) to value, tax
Hc/Vqw3mp — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine pluralHc/Vqw3mp
מִלְחָמָה (milchamah) means 'battle' or 'war.' It is derived from the root word for fighting and encompasses both specific engagements and the broader concept of warfare. The entries consistently define it in this way, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
מִלְחָמָה 319 n.f. battle, war
base
H4421 מִלְחָמָה battle, war
4421 milchamah mil-khaw-maw'
from 3898 (in the sense of fighting); a battle (i.e. the
engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare):--battle,
fight(-ing), war((-rior)).
see HEBREW for 03898
מִלְחָמָה (mil.cha.mah) — battle.
battle, war
HNcfsa — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
See WAR.
גַּיְא (gay) means 'valley' and specifically refers to a steep, narrow gorge. It is likely derived from a root meaning related to height. The term appears in various combinations with names of locations, indicating specific valleys, such as Topheth and Zeboim. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meaning.
גַּיְא n.m. valley
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H1516 גַּיְא valley
1516 gay' gah'-ee
or (shortened) gay {gah'-ee}; probably (by transmutation)
from the same root as 1466 (abbreviated); a gorge (from its
lofty sides; hence, narrow, but not a gully or
winter-torrent):--valley.
see HEBREW for 01466
גַּיְא (gay) — Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Another name of to.phet (תֹּ֫פֶת "Topheth" H8612)
גַּיְא (gay) — (Iphtahel) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with yiph.tach-el (יִפְתַּח־אֵל " of Iphtahel" H3317)
גַּיְא (gay) — (Zeboim) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with tse.vo.im (צְבֹעִים " of Zeboim" H6650H)
גַּיְא (gay) — (Salt) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with me.lach (מֶ֫לַח " of Salt" H4417H)
גַּיְא (gay) — Ge.
§ valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
גַּיְא (gay) — (Zephathah) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with tse.pha.tah (צְפַ֫תָה "Zephathah" H6859)
גַּיְא (gay) — Valley (Gate).
§ valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
גַּיְא (gay) — (Hamon-gog) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
HR/Ncbsc — Preposition · noun common both singular constructHR/Ncbsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
צְפַ֫תָה n.pr.loc. in Judah; 2 Ch 14:9
ref
H6859 צְפַ֫תָה, צְפָתָה
6859 Tsphathah tsef-aw'-thaw
the same as 6857; Tsephathah, a place in
Palestine:--Zephathah.
see HEBREW for 06857
צְפַ֫תָה (tse.pha.tah) — Zephathah.
§ Zephathah = "watch-tower"
a valley in western Judah
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
Zephathah
A valley in the west of Judah, near Mareshah; the scene of Asa’s conflict with Zerah the Ethiopian (2 Chr. 14:9-13). Identified with the Wady Safieh.
(watch-tower), The valley of, the spot in which Asa joined battle with Zerah the Ethiopian. (2 Chronicles 14:10) only.
A valley near Mareshah, south-west of Jerusalem, where Asa defeated Zerah the Cushite, 2Ch 14:10.
→ A valley west of Judah 2Ch 14:1
מָרֵשָׁה (Mar'eshah) refers to a location in the lowlands of Judah, meaning 'crest of a hill.' It is associated with two Israelites and is noted in the context of the Shephelah region. The name appears in 1 Chronicles 4:21, where it identifies a man from the tribe of Judah.
מָרֵשָׁה and מָרֵאשָׁה n.pr.loc. (etym. dub.) in (the Shephelah of) Judah
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H4762 מָרֵשָׁה, מָרֵאשָׁה, מַרְאֵשָׁה, מַרֵשָׁה
4762 Mar'eshah mar-ay-shaw'
or Mareshah {mar-ay-shaw'}; formed like 4761; summit;
Mareshah, the name of two Israelites and of a place in
Palestine:--Mareshah.
see HEBREW for 04761
מָרֵשָׁה (mar.e.shah) — Mareshah.
§ Mareshah = "crest of a hill"
one of the cities in the lowlands of Judah
מָרֵשָׁה (mar.e.shah) — Mareshah.
A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.21;
son of: Laadah (H3935)
§ Mareshah = "crest of a hill"
one of the cities in the lowlands of Judah
HR/Npl — Preposition · noun properHR/Npl
ma-re'-sha (mareshah; Septuagint: Codex Vaticanus Bathesar; Codex Alexandrinus Maresa): A town in the Shephelah of Judah named with Keilah and Achzib (Jos 15:44). It occupied such a position that Rehoboam thought well to fortify it for the protection of Jerusalem (2Ch 11:8). In the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah, Asa overwhelmed Zerah the Ethiopian and his army, pursuing them as far as Gezer (2Ch 14:9). From Mareshah came Eliezer the prophet who denounced disaster upon the commercial copartnery of Jehoshaphat and Ahaziah (2Ch 20:37). The place is mentioned in Mic (2Ch 1:15). Mareshah was plundered and burned by Judas…
Mareshah
Possession, a city in the plain of Judah (John. 15:44). Here Asa defeated Zerah the Ethiopian (2 Chr. 14:9, 10). It is identified with the ruin el-Mer’ash, about 1 1/2 mile south of Beit Jibrin.
A town in Judah, Jos 15:44, fortified by Rehobaoam, 2Ch 11:8, and the birthplace of Micah. In a valley near by, Asa defeated Zerah with an immense host of Ethiopians, 2Ch 14:9-13. It probably lay on the western border of Judah, just south of Eleutheropolis.
from the beginning; an inheritance