ἄν (1), a particle indicating that something can or could occur on certain conditions, or by the combination of certain fortuitous causes. In Latin it has no equivalent; nor do the English haply, perchance, German wohl (wol),etwa, exactly and everywhere correspond to it. The use of this particle in the N. T., illustrated by copious examples from Greek writers, is shown by Winers Grammar, § 42; (cf. Buttmann, 216ff (186ff). Its use in classic Greek is fully exhibited (by Prof. Goodwin) in Liddell and Scott, under the word). It is joined: I. in the apodoses of hypothetical sentences 1. with the imperfect, where the Latin uses the imperfect subjunctive, e. g. Luk_7:39 (ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν, sciret, he would know); Luk_17:6 (ἐλέγετε ἄν ye would say); Mat_23:30 (non essemus, we should not have been); Joh_5:46; Joh_8:42; Joh_9:41; Joh_15:19; Joh_18:36; 1Co_11:31; Gal_1:10; Gal_3:21 (but WH marginal reading brackets); Heb_4:8; Heb_8:4; Heb_8:7. 2. with the indicative aorist (where the Latin uses the pluperfect subjunctive like the future perfect subjunctive, I would have done it), to express what would have been, if this or that either were (εἰ with the imperfect in the protasis preceding), or had been (εἰ with the aorist or pluperfect preceding): Mat_11:21 and Luk_10:13 (ἄν μετενόησαν they would have repented; Mat_11:23; Mat_12:7 (ye would not have condemned); Mat_24:43 (he would have watched), 22 and Mar_13:20 (no one would have been saved, i. e. all even now would have to be regarded as those who had perished; cf. Winer's Grammar, 304 (286)); Joh_4:10 (thou wouldst have asked); Joh_14:2 (εἶπον ἄν I would have said so); Joh_14:28 (ye would have rejoiced); Rom_9:29 (we should have become); 1Co_2:8; Gal_4:15 (R G); Act_18:14. Sometimes the condition is not expressly stated, but is easily gathered from what is said: Luk_19:23 and Mat_25:27 (I should have received it back with interest, namely, if thou hadst given it to the bankers). 3. with the pluperfect: Joh_11:21 (R Tr marginal reading) (οὐκ ἄν ἐτεθνήκει (L T Tr text WH ἀπέθανεν) would not have died, for which, in Joh_11:32, the aorist οὐκ ἄν ἀπέθανε); Joh_14:7 (not Tdf.) (εἰ with the pluperfect preceding); 1Jn_2:19 (they would have remained with us). Sometimes (as in Greek writings, especially the later) ἄν is omitted, in order to intimate that the thing wanted but little (imperfect) or had wanted but little (pluperfect or aorist) of being done, which yet was not done because the condition was not fulfilled (cf. Alex. Alexander Buttmann (1873) in the Studien und Kritiken for 1858, p. 489ff; (N. T. Gram., p. 225 (194)); Fritzsche on Romans, vol. ii., 33; Winer's Grammar, § 42, 2, p. 305 (286)), e. g. Joh_8:39 (where the ἄν is spurious); Joh_15:22; Joh_15:24; Joh_19:11; Act_26:32; Rom_7:7; Gal_4:15 (ἄν before ἐδώκατέ has been correctly expunged by L T Tr WH). II. Joined to relative pronouns, relative adverbs, and adverbs of time and quality, it has the same force as the Latincumque orcunque, -ever, -soever (German irgend,etwa). 1. followed by a past tense of the indicative, when some matter of fact, something certain, is spoken of; where, "when the thing itself which is said to have been done is certain, the notion of uncertainty involved in ἄν belongs rather to the relative, whether pronoun or particle" (Klotz ad Der., p. 145) (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 42, 3 a.); ὅσοι ἄν as many as: Mar_6:56 (ὅσοι ἄν ἥπτοντο (ἥψαντο L text T Tr text WH) αὐτοῦ as many as touched him (cf. Buttmann, 216 (187))); Mar_11:24 (ὅσα ἄν προσευχόμενοι αἰτεῖσθε (Griesbach omits ἄν), but L text T Tr WH have rightly restored ὅσα προσεύχεσθε καί αἰτεῖσθε). καθότι ἄν in so far or so often as, according as (German jenachdemgerade): Act_2:45; Act_4:35. ὡς ἄν: 1Co_12:2 (in whatever manner ye were led (cf. Buttmann, § 139, 13; 383 (329f))). 2. followed by a subjunctive, a. the present, concerning that which may have been done, or is usually or constantly done (where the German usesmögen); ἡνίκα ἄν whensoever, as often as": 2Co_3:15 L T Tr WH; ὅς ἄν whoever, be he who he may: Mat_16:25 (L T Tr WH ἐάν); (Mar_8:35 (where T Tr WH future indicative; see WH's Appendix, p. 172)); Luk_10:5 (L T Tr WH aorist); Luk_10:8; Gal_5:17 (T Tr WH ἐάν, L brackets ἐάν); 1Jn_2:5; 1Jn_3:17; Rom_9:15 (Exo_33:19); Rom_16:2; 1Co_11:27 etc. ὅστις ἄν: 1Co_16:2 (Tr WH ἐάν; WH marginal reading aorist); Col_3:17 (L text Tr WH ἐάν). ὅσοι ἄν: Mat_7:12 (T WH ἐάν); (L T Tr WH ἐάν). ὅπου ἄν whithersoever: Luk_9:57 (L Tr ἐάν); Rev_14:4 (L Tr (T edition 7 not 8, WH) have adopted ὑπάγει, defended also by Buttmann, 228 (196)); Jas_3:4 (R G L Tr marginal reading in brackets). ὁσάκις ἄν how often soever: 1Co_11:25 f (where L T Tr WH ἐάν). ὡς ἄν in what way soever: 1Th_2:7 ((cf. Ellicott at the passage; Buttmann, 232 (201))), L T Tr WH ἐάν). b. the aorist, where the Latin uses the future perfect; ὅς ἄν: Mat_5:21-22 (εἴπῃ whoever, if ever anyone shall have said); Mat_5:31 f (in Mat_5:32 L T Tr WH read πᾶς ὁ ἀπολύων); Mat_10:11; Mat_26:48 (Tdf. ἐάν); Mar_3:29; Mar_3:35; Mar_9:41, etc. ὅστις ἄν: Mat_10:33 (L Tr WH text omit ἄν); ; Joh_14:13 (Tr marginal reading WH present); Act_3:23 (Tdf. ἐάν), etc. ὅσοι ἄν: Mat_21:22 (Treg. ἐάν); Mat_23:3 (T WH ἐάν); Mar_3:28 (Tr WH ἐάν); Luk_9:5 (L T Tr WH present); Joh_11:22; Act_2:39 (Lachmann οὕς); . ὅπου ἄν: Mar_14:9 (T WH ἐάν); (L T Tr WH ἐάν). ἄχρις οὗ ἄν until (donec): 1Co_15:25 Rec.; Rev_2:25. ἕως ἄν until (usquedum): Mat_2:13; Mat_10:11; Mat_22:44; Mar_6:10; Luk_21:32; 1Co_4:5, etc. ἡνίκα ἄν, of future time, not until then, when ... or then at length, when ...: 2Co_3:16 (T WH text ἐάν) (cf. Kühner, 2:951; Jelf, 2:565). ὡς ἄν as soon as (Buttmann, 232 (200)): 1Co_11:34; Php_2:23. ἀφ' οὗ ἄν ἐγερθῇ, Luk_13:25 (from the time, whatever the time is, when he shall have risen up). But ἐάν (which see) is also joined to the pronouns and adverbs mentioned, instead of ἄν; and in many places the manuscripts and editions fluctuate between ἄν and ἐάν (examples of which have already been adduced); (cf. Tdf. Proleg., p. 96; WH's Appendix, p. 173 "predominantly ἄν is found after consonants, and ἐάν after vowels"). Finally, to this head must be referred ὅταν (equivalent to ὅτε ἄν) with the indicative and much more often with the subjunctive (see ὅταν), and ὅπως ἄν, although this last came to be used as a final conjunction in the sense, that, if it be possible: Luk_2:35); Act_3:20 (); ; Rom_3:4; see ὅπως, IL 1 b. (Cf. Winers Grammar, 309 (290f); Buttmann, 234 (201).) III. ἄν is joined to the optative (Winers Grammar, 303 (284); Buttmann, 217 (188)); when a certain condition is laid down, as in wishes, I would that etc.: Act_26:29 (εὐξαίμην (Tdf. εὐξάμην) ἄν, I could pray, namely, did it depend on me); in direct questions (Winers Grammar, the passage cited; Buttmann, 254 (219)): Act_8:31 (πῶς ἄν δυναίμην; i. e. on what condition, by what possibility, could I? cf. Xenophon, oec. 11, 5); Act_17:18 (τί ἄν θέλοι ... λέγειν what would he say? it being assumed that he wishes to utter some definite notion or other); Act_2:12 R G; independent sentences and indirect questions in which the narrator introduces another's thought (Winers Grammar, § 42, 4; Buttmann, the passage cited]: Luk_1:62; Luk_6:11; Luk_9:46; (Luk_15:26 L brackets Tr WH; cf. Luk_18:36 Lbr. Trbr. WH marginal reading); Act_5:24; Act_10:17; Act_17:20 R G. IV. ἄν is found without a mood in 1Co_7:5 (εἰ μή τί ἄν (WH brackets ἄν), except perhaps, namely, γένοιτο (but cf. Alexander Buttmann (1873) as below)). ὡς ἄν, adverbially,tanquam (so already the Vulg.), as if: 2Co_10:9 (like ὥσπερ ἄν in Greek writings; cf. Kühner, 2:210 (sec. 398 Anm. 4; Jelf, § 430); Buttmann, 219 (189); (Liddell and Scott, under the word, D. III.)). STRONGS NT 302: ἄν (2)ἄν (2), contracted from ἐάν, if; followed by the subjunctive: Joh_20:23 (Lachmann ἐάν. Also by the (present) indicative in 1Jn_5:15 Lachmann; see Buttmann, 223 (192); Winers Grammar, 295 (277)). Further, L T Tr WH have received ἄν in Joh_13:20; Joh_16:23; (so WH Joh_12:32; cf. Winers Grammar, 291 (274); Buttmann, 72 (63)).

ἄν an 166x Fo r the various constructions of this particle, and their significance, consult a grammar. At the beginning of a clause, it is another form of ἐάν , if, Joh_20:23

ἄν , conditional particle, which cannot usually be separately translated in English, its force depending on the constructions which contain it (see further, LS , s.v. ; WM , § xlii; M , Pr., 165 ff .; MM , VGT , s.v. ). 1. In apodosis, (i) c . indic . impf . or aor. , expressing what would be or would have been if (εἰ c . impf ., aor. or plpf .) some con\-dition were or had been fulfilled: Luk_7:39 ; Luk_17:6 , Joh_5:46 , Gal_1:10 , Mat_12:7 ; Mat_24:43 , 1Co_2:8 , Act_18:14 , 1Jn_2:19 , al. The protasis is sometimes under\-stood (as also in cl .): Mat_25:27 , Luk_19:23 . In hypothetical sentences, expressing unreality, ἄν (as often in late writers, more rarely in cl .) is omitted: Joh_8:39 ; Joh_15:24 ; Joh_19:11 Rom_7:7 , Gal_4:15 ; (ii) c . opt., inf ., ptcp . ( cl .; v. LS , s.v. ; M , Int., § 275; M , Pr., 167-4). 2. In combination with conditional, relative, temporal, and final words; (i) as in cl ., c . subj., (a) in protasis with εἰ , in Attic contr . ἐάν , q.v. ; (b) in conditional, relative, and temporal clauses (coalescing with ὅτε , ἐπεί , etc.; see ὅταν , ἐπάν , etc.), ever, soever; (α ) c . Pres ., ἡνίϗα ἄν , 2Co_3:15 ; ὃς ἄν , Rom_9:15 ( LXX ) Rom_16:2 , al. ; ὅσοι ἄν , Luk_9:5 ; ὡς ἄν , Rom_15:24 ( M , Pr., 167); (β ) c . aor. , ὃς ἄν , Mat_5:21-22 ; Mat_5:31 ; ἕως ἄν , until , Mat_2:13 ; Mat_6:10 , al ; ὡς ἄν ' as soon as ( M , Pr., 167), 1Co_11:34 , Php_2:23 . On the freq . use of ἐάν for ἄν with the foregoing words, see ἐάν ; (ii) in late Gk ., when some actual fact is spoken of, c . indic .: ὅταν ( q.v. ); ὅπου ἄν , Mar_6:56 ( M , Pr., 168); καθοτι ἄν Act_2:45 ; Act_4:35 ; ὡς ἄν , 1Co_12:2 . 3. In iterative construc\-tion, c . impf . and aor. indic . ( M , Pr., 167): Act_2:45 ; Act_4:35 , 1Co_12:2 . 4. c . optat ., giving a potential sense to a question or wish: Act_8:31 ; Act_26:29 . 5. Elliptical constructions: εἰ μή τι ἄν ( M , Pr., 169), 1Co_7:5 ; ὡς ἄν , c . inf ., as it were (op. cit. 167), 2Co_10:9 . άν , contr . from ἐάν , q.v.

ἄν [page 29] For the rapid decay of this particle in Hellenistic vernacular, reference may be made to Proleg. pp. 165 9, 197 201 : a few additional points may be brought in. First comes the use with relatives and conjunctions, normally but by no means universally taking the subjunctive. Here in i/ and ii/A.D. ἐάν greatly predominated over ἄν , except with ὅπως , ὡς and ἕως . Thackeray ( Gr. p. 68), collecting statistics from more extensive material than had been available in Proleg. p. 43, sums up the results to the same purpose : about B.C. 133 ὃς [etc.] ἐάν begins to come to the front, and from i/B.C. onwards the latter is always the predominant form : the figures in both columns decrease in iii/ iv/A.D., when the use of the indefinite relative in any form was going out of use. The ultimate result of this process is seen in MGr, where the only traces left of ἄν are in the compounds σάν as, as soon as, and ἄν if, with κάν ( = κἄν ) even. Σάν is from ὡς ἄν , which in papyri is used in the same senses : thus BGU IV. 1098 .44 (end of i/B.C.) ὡς ἂν ἐπὶ το [ῦ κα ]ιροῦ κοινῶς κρίνωσι (according as), ib. 1209 .13 (B.C. 23) ὡς ἂν λάβῃς τὸ γράμμα (as soon as), P Hib I. 66 .4 (B.C. 228 7), ὡ [ς δ᾽ ἂν παραγένωμαι (do.). Several instances are collected by Witkowski ( .2 p. 87), and Php_2:23 , 1Co_11:34 , Rom_15:24 noted as parallel, as in Proleg. p. 167. The MGr ἄν inherits the uses of ἐάν . The latter in vernacular Hellenistic is stable, or even reverts to εἰάν by re-composition; but the form ἄν is found in many illiterate documents of the Κοινή (as for instance in the boy s letter, P Oxy I. 119 (ii/iii A.D.)), and may be the direct ancestor of the MGr. See Proleg. p. 43 n. .2 . On ἄν with opt., or ind. irrealis, see Proleg. pp. 197 201. A reference should be added to Goodspeed s convincing suggestion ( Exp T xx. 471 f.) that in Mar_7:11 we should read ὃ ἂν (so D) ἐξ ἐμοῦ ὠφελήθης , indic., what you would have gained from me. Two or three additional instances of ἄν in unreal clauses may be given from the papyri : P Tor I. 1 viii. 35 ff. (B.C. 116) (= Chrest. II. p. 39), καὶ εἴπερ γε δὴ ἐνόμιζεν ἔχειν τι δίκαιον κτλ ., οὐκ ἄν ποτε προαχθῆναι (depending on ὥστ᾽ εὔδηλον εἶναι in l. .31 ), P. Giss I. 47 17 (early ii/A.D.) τὸ ὀνάριον τὸ χαλκοῦν εἰ ἐπωλεῖτο δραχμῶν κ̄ δ ̄ , ε̣͗κτοτε ἂν ἔπεμψά σοι , ib. 79 ii. 6 (same period) εἰ δυνατόν μ [οι ] ῆ̣̔ν κτλ ., οὐκ ἂν ὠ [κ ]νήκειν , BGU IV. 1141 27 f. (end of i/B.C.) ἠ ( l. εἰ ) ἦν δάκρυά σοι γράφειν , γεγραφήκειν ἂν ἀπ̣ο̣, τῶν δακρύων , CP Herm I. 7 7f. εἰ μἐν δὴ χορηγία τις [ἦ ]ν κτλ . (a gap of 21 letters included), οὐδὲν ἂν ἡμᾶ [ς ἔδει πε ]ρὶ τού [τ ]ων δεῖσθαι . To the papyrus exx. of ἄν dropped Proleg. 3 p. 200 n. 1 ), add PSI 71 9 f. (vi/A.D.) εἰ μὴ ἡ θεία πρόνοια ἐβοήθησεν κτλ ., εἶχαν ἀλ̣λ̣η̣λ̣[ους ] ἀναιλῖν ( l. ἀνελεῖν ). The fewness of our exx. shows that the NT omissions of ἄν , practically confined to Jn, are not normal Κοινή grammar, except in clauses where omission was classical : the construction itself was dying out, but the ἄν was preserved while the locution lasted. MGr uses a periphrastic conditional mood (Thumb Handbook , p. 195).

ἄν, conditional particle, which cannot usually be separately translated in English, its force depending on the constructions which contain it (see further, LS, see word; WM, §xlii; M, Pr., 165 ff.; MM, VGT, see word). __1. In apodosis, __(i) with indic, imperfect or aor., expressing what would be or would have been if (εἰ with impf., aor. or plpf.) some condition were or had been fulfilled: Luk.7:39 17:6, Jhn.5:46, Gal.1:10, Mat.12:7 24:43, 1Co.2:8, Act.18:14, 1Jn.2:19, al. The protasis is sometimes understood (as also in cl.): Mat.25:27, Luk.19:23. In hypothetical sentences, expressing unreality, ἄν (as often in late writers, more rarely in cl.) is omitted: Jhn.8:39 15:24 19:11, Rom.7:7, Gal.4:15; __(ii) with opt., inf., ptcp. (cl.; see LS, see word; M, Int., §275; M, Pr., 167:4). __2. In combination with conditional, relative, temporal, and final words; __(i) as in cl., with subj., __(a) in protasis with εἰ, in Attic contr. ἐάν, which see; __(b) in conditional, relative, and temporal clauses (coalescing with ὅτε, ἐπεί, etc.; see: ὅταν, ἐπάν, etc.), ever, soever; __(α) with pres., ἡνίκα, 2Co.3:15; ὃς ἄν, Rom.9:15 (LXX) 16:2, al.; ὅσοι ἄν, Luk.9:5; ὡς ἄν, Rom.15:24 (M, Pr., 167); __(β) with aor., ὃς ἄν, Mat.5:21, 22, 31; ἕως ἄν, until, Mat.2:13, Mrk.6:10, al.; ὡς ἄν, as soon as (M, Pr., 167), 1Co.11:34, Php.2:23. On the frequently use of ἐάν for ἄν with the foregoing words, see: ἐάν; __(ii) in late Gk., when some actual fact is spoken of, with indic.: ὅταν (which see); ὅπου ἄν, Mrk.6:56 (M, Pr., 168); καθότι ἄν, Act.2:45 4:35; ὡς ἄν, 1Co.12:2. __3. in iterative construction, with imperfect and aor. indic. (M, Pr., 167): Act.2:45 4:35, 1Co.12:2. __4. with optative, giving a potential sense to a question or wish: Act.8:31 26:29. __5. Elliptical constructions: εἰ μή τι ἄν (M, Pr., 169), 1Co.7:5; ὡς ἄν, with inf., as it were (op. cit. 167), 2Co.10:9. (AS)