ἐπί (before a rough breathing ἐφ' (occasionally in manuscripts ἐπ'; see e. g. Psa_145:3 ()), and also in some instances before a smooth breathing (as ἐφ' ἐλπίδι, Act_2:26 L; Rom_8:20-21 Tdf.); see ἀφειδον. It neglects elision before proper names beginning with a vowel (except Αἴγυπτον Act_7:10; Act_7:18) and (at least in Tdf.s text) before some other words, see the Proleg., p. 94f; cf. Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 a.; Buttmann, p. 10), a preposition (from the Sanskrit local prefix ἀρι; Curtius, § 335), joined to the genitive, the dative, and the accusative; its primary signification is upon (Latinsuper; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 374 (350) note)). A. with the genitive (cf. Winers Grammar, § 47, g.; Buttmann, 336 (289)); I. of place; and 1. of the place on which; a. upon the surface of (Latinin orsuper with the abl., German auf with the dative); after verbs of a biding, remaining, standing, going, coming, etc.; of doing anything: ἐπί κλίνης, Mat_9:2; Luk_17:34; ἐπί τοῦ δώματος, Mat_24:17; Luk_17:31; ἐπ' ἐρημίας (cf. on a desert), Mar_8:4; ἐπί τῶν νεφελῶν, Mat_24:30; Mat_26:64; ἐπί (τῆς) γῆς, Mat_6:10; Mat_9:6; Mat_23:9; Mat_28:18; Luk_21:25; Act_2:19, and very often; ἐπί τῆς θαλάσσης, on (the surface of) the sea, Mat_14:25 R G; 26 L T Tr WH; Mar_6:48 (49); Rev_5:13, and, according to the interpretations of many, Joh_6:19; but cf. Baumg.-Crusius at the passage (per contra, cf. Lücke at the passage; Meyer on Matthew, the passage cited) (Job_9:8; βαδίζειν ἐφ' ὕδατος, Lcian. philops. 13; ἐπί τοῦ πελαγους διαθεοντες, v. h. 2, 4; (Artemidorus Daldianus, oneir. 3, 16); on a different sense of the phrase ἐπί γῆς θαλάσσης see 2 a. below (Winer's Grammar, 374 (351))); ποιεῖν σημεῖα ἐπί τῶν ἀσθενούντων, to be seen upon the bodies of men, externally, (on the sick (cf. Winer's Grammar, 375 (351))), Joh_6:2; ἐκάθισα and κάθημαι (καθέζομαι) ἐπί, Mat_19:28; Mat_23:2; Mat_24:3; Mat_25:31; Mat_27:19; Joh_19:13; Act_20:9; Rev_9:17, etc.; ἔστην, ἕστηκα ἐπί, Luk_6:17; Act_21:40; Rev_10:5; Rev_10:8; where parts of the body are spoken of: ἐπί χειρῶν, Mat_4:6; Luk_4:11; ἐπί τῆς κεφαλῆς, Joh_20:7; 1Co_11:10; Rev_10:1 R G (others, accusative); ; σινδόνα ἐπί γυμνοῦ, Mar_14:51; ἐπί τοῦ μετώπου (or μετώπων), Rev_7:3; Rev_9:4; Rev_13:16 (Rec., others, accusative); Rev_14:9. b. Like the preposition ἐν (see the exposition under the word ἐν, I. 7, p. 212{a} ), so also ἐπί with the genitive is used after verbs expressing motion to indicate the rest following the motion; thus after βάλλειν, Mar_4:26; Mat_26:12; σπείρειν, Mar_4:31; τιθέναι, Joh_19:19; Act_5:15; (Luk_8:16 L T Tr WH); ἐπιτιθεναι, Luk_8:16 (R G); καθιεναι, Act_10:11; πίπτειν, Mar_9:20; Mar_14:35; ἐπιγράφειν, Heb_10:16 R G; ἑλκύειν, Joh_21:11 R G; ἔρχεσθαι, Heb_6:7; Rev_3:10; (anatellein], Luk_12:54 T Tr marginal reading WH); γενόμενος ἐπί τοῦ τόπου (cf. our having arrived on the spot), Luk_22:40 (cf. Winer's Grammar, p. 376 (352) and see below, C. I. 1 b. at the end). κρεμαν τινα ἐπί (Hebrew ςΗμ ϊΘΜμΘδ, Gen_40:19; Deu_21:22, etc.), for which the Latin hassuspendereex,de,a, andalicui, Act_5:30; Act_10:39; Gal_3:13. c. figuratively used of that upon which anything rests (like our upon) (cf. Winers Grammar, 375 (351); Buttmann, 336 (289); Ellicott on 1 Timothy as below): ἵνα σταθῇ ἐπί στόματος etc. (ςΗμΞτΔΜι ιΘχεΜν, Deu_19:15), resting on the declaration, etc., Mat_18:16; 2Co_13:1; more simply ἐπί μαρτύρων, 1Ti_5:19; in the adverb phrase ἐπ' ἀληθείας (on the ground of truth), see ἀλήθεια, I. 1. (c. akin is its use (with a personal or a reflexive pronoun) to denote dependence, as in λογιζέσθω ἐφ' (others ἀφ' which see II. 2 d. aa.) ἑαυτοῦ, 2Co_10:7 T Tr WH (for himself, i. e. apart from and independently of others; R. V. with himself); cf. Kühner, 2:432; Liddell and Scott, under the word A. I. 1 d.) d. figuratively used of things, affairs, persons, which one is set over, over which he exercises power; Latinsupra, our over (cf. below, B. 2 b. and C. I. 2 e.): ἐπί πάντων, Rom_9:5; Eph_4:6 (where ἐπί, διά and ἐν are distinguished); καθίστημι τινα ἐπί τίνος, Mat_24:45; Mat_25:21; Mat_25:23; Luk_12:42; Act_6:3 (Gen_39:4-5; 1Ma_6:14 1Ma_10:37, etc.; Plato, rep. 5, p. 460 b., etc.); δίδωμι τίνι ἐξουσίαν ἐπί τίνος, Rev_2:26; ἔχω ἐξουσίαν ἐπί τίνος, Rev_20:6; βασιλεύειν ἐπί τίνος, Mat_2:22 R G Tr brackets; Rev_5:10; ἔχειν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ βασιλέα, Rev_9:11; ἔχειν βασιλείαν ἐπί τῶν βασιλέων, Rev_17:18; ὅς ἦν ἐπ' τῆς γάζης, who was over the treasury, Act_8:27; ὁ ἐπί τοῦ κοιτῶνος, he who presided over the bedchamber, the chamberlain, Act_12:20 (Passow, i., 2, p. 1035a gives many examples from Greek authors (cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word A. III. 1; Lob. ad Phryn., p. 474; Sophocles Lexicon, under the word); for examples from the O. T. Apocrypha see Wahl, Clavis Apocr., p. 218a). e. of that to which the mental act looks or refers: λέγειν ἐπί τίνος, to speak upon (of) a thing, Gal_3:16 (Plato, Charm., p. 155 d.; legg. 2, p. 662 d.; Aelian v. h. 1, 30;scriberesuperre, Cicero, ad Att. 16, 6;dissereresuper, Tacitus, ann. 6, 28; cf. Winers Grammar, 375 (351); (Buttmann, 336 (289))). f. of one on whom an obligation has been laid: εὐχήν ἔχειν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ, have (taken) on themselves a vow, have bound themselves by a vow, Act_21:23 (WH text ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν (see ἀπό, II. 2 d. aa.)). 2. used of vicinity, i. e. of the place at, near, hard by, which (German bei,an); a. properly, κόλπος ὁ ἐπί ποσιδηιου, Herodotus 7, 115; ἐπί τῶν θυρῶν (Act_5:23 L T Tr WH) (1Ma_1:55; (Plutarch, G. Gracch. 14, 3, p. 841 c.)); cf. Matthiae, ii., p. 1366 § 584; Passow, under the word, p. 1034b; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, I. 1 a., at the end). But the examples of this signification adduced from the N. T. (with the exception of Acts, the passage cited) (and most of those from Greek authors also) are such as to allow the rendering of ἐπί by super also, over or above (so Winer's Grammar, 374f (351)): ἐπί τῆς θαλάσσης at the sea, upon the shore, or above the sea, for the shore overhung the sea, Joh_6:19 (?(cf. 1 a. above)); (Exo_14:2; Deu_1:40; 1Ma_14:34 1Ma_15:11; Polybius 1, 44, 4; cf. the FrenchBoulognesurmer,ChalonssurMarne (English Stratford on Avon), etc.; ἐπί τοῦ ποταμοῦ Eze_1:1; (Xenophon, an. 4, 3, 28); ἐπί τοῦ Ιορδάνου, 2Ki_2:7); ἐσθίειν ἐπί τῆς τραπέζης τίνος (German überJemandsTischeessen (cf. English over one's food, over one's cups, etc.)), food and drink placed upon the table, Luk_22:30 cf. Luk_22:21; συκῆν ἐπί τῆς ὁδοῦ, a fig tree above (i. e. higher than) the way, Mat_21:19. b. before, with the genitive of a person, in the presence of one as spectator, or auditor (Winers Grammar, 375 (351); Buttmann, 336 (289)): Mat_28:14 (L Tr WH marginal reading ὑπό); Mar_13:9; Act_24:19-20; Act_25:9; Act_26:2; 1Co_6:1; 1Co_6:6; 2Co_7:14; 1Ti_6:13 (some bring this under II. below; see μαρτυρέω); ἐπί τοῦ βήματος Καίσαρος, Act_25:10. c. ἐπί τοῦ (Rec. τῆς) βάτου at the bush, i. e. at the place in the sacred volume where the bush is spoken of, Mar_12:26 (see ἐν, I. 1 d.). II. of Time when; with the genitive of a person in the time or age of a man (in the days of); at the time when an office was held by one; under the administration of (cf. Winers Grammar, 375 (352); Buttmann, 336 (289)): Mar_2:26; Luk_3:2; Luk_4:2; Act_11:28; (1Ma_13:42 1Ma_14:27 (for other examples in which this phrase is equivalent to in or of the reign etc. of, and is preceded by a specification of the year etc., see B. D. American edition, p. 651 note{b} ); 2Ma_8:19 2Ma_15:22; for numerous examples from Greek writings see Passow, i., 2, p. 1035, floss fully in Liddell and Scott, under the word, A. II.)). with the genitive of a tiring, at the time of any occurrence: ἐπί τῆς μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος, at the time of the deportation to Babylon, Mat_1:11; (on Luk_12:54 T Tr marginal reading WH see δυσμή); of the time when any occupation is (or was) carried on: ἐπί τῶν προσευχῶν μου, Latin in precibus meis, at my prayers, when I am praying, Rom_1:10 (9); Eph_1:16; 1Th_1:2; Phm_1:4. of time itself, ἐπ' ἐσχάτων and (according to another reading) ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν (literally, at the end of the days): 2Pe_3:3; Heb_1:2 (1) (for the Hebrew δΗιΘξΔιν αΐΜΰΗηΒψΔιϊ, Gen_49:1; Num_24:14; Jeremiah 37:24 (); Mic_4:1; Dan_10:14); ἐπ' ἐσχάτου τοῦ χρόνου, Jud_1:18 L T Tr WH; (τῶν χρόνων, 1Pe_1:20 L T Tr WH). B. with the dative, used of place (Winers Grammar, 392f (366f); Buttmann, 336f (289f)); and 1. properly; a. of the place where or in which (Latinin with the abl., German auf with the dative) (English on, etc.), where continuance, position, situation, etc., are spoken of: ἐφ' ᾧ (L text T Tr WH ὅπου) κατέκειτο, Mar_2:4; λίθος ἐπί λίθῳ (λίθον T Tr WH), Mar_13:2; ἐπί πίνακι, Mat_14:8; Mat_14:11; Mar_6:25; ἐπί τοῦ κραββάτοις, Mar_6:55; ἀνακλῖναι πάντας ἐπί τῷ χόρτῳ, Mar_6:39; ἐπέκειτο ἐπ' αὐτῷ, lay upon it, Joh_11:38; ἐφ' ἵπποις, Rev_19:14. b. of the place in which (Latinin with the abl., German auf with the accusative), after verbs expressing motion toward a place, to denote a remaining in the place after the motion (English upon, at, etc.): βάλλειν λίθον ἐπιτινι, the dative of person, Joh_8:7 Rec.; οἰκοδομεῖν, Mat_16:18; ἐποικοδόμειν, Eph_2:20; ἐπιβάλλειν, Mat_9:16 (Luk_5:36 ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπί τί); ἐπιρράπτειν, Mar_2:21 (where L T Tr WH have ἐπί with the accusative); ἐπιπίπτειν, Act_8:16. c. of the place above which (Latinsuper, German über (English over)): ἐπ' αὐτῷ, over his head, Luk_23:38 (for which Mat_27:37 ἐπάνω τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ). d. of the place at, or by, or near which: ἐπί θύραις and ἐπί τῇ θύρα, Mat_24:33; Mar_13:29; Act_5:9 (and often in Greek writings; cf. Passow, under the word, p. 1037a; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. I. 1 a.; cf. A. I. 2 a. above)); ἐπί τῇ προβατικῇ, Joh_5:2; ἐπί τῷ ποταμῷ, Rev_9:14; ἐπί τῇ στοά, Act_3:11; ἐπ' (L T Tr WH παῥ) αὐτοῖς ἐπιμεῖναι, Act_28:14. 2. Metaphorically; a. of that upon which any action, effect, condition, rests as a basis or support; properly, upon the ground of; and α. of that upon which anything is sustained or upheld: ζῆν ἐπί τίνι, to sustain life on (by) a thing, Mat_4:4 (where L Tr, the second time, ἐν; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 389 (364) note)); Luk_4:4 (Deu_8:3 for ςΗμ ηΘιΘδ; Plato, Alcib. 1, p. 105 c.; Plutarch, de cup. divit. 7, p. 526 d.; Alciphron, epistles 3, 7, etc.); συνιέναι ἐπί τοῖς ἄρτοις, to understand by reasoning built upon the loaves, Mar_6:52 (cf. Winers Grammar, 392 (367); Buttmann, 337 (290)). β. of that upon which anything rests (our upon): ἐπ' ἐλπίδι (see in ἐλπίς, 2), supported by hope, in hope (cf; Winer's Grammar, § 51, 2f.), Act_2:26; Rom_4:18; 1Co_9:10 (differently in ε. below); to do anything ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι τίνος, relying upon the name i. e. the authority of anyone (cf. Winer's Grammar, 393 (367)): ἐλεύσονται ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι μου, appropriating to themselves the name of Messiah, which belongs to me, Mat_24:5; Mar_13:6; Luk_21:8 (in which passage λέγοντες, ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμί ὁ Χριστός is added by way of explanation); βαπτίζεσθαι ἐπί (L Tr WH ἐν) τῷ ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ, so as to repose your hope and confidence in his Messianic authority, Act_2:38; δέχεσθαι τινα ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι μου, to receive one because he bears my name, is devoted to my authority and instruction, Mat_18:5; Mar_9:37; Luk_9:48. to do anything upon the name of Christ, his name being introduced, appeal being made to his authority and command: as κηρύσσειν, διδάσκειν, etc., Luk_24:47; Act_4:17-18; Act_5:28; Act_5:40; δύναμιν ποιεῖν, δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλειν, using his name as a formula of exorcism (cf. Winer's Grammar, 393 (367)), Mar_9:39; Luk_9:49 (WH Tr marginal reading ἐν). γ. of that upon which as a foundation any superstructure is reared: νομοθετεῖσθαι, Heb_7:11 (ἐπ' αὐτῇ, for which L T Tr WH have ἐπ' αὐτῆς); ; after verbs of trusting, believing, hoping, etc.: ἀρκεῖσθαι ἐπί τίνι, 3Jn_1:10; παρρησιάζεσθαι, Act_14:3; πεποιθέναι, Mat_27:43 L text WH marginal reading; Luk_11:22; Luk_18:9; Mar_10:24 (T WH omit; Tr marginal reading brackets the clause); 2Co_1:9; Heb_2:13; πιστεύειν, Luk_24:25; Rom_9:33; Rom_10:11, etc.; ἐλπίζειν (see ἐλπίζω) (cf. C. I. 2 g. α. below). δ. of the reason or motive underlying words and deeds, so that ἐπί is equivalent to for, on account of (Winers Grammar, 394 (368); Buttmann, 337 (290)): Mat_19:9 R G T Tr WH text; Luk_5:5 (ἐπί τῷ ῤήματι σου, at thy word, German auf; (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 48, c. d.; in reliance on)); Act_3:16 (WH omit); (L Tr marginal reading have the genitive); ; 1Co_8:11 (ἀπολλυσθαι ἐπί τίνι, German zuGrundegehenüber etc. (cf. Winers Grammar, 394 (368) note, but L T Tr WH read ἐν)); Php_3:9; after αἰνεῖν, Luk_2:20; δοξάζειν, Act_4:21; 2Co_9:13 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357)); μαρτυρεῖν, Heb_11:4; εὐχαριστεῖν etc. to give thanks for, 1Co_1:4; 2Co_9:15; Php_1:5; 1Th_3:9. ἐφ' ᾧ (equivalent to ἐπί τούτῳ, ὅτι for that, on the ground of this, that) because that, because, Rom_5:12 (on the various interpretations of this passage see Dietzsch, Adam und Christus. Bonn 1871, p. 50ff); 2Co_5:4 (Rec.st ἐπειδή); Php_3:12 (ἐφ' ᾧ ὁ σατανᾶς οὐκ ἴσχυσε θανατῶσαι αὐτούς, Theophilus of Antioch ad Antol. 2, 29, p. 138, Otto edition; ἐφ' ᾧ Γενναδιον ἔγραψεν, for the reason that he had accused Gennadius, Synes. epistle 73; cf. Hermann ad Vig., p. 710; the better Greeks commonly used ἐφ' οἷς in the same sense, cf. Winers Grammar, 394 (368); (Fritzsche or Meyer on Romans, the passage cited; Ellicott on Philippians, the passage cited)). Used especially after verbs signifying a mental affection or emotion, where we also often say over (for examples from Greek writings see Passow, i. 2, p. 1039b; Krüger, § 68, 41, 6; (cf. Winers Grammar, 393 (368) c.)): as ἀγαλλιαν, Luk_1:47; χαίρειν, Mat_18:13; Luk_1:14; Luk_13:17; Rom_16:19, etc.; χαρά ἔσται, Luk_15:7; χαράν (Rec. χάριν) ἔχω, Phm_1:7; παρακαλεῖν, παρακαλεῖσθαι, 2Co_1:4; 2Co_7:13; 1Th_3:7; κλαίειν, Luk_19:41 R G; κοπετόν ποιεῖν, Act_8:2; κόπτεσθαι, Rev_18:9 (T Tr WH text the accusative); ὀδύνασθαι, Act_20:38; ὀλολύζειν, Jas_5:1; στυγνάζειν, Mar_10:22; συλλυπεῖσθαι, Mar_3:5; μετανοεῖν ἐπί, to grieve over, repent of, 2Co_12:21; σπλαγχνίζεσθαι, Mat_14:14 G L T Tr WH; Mar_6:34 R G; Luk_7:13 (Tdf. the accusative); μακροθύμειν, Mat_18:26 (Tr the accusative), 29 (L Tr the accusative); Luk_18:7 (see μακροθυμέω, 2); Jas_5:7; ὀργίζεσθαι, Rev_12:17 (Lachmann omits ἐπἰ; ἐκπλήσσεσθαι, Mat_7:28; Mar_1:22; Luk_4:32; Act_13:12; διαταράσσεσθαι, Luk_1:29; ἐξίστασθαι, Luk_2:47; θαμβεῖσθαι, Mar_10:24; θάμβος, Luk_5:9; Act_3:10; θαυμάζειν, Mar_12:17; Luk_2:33; Luk_4:22; Luk_9:43; Luk_20:26; Act_3:12; καυχᾶσθαι, Rom_5:2; ἐπαισχύνεσθαι, Rom_6:21; παραζηλουν and παροργίζειν τινα ἐπί τίνι, Rom_10:19. ε. of the rule, or condition (Winers Grammar, 394 (368) d.): ἐπ' ἐλπίδι, a hope being held out or given, Rom_8:20; Tit_1:2 (differently in β. above); ἐπί δυσίν ... μάρτυσιν, on condition that two witnesses testify to the matter in question (at (the mouth of) two etc.; cf. Winer's Grammar, 392 (367)), Heb_10:28; ἐπί νεκροῖς, equivalent to ὄντων νεκρῶν (in the case of the dead), if anyone has died, Heb_9:17. ζ. of the purpose and end (unto, for; Winers Grammar, 394 (368) e.): ἐπ' ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ, to worship and profess his name, Act_15:14 Rec.; καλεῖν τινα ἐπί τίνι, Latinadaliquid, Gal_5:13; 1Th_4:7 (ἐπί ξένια, Xenophon, an. 7, 6, 3; cf. Winer's Grammar, as above); κτισθεντε ἐπί ἔργοις ἀγαθοῖς, Eph_2:10; φρονεῖν ἐπί τίνι to take thought for a thing, Php_4:10; ἐφ' ᾧ (by a later Greek impropriety for ἐπί τίνι, cf. Winers Grammar, § 24, 4; (Buttmann, § 139, 59; but on the extreme doubtfulness of this alleged use of ὅς in direct questions, see present T. D. Woolsey in the Bibliotheca Sacra for Apr. 1874, p. 314ff)) πάρει; for what purpose art thou come? Vulg.adquid (others,quod)venisti? Mat_26:50 R (but G L T Tr WH ἐφ' ὁ, see C. I. 2 g. γ. αα. below) (Theoph. ἐπί ποιῶ σκόπω; cf. Herodotus 7, 146 πυθόμενος, ἐπ' ὁισι ἦλθον; (but the view of many ancient expositors which explains the passage by an aposiopesis: that for which thou hast come do is thoroughly established by Dr. Woolsey, as above)). of the issue or undesigned result: λογομαχεῖν ἐπί καταστροφή τῶν ἀκουόντων, 2Ti_2:14; (τοῖς ἐπί ὠφέλεια πεποιημενοις ἐπί βλάβη χρῆσθαι, Xenophon, mem. 2, 3, 19). εε. of the pattern or standard (A. V. after; Winer's Grammar, 394 (368) f.): καλεῖν τινα ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι τίνος, to call one after the name of another, Luk_1:59 (Neh_7:63 (Winer's Grammar, 410 (382))); ἐπί τῷ ὁμοιώματι τίνος after the likeness of a thing, Rom_5:14. b. of that over which one is placed, for its care or administration: ἐπί τοῖς ὑπάρχουσι τινα καθιστάναι, Luk_12:44 (cf. A. I. 1 d. above (also C. I. 2 e. below); Lob. ad Phryn., p. 474f; Bernhardy (1829), p. 249; (Winers Grammar, 393 (367) a.)). e. used of a hostile aim, against (for examples from Greek writings from Homer down, see Passow, i. 2, p. 1036a; (cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. I. 1 c.; Winers Grammar, 392 (367); Buttmann, 337 (290))): Luk_12:52 f; θλῖψις γενομένη ἐπί Στεφάνῳ (Στεφάνου, L Tr marginal reading), Act_11:19 (A. V. about). d. of that to which anything is added (so that it is, as it were, upon it); in addition to; over and above (Winers Grammar, 393 (367f) b.): 2Co_7:13 (L T Tr WH ἐπί δέ τῇ παρακλήσει ὑμῶν (but L T Tr WH ἡμῶν) περισσοτέρως κτλ., but in addition to the comfort given (us) by you, we rejoiced the more exceedingly etc. (A. V. in etc. (of condition))); κερδαίνειν τί ἐπί τίνι, Mat_25:20; Mat_25:22 R G; ἔχειν λύπην ἐπί λύπη, Php_2:27 Rec. (Euripides, Iph. T. 197 φόνος ἐπί φόνῳ, Troad. 596 ἐπί δ' ἀλγεσιν ἀλγεα, Sophocles O. C. 544 ἐπί νόσῳ νόσον; (cf. Meyer on Philippians, the passage cited; but G L T Tr WH give the accusative, see C. I. 2 e. below)); προστιθεναι ἐπί, Luk_3:20; ἐπί πᾶσι τούτοις, besides all this, Luk_16:26 (L marginal reading T Tr marginal reading WH ἐν; see ἐν, I. 5 e., p. 211a); Eph_6:16 (L text T Tr WH ἐν (and there is no τούτοις); see ἐν, as above); Col_3:14 (Sir_37:15; 1Ma_10:42; (classic examples in Wetstein (1752) on Luke, the passage cited)); add also Heb_8:1 (see Lünem. at the passage); Heb_9:10; 1Co_14:16. e. of that which is connected as an adjunct (especially of time) with the principal matter under consideration (in German generallybei, i. e. at, on, etc.) (Winer's Grammar, 392 (367)): ἐυχαριστο τῷ Θεῷ μου ἐπί πάσῃ τῇ μνεία ὑμῶν, at every mention of you, as often as I call you to mind, Php_1:3 (but see Meyer, Ellicott, Lightfoot at the passage, and under the word πᾶς, I. 2); σπένδομαι ἐπί τῇ θυσία, while engaged in (busied over) the sacrifice, Php_2:17; ἐπί συντέλεια τῶν αἰώνων, Heb_9:26; ἐπί τῇ πρώτη διαθήκη, Php_2:15; σπείρειν and θερίζειν ἐπ' εὐλογίαις, so that blessings attend, i. e. bountifully, freely, 2Co_9:6; ἐπί πάσῃ τῇ ἀνάγκη, 1Th_3:7; ἐπί τῷ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν while your anger lasts, Eph_4:26; ἐπί τούτῳ meanwhile, i. e. while this was going on ((?), upon this), Joh_4:27. f. of the object of an action, and α. where the German usesan (English on (nearly equivalent to to)): πράσσειν τί ἐπί τίνι, Act_5:35 (like δραν τί ἐπί τίνι, Herodotus 3, 14; Aelian n. an. 11, 11); cf. Bernhardy (1829), p. 250 bottom; (but see Buttmann, 337 (290)); ὁ γέγονεν ἐπ' αὐτῇ, Mar_5:33 (T Tr WH omit; L brackets ἐπί); ἀναπληροῦσθαι, Mat_13:14 Rec. β. where the German saysüber, (English upon, of, concerning), after verbs of writing, speaking, thinking: γεγραμμένα ἐπ' αὐτῷ, Joh_12:16 (Herodotus 1, 66); προφητεύειν, Rev_10:11; μαρτυρεῖν, R G T Tr text WH text (see μαρτυρέω, a.) (δόξα ἐπί τῇ εὐσέβεια, an opinion about, on, piety, 4Ma_5:17 (18)). C. with the accusative (Winers Grammar, § 49,1.; Buttmann, 337f (290f)); I. of place; 1. properly; a. of the place above, over, which, our up on, on to: after verbs signifying motion and continuance, ἐλθεῖν, περιπατεῖν ἐπί τά ὕδατα, Mat_14:28 f; ἐπί τήν θάλασσαν, Mat_14:25 L T Tr WH, 26 R G (πλεῖν ἐπί Πόντον, Homer, Odyssey 1, 183); ἀναπεσεῖν ἐπί τήν γῆν, Mat_15:35; ἐπί τό στῆθος τίνος, Joh_21:20; ἀνακλιθῆναι ἐπί τούς χόρτους, Mat_14:19 R G; κατοικεῖν ἐπί πᾶν τό πρόσωπον (L T Tr WH παντός προσώπου (cf. πᾶς, I. 1 c.)) τῆς γῆς, Act_17:26; καθῆσθαι, Luk_21:35; ἦλθε λιμός ἐφ' ὅλην τήν γῆν, Act_7:11; σκότος ἐγένετο ἐπί πᾶσαν τήν γῆν, Mat_27:45. over i. e. along: εἱστήκει ἐπί τόν αἰγιαλόν, Mat_13:2 (Winers Grammar, 408 (380); differently in d. below). b. of motion to a place whose surface is occupied or touched (German auf with the accusative), upon, unto, etc.; after verbs of going, coming, ascending, descending, falling, etc.: πορεύεσθαι ἐπί τήν ὁδόν, Act_8:26; Act_9:11; ἐπί τάς διεξόδους, Mat_22:9; προέρχεσθαι, Act_20:13 (here Tr WH marginal reading προσέρχεσθαι); φεύγειν, Mat_24:16 (where L Tr WH text εἰς); ἐξέρχεσθαι, Luk_8:27; ἐξιέναι, Act_27:43; ἐπιβαίνειν, Mat_21:5; ἀναβαίνειν, Luk_5:19; Luk_19:4; Act_10:9; Rev_20:9; καταβαίνειν, Luk_22:44 (L brackets WH reject the passage); Rev_16:21; ἀπέρχεσθαι, Luk_23:33 (L Tr WH ἔρχεσθαι); πίπτειν ἐπί τούς πόδας, Act_10:25; ἐπί πρόσωπον, to fall upon the face, Mat_17:6; Mat_26:39; Luk_5:12; Luk_17:16; 1Co_14:25; Rev_7:11. After verbs of placing, leading, bringing, building, laying, throwing, etc.: τιθέναι, Mat_5:15; Luk_11:33; ἐπιτιθεναι, Mat_23:4; Luk_15:5; Act_15:10, etc.; τιθέναι τά γόνατα ἐπί, Act_21:5; οἰκοδομεῖν, Mat_7:24; Mat_7:26; Luk_6:49; Rom_15:20; ἐποικοδόμειν, 1Co_3:12; θεμελιοῦν, Luk_6:48; βάλλειν, Joh_8:59; Rev_2:24; Rev_14:16; Rev_18:19; ἐπιβάλλειν, Luk_5:36 (ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπί τίνι, Mat_9:16); ἐπιβάλλειν τάς χεῖρας ἐπί τινα, Mat_26:50, etc. (see ἐπιβάλλω, 1 a.); ἐπιρρίπτειν, Luk_19:35 and tropically 1Pe_5:7; ῥαπίζειν, Mat_5:39 (L T Tr text WH εἰς); τύπτειν, Luk_6:29 (Tdf. εἰς); ἀναβιβάζειν, Mat_13:48 (not Lachmann text); ἐπιβιβάζειν, Luk_10:34; κατάγειν, Luk_5:11; σωρεύειν, Rom_12:20; διδόναι, Luk_7:44; Luk_19:23; Rev_8:3; ἀναφέρειν, 1Pe_2:24; κρεμαν, Mat_18:6 (L T Tr WH περί); γράφειν, Rev_2:17; Rev_3:12; Rev_19:16; ἐπιγράφειν, Heb_8:10. After verbs which include another verb signifying motion, or transfer, or entrance into (where German usesauf orüber; our on, to, etc.): ἀνατέλλειν, Mat_5:45; βρέχειν, ibid.; πνεηιν, Rev_7:1 (here we see the difference between ἐπί with the genitive to blow over a thing, German über, and ἐπί with the according to blow on a thing, to come blowing upon it, German einenanwehen,wehendaufeinenkommen); (apparently nearly the same view of the distinction between the cases is take, by Thiersch § 274, 6; Hermann on Euripides, Alcest. 845. But Krüger (sec. 68, 40, 3), Kühner, (ii. § 438, L 1 b.), others, regard ἐπί with the accusative as denoting merely movement toward a place, while ἐπί with the genitive involves the idea of actual or intended arrival; cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word, A. I. 1. Still others hold the two expressions to be substantially synonymous: e. g. Alexander Buttmann (1873) Gram. § 147 (p. 417 English translation); Matthiae, § 584; Passow, p. 1034a; especially in the N. T., see Winers Grammar, 409f (382); 408 (381) note; Buttmann, 338 (291). On the variations of case with this preposition in the Rev. cf. Alford on ); διασωθῆναι ἐπί τήν γῆν, Act_27:44. c. It is used of persons over whom anything is done, that thereby some benefit may accrue to them (German über with the dative) (Winer's Grammar, 408 (381) note): ὀνομάζειν τό ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ ἐπί τινα, to name the name of Jesus (as a spell, a magic formula) over one, namely, that help may come to him from that name, Act_19:13; προσεύχεσθαι ἐπί τινα, Jas_5:14. d. As εἰς (which see C. 2, p. 186a), so ἐπί also stands after verbs of rest and continuance (Buttmann, 337f (290f); Winer's Grammar, § 49, 50:1): καθεύδειν ἐπί τί, Mar_4:38; στῆναι, Rev_11:11; σταθῆναι ἐπί τί, Revelation 12:18 (Rev_13:1); ἑστηκεναι, Joh_21:4 (ἐπί τόν αἰγιαλόν L T Tr marginal reading WH marginal reading; otherwise where many are spoken of; see a. at the end, above); Rev_14:1; καθῆσθαι, Joh_12:15; Rev_4:4; Rev_6:2 (Rec. dative); (L T Tr WH text genitive); ; κεκαθικεναι, καθίσαι, Mar_11:2; Luk_19:30; Joh_12:14; Rev_20:4; καθίσεσθαι, Mat_19:28; σκηνουν, Rev_7:15; κεῖσθαι, 2Co_3:15; κατακεῖσθαι, Luk_5:25 T Tr WH; εἶναι ἐπί τό αὐτό, to be together, assembled, in the same place: Luk_17:35; Act_1:15; Act_2:1; Act_2:44 to come together, of sexual intercourse, 1Co_7:5 G L T Tr WH; συνελθεῖν ἐπί τό αὐτό have convened, come together, to the same place, 1Co_14:23 (L text ἐλθεῖν); simply ἐπί τό αὐτό namely, ὄντες, together, Act_3:1 (but L T Tr WH (so R. V.) connect ἐπί τήν α. here with Act_2:47); 2Sa_2:13 (cf. Buttmann, 338 (291)). e. used of motion or arrival into the vicinity of a place (not to the place itself); near; to, as far as; (German an,bei,zu,hin ...zu): ἐπί τό μνημεῖον (or μνῆμα), Mar_16:2; Luk_24:12 (L Tr brackets; T omits; WH reject the verse), 22,24; ἐπί τούς ἀναβαθμούς, Act_21:35; ἔρχεσθαι ἐπί τί ὕδωρ, Act_8:36; ἐπί τήν πύλην, Act_12:10; ἐπιστηναι ἐπί τόν πυλῶνα, Act_10:17; καταβαίνειν ἐπί τήν θάλασσαν, Joh_6:16, etc., etc.; with the accusative of a person to, near to one: Joh_19:33; Act_25:12; 2Th_2:1; Rev_16:14; especially to judges, kings, etc., equivalent to to their tribunal: Mat_10:18; Luk_12:58; Luk_21:12; Luk_23:1; Act_9:21; Act_16:19. also in pregnant construction after verbs of sitting, standing, etc.: καθῆσθαι ἐπί τό τελώνιον, Mat_9:9; Mar_2:14; ἑστηκεναι ἐπί, Rev_3:20; Rev_15:2; ἐπιστηναι ἐπί, Act_10:17; Act_11:11; ἐπί τήν δεξιάν on the right hand, Rev_5:1. f. of mere direction toward a terminus (so that the terminus itself is not reached): πορεύεσθαι ἐπί τό ἀπολωλός, to recover it (where we say after), Luk_15:4; ἐκτείνειν τάς χεῖρας ἐπί, against one, to take him, Luk_22:53; toward one, in pointing him out, Mat_12:49; ἐξέρχεσθαι ἐπί λῃστήν, to take a robber, Mat_26:55; Mar_14:48; Luk_22:52, cf. Luk_14:31. 2. It is used metaphorically, a. with the accusative of a person after verbs of coming, falling, bringing, etc. α. of evils befalling (falling 'upon') one, and of perturbations coming upon the mind: τό αἷμα τίνος (the penalty for slaying him) ἥκει or ἔρχεται ἐπί τινα, Mat_23:35; Mat_27:25; ἐπάγειν τό αἷμα τίνος ἐπί τινα, Act_5:28; ἔρχεσθαι and ἥκειν ἐπί τινα, of other evils, Joh_18:4; Eph_5:6; Rev_3:3; after γίνεσθαι, Luk_1:65; Luk_4:36; Act_5:5; ἐπέρχεσθαι (ἐπεισέρχεσθαι L T Tr WH), Luk_21:35; ἐπιπίπτειν, Luk_1:12; Act_13:11 (L T Tr WH πίπτειν); (L Tr πίπτειν); Rom_15:3 (from Psa_68:10 ()); Rev_11:11 (Rec. πίπτειν); ἐπιστηναι, Luk_21:34. β. of blessings coming upon one: after ἐρχεσται, Mat_10:13; ἐπιπίπτειν, of a trance, Act_10:10 (L T Tr WH γίνεσθαι); ἐπισκηνουν, 2Co_12:9; ἔφθασεν and ἤγγικεν, ἐφ' ὑμᾶς (upon you namely, from heaven (cf. Winer's Grammar, 407 (380) note)) ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ, Mat_12:28; Luk_10:9; Luk_11:20. the Holy Spirit is said at one time ἐπί τινα ἐκχεῖσθαι, Act_2:17; Act_10:45; Tit_3:6; at another, ἀποστέλλεσθαι (or ἐξαποστέλλεσθαι T Tr WH), Luk_24:49; again, ἐπέρχεσθαι, Act_1:8; once more, καταβαίνειν, Mar_1:10 (L text T Tr WH εἰς); Luk_3:22; Joh_1:33; ἔπεσεν ὁ κλῆρος ἐπί τινα, Act_1:26; after words of rest and continuance: χάρις ἦν ἐπί τινα, Luk_2:40; Act_4:33; ἐπαναπαύεσθαι, Luk_10:6; the Holy Spirit is said at one time ἐπί τινα μένειν, descending upon one to remain on him, Joh_1:32 f (Buttmann, 338 (291)); and again ἀναπαύεσθαι, 1Pe_4:14. b. of one upon whom anything is imposed, as a burden, office, duty, etc.: τήν μέριμναν ἐπιρρίπτειν ἐπί Θεόν, 1Pe_5:7; συντελεῖν διαθήκην ἐπί τινα, to put a covenant UPON one, to be kept by him, Heb_8:8, (in Psa_82:6 () τ ςΗμ αΐΜψΔιϊ λΘΜψΗϊ ... is to make a covenant AGAINST one). c. of that to which anything is added (English upon (nearly equivalent to after)): λύπη ἐπί λύπην, Php_2:27 G L T Tr WH (Psa_68:27 (); Eze_7:26; (especially Isa_28:10; Isa_28:13; cf. Latinsuper in Livy 1, 50; 22, 54 etc.); see above, B. 2 d.); (so some take οἶκος ἐπ' οἶκον, Luk_11:17, Buttmann, 338 (291); see οἶκος, 2); ἐπικάλειν ὄνομα ἐπί τινα (see ἐπικαλέω, 2 (and Buttmann, 338 (291))), to call (put) a name upon one, Act_15:17; Jas_2:7. d. of the number or degree reached; Latinusquead (Winer's Grammar, § 49, 50:3 a.): ἐπί σταδίους δώδεκα, Rev_21:16 (Rst T Tr WH text, genitive) (Xenophon, mem. 1, 4, 17; an. 1, 7, 15; Polybius 3, 54, 7; Song of the Three 23); ἐπί τρίς, Vulg.perter, for three times, thrice: Act_10:16; Act_11:10 (so εἰς τρίς, Herodotus 1, 86; Xenophon, an. 6, 4, 16. 19; Cyril 7, 1, 4 etc. (cf. Winer's Grammar, 422 (394))); ἐπί πλεῖον more widely, to a greater degree, further, the more (differently below, II. 1): Act_4:17; (Act_20:9 WH marginal reading); 2Ti_2:16; 2Ti_3:9; ἐφ' ὅσον, forasmuch as, inasmuch as, (differently II. 1 below): Mat_25:40; Mat_25:45; Rom_11:13. e. of care, power, control over anything (German über with the accusative) (Winer's Grammar, § 49, 1. 3 b.) (cf. above, A. I. 1 d. and B. 2 b.): βασιλεύειν ἐπί τινα (Hebrew ςΗμ ξΘωΗΡμ), Luk_1:33; Luk_19:14; Luk_19:27; Rom_5:14; ἡγούμενον ἐπ' Αἴγυπτον, Act_7:10; καθίστημι, Heb_2:7 R ((from Psa_8:7), L Tr WH brackets); ἐπί τόν οἶκον αὐτοῦ namely, ἐστι, Heb_3:6; ἱερέα μέγαν ἐπί τόν οἶκον τοῦ Θεοῦ namely, καθεστηκοτα, Heb_10:21; κατιησταναι δικαστήν ἐπί, Luk_12:14 (ἄρχοντα, Xenophon, Cyril 4, 5 at the end); ἐξουσία, Luk_10:19; Rev_6:8; Rev_16:9; Rev_22:14; φυλάσσειν φυλακάς, Luk_2:8; of usurped dignity: ὑπεραίρεσθαι ἐπί πάντα λεγόμενον Θεόν, 2Th_2:4 cf. Dan_11:36 f (others refer the use in Thessalonians, the passage cited to g. γ. ββ. below). Akin to this is the expression πιστός ἐπί τί (because fidelity is as it were spread over the things intrusted to its care), Mat_25:21. f. of the end which the mind reaches or to which it is led; Latinad, to, unto: ἐπιστρέφειν, ἐπιστρέφεσθαι ἐπί τινα, especially to God, Luk_1:17; Act_9:35; Act_11:21; Act_14:15; Act_26:20; Gal_4:9; 1Pe_2:25. g. of direction toward a person or a thing; α. after verbs of trusting and hoping (German auf, upon; see above, B. 2 a. γ.): after ἐλπίζειν, 1Pe_1:13; 1Pe_3:5 R G; 1Ti_5:5 (and often in the Sept.); πιστεύειν, Act_9:42; Act_11:17; Act_16:31; Act_22:19; Rom_4:24; πιστός, Heb_6:1; πεποιθέναι, Mat_27:43 (where L text WH marginal reading ἐπί with the dative).β. of the feelings, affections, emotions, German über, over: κόπτομαι, Rev_1:7; Rev_18:9 (R G L WH marginal reading with the dative); κλαίω, Luk_23:28; Rev_18:9; εὐφραίνεσθαι, Rev_18:20 (G L T Tr WH with the dative). unto, toward, Latinerga: σπλαγχνίζομαι, Mat_15:32; Mar_8:2; Mar_9:22; (μακροθυμέω, Mat_18:26 Tr, 29 L Tr); χρηστός, Luk_6:35; χρηστότης, Rom_11:22; Eph_2:7. γ. of the direction of the will and action; αα. of purpose and end (Winer's Grammar, § 49, l. 3 d.): ἐπί τό βάπτισμα αὐτοῦ, to receive his baptism, Mat_3:7; ἐπί θεωρίαν ταύτην, Luk_23:48; ἐφ' ὁ πάρει, Mat_26:50 G L T Tr WH (see above, B. 2 a. ζ.); where aim and result coalesce: ἐπί τό συμφέρον, Heb_12:10. ββ. of things done with hostility; against: after ἀποτομία, Rom_11:22; ἀναστῆναι, Mar_3:26; ἐγείρεσθαι, Mat_24:7; Mar_13:8; Luk_21:10; ἐπεγείρειν διωγμόν, Act_13:50; μερισθῆναι, Mat_12:26; Mar_3:24 f; ἐπαίρειν τί ἐπί, Joh_13:18; μάρτυρ, 2Co_1:23; μαρτύριον, Luk_9:5; ἀσχημονεῖν, 1Co_7:36 (εἰς τινα, Dionysius Halicarnassus, 2, 26); μοιχᾶσθαι, Mar_10:11; τολμᾶν, 2Co_10:2; βρύχειν ὀδόντας, Act_7:54. γγ. of that to which one refers in writing or speaking (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 49, 50 l. d.): after λέγειν, Heb_7:13; ὁ οὖν μακαρισμός ... ἀκροβυστίαν, namely, λέγεται (Winers Grammar, 587 (546), cf. Buttmann, 394 (338)), Rom_4:9; προφητεία, 1Ti_1:18; on Mar_9:12 f see γράφω, 2 c. δδ. upon, i. e. in reference to; for: after βάλλειν κλῆρον, Mar_15:24; Joh_19:24; cf. Fritzsche on Mark, p. 686 (who compares Psalm 21:19 (), and remarks that an Attic writer would have said ἐπί τίνι). II. of Time (Winer's Grammar, § 49, l. 2); 1. of time during or for (`for the space of') which (German auf,während): ἐπί ἔτη τρία, Luk_4:25 (R G T WH marginal reading); ἐπί ἡμέρας πλείους, Act_13:31; add also Act_16:18; Act_17:2; Act_18:20; Act_19:10; Heb_11:30, etc., and often in Greek writings from Homer down; cf. Passow, under the word, p. 1044 (Liddell and Scott, under the word C. II.); ἐφ' ὅσον χρόνον for so long time as, Rom_7:1; 1Co_7:39; Gal_4:1; and simply ἐφ' ὅσον as long as (differently in I. 2 d. above), Mat_9:15; 2Pe_1:13; ἐφ' ἱκανόν long enough, for a considerable time, Act_20:11; ἐπί πλεῖον somewhat long, too long (differently in I. 2 d. above): Act_20:9 (not WH marginal reading, see as above); . 2. about, toward (German gegen): ἐπί τήν αὔριον on the morrow, Luk_10:35; Act_4:5; ἐπί τήν ὥραν τῆς προσευχῆς, Act_3:1; ἐπί τό πρωι< Mar_15:1 (R G); rarely so in Greek writings, as Arrian exp. Al. 3, 18 , 11 (7) ἐπί (others ὑπό) τήν ἕω. D. In Composition ἐπί denotes: 1. continuance, rest, influence upon or over any person or thing: ἐπίγειος, ἐπουράνιος, ἐπιδημέω, ἀπαναπαύομαι, etc. 2. motion, approach, direction toward or to anything: ἐπακούω, ἐπιβοάω, ἐπιβλέπω, ἐπεκτείνω, etc. 3. imposition: ἐπικαθίζω, ἐπιτίθημι, ἐπιβιβάζω, ἐπιβαρέω, ἐπιγράφω, ἐπιρρίπτω, ἐπιτάσσω, etc. 4. accumulation, increase, addition: ἐπεισαγωγή, ἐπισυνάγω, ἐπισωρεύω, ἐπικαλέω (by a cognomen), etc. 5. repetition: ἐπαιτέω, ἐπαναμιμνῄσκω, etc. 6. up, upward: ἐπαίρω, ἐπανάγω, ἐπαφρίζω, etc. 7. against: ἐπιβουλή, ἐπανίστημι, ἐπίορκος, ἐπιορκέω, etc. 8. superintendence: ἐπιστάτης.

ἐπί epi 890x (1) with the gen., upon, on, Mat_4:6 ; Mat_9:2 ; Mat_27:19 ; in, of locality, Mar_8:4 ; near upon, by, at, Mat_21:19 ; Joh_21:1 ; upon, over, of authority, Mat_2:22 ; Act_8:27 ; in the presence of, especially in a judicial sense, 2Co_7:14 ; Act_25:9 ; i n the case of, in respect of, Joh_6:2 ; Gal_3:16 ; in the time of, at the time of, Act_11:28 ; Rom_1:10 ; ἐπ ἀληθείας , really, bona fide, Mar_12:32 ; (2) with the dat., upon, on, Mat_14:8 ; Mar_2:21 ; Luk_12:44 ; close upon, by, Mat_24:33 ; Joh_4:6 ; in the neighborhood or society of, Act_28:14 ; over, of authority, Mat_24:47 ; to, of addition, besides, Mat_25:20 ; Eph_6:16 ; Col_3:14 ; supervening upon, after, 2Co_1:4 ; 2Co_7:4 ; immediately upon, Joh_4:27 ; upon, of the object of an act, towards, to, Mar_5:33 ; Luk_18:7 ; Act_5:35 ; against, of hostile posture or disposition, Luk_12:52 ; in dependence upon, Mat_4:4 ; Luk_5:5 ; Act_14:3 ; upon the ground of, Mat_19:9 ; Luk_1:59 ; Php_1:3 ; Heb_7:11 ; Heb_8:6 ; Heb_9:17 ; with a view to, Gal_5:13 ; 1Th_4:7 ; (3) with the acc., upon, with the idea of previous or present motion, Mat_4:5 ; Mat_14:19 ; Mat_14:26 ; towards, of place, to, Mat_3:13 ; Mat_22:34 ; towards, of the object of an action, Luk_6:35 ; Luk_9:38 ; against, of hostile movement, Mat_10:21 ; over, of authority, Luk_1:33 ; to the extent of, both of place and time, Rev_21:16 ; Rom_7:1 ; near, by, Mat_9:9 ; about, at, of time, Act_3:1 ; in order to, with a view to, for the purpose of, Mat_3:7 ; Luk_7:44

ἐπί (before a smooth breathing ἐπ᾿ , before a rough breathing ἐφ᾿ ), prep . c . gen ., dat ., acc ( acc most freq . in NT), with primary sense of superposition, on, upon . I. C. gen ., 1. of place, answering the question, where? (a) of the place on which, on, upon: ἐπὶ (τ .) γῆς , Mat_6:10 ; Mat_6:19 al. ; τ . κεφαλῆς , 1Co_11:10 ; τ . τ . νεφελῶν , Mat_24:30 , al. ; like ἐν , in constr. prζgn . after verbs of motion: βάλλειν , Mar_4:26 ; σπείρειν , Mar_4:31 ; ἔρχεσθαι , Heb_6:7 , al. ; fig ., ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας (ΜΜ , s.v. ἀ .); of the subject of thought or speech, Gal_3:16 ; of power or authority, over , πάντων , Rom_9:5 ; τ . γάζης , Act_8:27 ; ἐξουσία ἐπί , Rev_2:26 ; Rev_20:6 ; (b) of vicinity, at, by: τ . θαλάσσης , Joh_6:9 ; τ . ὁδοῦ , Mat_21:19 ; τοῦ βάτου , Mar_12:26 ( v. Swete , in l ); c . gen . pers ., in the presence of, before , Mat_28:14 , Act_23:30 , 1Co_6:1 , al. 2 2. Of time, a) c . gen . pers ., in the time of: ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου , Luk_4:27 ; ἐπὶ λΚλαυδίου , Act_11:28 ; ἐπὶ Ἀβιάθαρ ἀρχιερέως , when A. was high priest, Mar_2:26 ; b) c . gen . rei , at, at the time of: Mat_1:11 , Heb_1:2 , 2Pe_3:3 ; ἐπὶ τ . προσευχῶν μου (ἡμῶν ), Rom_1:10 , Eph_1:16 , 1Th_1:2 , Phm_1:4 . II. C . dat ., of place, answering the question, where? (a) lit., on, upon: Mat_9:16 ; Mat_14:8 , al. ; after verbs of motion ( v. supr ., I, 1, (a)), Mat_9:16 Act_8:16 above , Luk_23:38 ; at, by, Mar_13:29 , Joh_5:2 , Act_5:9 , al. ; (b) metaph ., upon , on the ground of , Luk_4:4 ( LXX ); in the matter of , Mar_6:52 ( v. Swete , in L ); upon, of, concerning , Ac 5:35, 46; of the ground, reason or motive (Bl, § 38, 2; 43, 3), Mat_18:3 ; Mat_19:9 Rom_12:12 , al. ; ἐφ᾿ ᾧ , for the reason that , because , Rom_5:12 , 2Co_5:4 ; after verbs of motion, over , Mat_18:13 , Rom_16:19 , al. ; of a condition ( cl .), Rom_8:20 , 1Co_9:10 ; ἐπὶ δυσὶ μάρτυσιν ( v. Westc . on Heb_9:10 ), Heb_10:28 ; of purpose or aim, Eph_2:10 , Php_4:10 ; of authority, over , Mat_24:47 , Luk_12:44 ; of hostility, c. dat. pers . ( cl .), against , Luk_12:52 ; in addition to ( cl .), 2Co_7:13 ; of an adjunct, in, at, on , Php_1:3 ; Php_2:17 . III. C . acc , 1. of place of motion upon or over, answering the question, whither? (a) lit., upon, over: Mat_14:28-29 , Luk_5:19 , al. mult.; in NT also, answering the question, where? (as c . gen ., dat .), Mar_4:38 ; Mar_11:2 , Luk_2:25 , Joh_1:32 ; ἐπὶ τ . αὐτό ,, Act_1:15 ; Act_2:1 , al. ; of motion to a vicinity, to , Mar_16:2 , Act_8:36 , al. ; (b) metaph . (in WH . " the acc is more widely prevalent than it strictly should be," Bl., § 43, 1); of blessings, evils, etc., coming upon one, c . acc pers ., Mat_10:13 ; Mat_12:28 , Act_2:17 , Joh_18:4 , Eph_5:6 , al. ; of addition ( dat . in cl .), λύπη ἐπὶ λύπην , Php_2:27 ; ἐπικαλεῖν ὄνομα ἐπί ( see ἐπικαλέω ), Act_15:17 , Jas_2:7 ; καλεῖν ἐπί to call after , Luk_1:59 ; of number or degree: ἐπί τρίς ( cl . εἰς τ .), thrice, Act_10:16 ; Act_11:10 ; ἐπὶ πλεῖον , the more, further, Act_4:17 , 2Ti_2:16 ; 2Ti_3:9 ( v. also infr ., 2, (a)); ἐφ᾿ ὅσον ( v. infr ., ib .), forasmuch as , Mat_25:40 ; Mat_25:45 , Rom_11:13 ; of power, authority, control, Luk_1:33 , Act_7:10 , Rom_5:14 , Heb_3:6 , al. ; of the direction of thoughts and feelings, unto , towards , Luk_1:17 ; Luk_23:28 , Act_9:35 ; Act_9:42 Rom_11:22 , Gal_4:9 , Eph_2:7 , 1Ti_5:5 , al. ; of purpose, for , Mat_3:7 , Luk_23:48 ; ἐφ᾿ ὅ πάρει ( Rec. ἐφ᾿ ῷ ), Mat_26:50 ; of hostility, against , Mat_24:7 , Mar_3:24-26 ; Mar_10:11 ; Mar_13:8 , Luk_9:5 , Joh_13:18 , Act_7:54 , 1Co_7:36 , 2Co_1:23 ; of reference, concerning, for ( cl . usually dat .), Mar_9:12 ; Mar_15:24 , Joh_19:24 , Rom_4:9 . 2. Of time, (a) during, for: Luk_4:25 ( WH , txt ., omits ἐπί ), Act_13:31 ; Act_16:18 , Heb_11:30 , al. ; ἐφ᾿ ὅσον (χρόνον ), as long as, for so long time as , Mar_9:15 , Rom_7:1 , al. (for ἐφ᾿ ὅ . in another sense, v. supr ., 1, (b) ἐφ᾿ ἱκανόν ( vs . ἱ ), Act_20:11 ; ἐπὶ πλεῖον ( v. supr ., 1, (b)), yet longer, further, Act_20:9 ; Act_24:4 ; (b) on, about, towards ( cl . εἰς ): Luk_10:35 Act_3:1 ; Act_4:5 . IV. In composition, ἐπί signifies: up , ἐπαίρω ; upon , ἐπίγειος , ἐπιδημέω , ἐπικαθίζω ; towards, ἐπιβλέπω , ἐπεκτείνω ; over (of superintendence), ἐπιστάτης ; again, in addition , ἐπαιτέω , ἐπισυνάγω ; against , ἐπιορκέω , ἐπιβουλή .

ἐπί [page 232] The uses of ἐπί in Hellenistic Greek are hardly less varied than those of ἐν . From one point of view, indeed, they are even more varied, as ἐπί is the only preposition which continues to be largely represented with all three cases. According to Moulton ( Proleg. p. 107) the figures in the NT are gen. 216, dat. 176, acc. 464. In accordance with the general development of the use of the acc., the instances with this case are far the most numerous, and often occur where we might have expected the gen. or dat., while the constructions with these two cases are frequently interchanged, as will be seen from some of the exx. cited below. It will be kept in view that, as with the other prepositions, the treatment of ἐπί here makes no attempt at being exhaustive, but must be supplemented by the special dissertations of Kuhring and Ross berg. It is hoped, however, that sufficient evidence has been adduced to throw light on the main usages of the preposition in the NT. (1) c. gen. For the common local sense at, on, upon, see P Par 47 .16 ( c. B.C. 153) (= Selections , p. 23) ἐ̣[πὶ τ ]ῶν τόπων ἶναι , P Tebt I. 33 .7 (B.C. 112) (= Selections , p. 30) ἐπὶ τῶν καθηκόντων τόπων , ib. II. 397 .25 (A.D. 198) ἐπὶ ξένης εἶναι , and P Giss I. 21 .13 μένε ἐπὶ ἑαυτοῦ , stay at home. The sense of near, in the vicinity of appears in P Ryl II. 127 .9 (A.D. 29) κοιμωμένου μου ἐπὶ τῆς θύρας : cf. Act_5:23 and see Joh_6:19 ; Joh_21:1 ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης , where the rendering near the sea, or, as we should say, on the shore, is to be preferred (cf. Abbott Joh. Gr. p. 261). In P Lond 1168 .5 (A.D. 18) (= III. p. 136) ἐν τοῖς ἀπὸ λίβος μέρεσι ἐπὶ ταῖς οὔσαις γειτνίαις , ἐπί is almost = with. The local force still underlies the meaning of such a phrase as ἐπ᾽ ἀληθείας (cf. Mar_12:14 ) in the census paper P Oxy II. 255 .16 (A.D. 48) (= Selections , p. 47), where it is stated that the return is sound and rests on a true basis ἐ ]ξ [ὑ ]γιοῦς καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἀληθείας . Cf. also P Lille I. 26 .4 (iii/B.C.) τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν γ [ῆν ἑτο ]ι̣μάζω , εἰ μὴ ἀκολουθεῖς ἅπαντα καθὼς ἐπὶ τῆς διαγραφῆς τ [ο ]ῦ [εἰς τὸ ] ῑε̄ ἔτος σπόρου μεμισθῶσθαι τοῖς γεωγοῖς , where ἐπὶ τῆς διαγραφῆς refers to the conditions laid down in the agreement, and P Grenf II. 77 .29 (iii/iv A.D.) (= Selections , p. 121) (γίνεται ) ἐπὶ του̣ͅ λ̣[όγο ]υ τῆς ὅλης δα [πά ]νης = total of the account for the whole outlay. An even more elliptical usage is found in Mar_12:26 ἐπὶ τοῦ βάτου , in the place concerning the Bush (RV). The preposition is used of oversight, authority, as in Mat_24:45 , Act_8:27 , Rom_9:5 , in such passages as P Tebt I. 5 .88 (B.C. 118) ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν προ (σόδων ), BGU IV. 1120 .1 (B.C. 5) πρωτάρχωι ἐπὶ τοῦ κριτηρίου , P Oxy I. 99 .14 (A.D. 55) τραπέζης ἐφ᾽ ἧς Σαρα [πί ]ων καὶ μέτοχοι , P Lond 1159 .49 (A.D. 145 47) (= III. p. 113) ἐπὶ οἴνου καὶ ὄξου οἱ πρόοντες , and the libellus BGU I. 287 .1 (A.D. 250) (= Selections , p. 115) where the magistrates who presided over the sacrifices are referred to τοῖς ἐπὶ [τ ]ῶν θυσιῶν ᾑρημένοις . In P Leid W v. 39 (ii/iii A.D.) ἔσεθε ( l. ἔσεσθε ) ἀμφότεροι ἐπὶ πάσης ἀνάγκης , the editor translates supra omnem necessitatem , From this we may pass to the judicial reference, as in Mat_28:14 (ὑπό BD), in P Par 46 .15 (B.C. 153) διὸ καὶ ἡγούμενος δεῖν ἐπ᾽ ἄλλου μὲν μηθενὸς αὐτῶι διακριθῆναι , ἐπὶ σοῦ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ , γέγραφά σοι κτλ ., P Oxy I. 38 .11 (A.D. 49 50) (= Selections , p. 53) καθὰ π̣[α ]ρῆλθον ἐπὶ τοῦ γενομένου τοῦ νομοῦ στρατηγοῦ Πασίωνος , I accordingly brought an action before Pasion, who was ex-strategus of the nome, and BGU III. 909 .23 (A.D. 359) ἀξιῶ ἀχθῆναι ἐπὶ σοῦ τ [οὺ ]ς προειρημένους Ἄριον καὶ . . Ἀγάμμωνα . See also P Oxy I. 37 i. 3 (A.D. 49) (= Selections , p. 48) ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος , [Π ]εσοῦρι [ς ] πρὸς Σαραεῦν , in court, P. versus S. : cf. Act_25:10 . Akin to this is the usage in an oath, as P Petr III. 56( d ) .12 (iii/B.C.) ὤμοσά σοι τὸν πάτριον ὅρκον ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμο̣υ̣ͅ . In P Par 63 .39 (B.C. 164) (= P Petr III. p. 20) ὅ ]ρκους παρ᾽ ὑμῶν λ̣αβεῖν μὴ μόνον ἐπὶ τῶ [ν ] θεῶν ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ̣ τῶν βασιλέων , Mahaffy is unable (p. 38 f.) to discover any distinction between the prepositions, and translates to exact oaths from you not only by the gods, but also by the kings. In BGU I. 153 .27 (A.D. 152) ἀπογράψασθαι ἐν τῇ τῶν καμήλων ἀπογραφῇ . . . ἐπ᾽ ὀνόματος αὐτῶν , the reference is to the entering on the list of a camel under the name of its new owner (Deissmann BS , p. 197 n. .2 ). A good parallel to ἐπί = concerning, in the case of, as in Gal_3:16 , is afforded by P Tebt I. 5 .78 (B.C. 118) προστε ]τάχασι δὲ καὶ τὰ εἰς τὴν ταφὴν τοῦ Ἄπιος καὶ Μνήσ̣ιος ζ̣ητεῖν ἐκ τοῦ βα (σιλικοῦ ) [ὡ ]ς̣ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀποτεθεωμένων , and they have decreed that the expenses for the burial of Apis and Mnesis should be demanded from the Crown revenues, as in the case of the deified personages (Edd.) : cf. ib. 7 .6 (B.C. 114) τὰ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐνεστηκότα , the state of the matter concerning them (Edd.), and Menander Fragm. p. 188 οὐδεὶς ἐφ᾽ αὑτοῦ τὰ κακὰ συνορᾷ , Πάμφιλε , | σαφῶς , ἑτέρου δ᾽ ἀσχημονοῦντος ὄψεται , no one clearly sees evil in his own case, but when another misbehaves, he ll see it. See also such phrases as P Tebt I. 27 .54 (B.C. 113) ἐπὶ τοῦ βελτίστου , in the best possible manner (but cf. ἐπ᾽ ἀληθείας above), P Strass I. 70 .16 (A.D. 138) ὡ̣ς ἐπὶ τ̣ω̣ν̣ ὁ̣μοίω̣[ν , as in similar cases, and BGU IV. 1098 .44 ( c. B.C. 20) ὡς ἂν ἐπὶ το [ῦ κα ]ιροῦ κοινῶς κρίνωσι , under the circumstances. This last ex. leads naturally to the temporal use of ἐπί : cf. e.g. P Meyer 6 .14 (A.D. 125) ἐπὶ τῆς τριακάδ [ο ]ς̣ το [ῦ ] Παῦνι μην̣ός : also P Petr II. 11(1) .2 (iii/B.C.) (= Selections , p. 7) ὅπως τῆς ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος σχολῆς ἀπολυθῶ , that I may be relieved from my present occupation, where ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος is practically = ἐν τῷ παρόντι . With such passages as Mar_2:26 , Act_11:28 , where ἐπί = in the time of cf. P Amh II. 43 .2 (B.C. 173) ἔτους ὀγ̣δ̣ο̣ο̣υ ἐφ᾽ ἱερέως Ἡρακλείδου , P Tebt I. 61( b ) .70 (B.C. 118 7) ἐν τῶι κ̄θ̄ (ἔτει ) ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀ [δε ]λφοῦ , P Tor I. 1 v. 5 (B.C. 116) τοῦ κ̄η̄ (ἔτους ) Παχὼν ἐπὶ τοῦ Φιλομήτορος , and OGIS 90 .16 (Rosetta stone B.C. 196) προσέταξεν δὲ [Ptolemy V. Epiphanes] καὶ περὶ τῶν ἱερέων , ὅπως μηθὲν πλεῖον διδῶσιν εἰς τὸ τελεστικὸν οὗ ἐτάσσοντο ἕως τοῦ πρώτου ἔτους ἐπὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ [Ptolemy IV. Philo-pator], where, as against Dittenberger ad l. , Wilcken ( Archiv iii. p. 320 f.) has shown that this use of ἐπί c. gen. carries back the dating to the beginning of the previous reign, i.e. until the first year of his father s reign. On the importance of this in connexion with the chronological statement in the Prologue to Ecclesiasticus, see Wilcken ut s. and Deissmann BS , p. 339 ff. For the temporal use of ἐπί with an abstract noun, as in Rom_1:10 , etc., see P Tebt I. 58 .31 (B.C. 111) μή ποτε ἐπὶ τοῦ διαλόγου χειμασθω̣̑μεν , in order that we may not come to grief at the audit (Edd.). (2) c. dat. The idea of in or at (as in Mt 24 .88 ) and on or upon (as in Mar_6:25 ; Mar_6:28 ) may be illustrated by P Tebt I. 6 .27 (B.C. 140 39) ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείαι καὶ ἐπὶ χώραι , at Alexandria and in the country, P Petr III. 1 ii. 3 (B.C. 235) οὐλὴ . . ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύι δεξιαῖ . See also P Oxy I. 115 .3 (ii/A.D.) (= Selections , p. 96) ἔκλαυσα ἐπὶ τῶι εὐμοίρωι ὡς ἐπὶ Διδυμᾶτος ἔκλαυσα , where the dat. and gen. are interchanged in the same sentence. Ἐπί is common with the dat. = with a view to, as in Gal_5:18 , e.g. P Tebt I. 44 .6 (B.C. 114) ὄντος μου ἐπὶ θεραπείαι ἐν τῷ αὐτόθι μεγάλωι Ἰσιείωι , while I was in the great temple of Isis here for medical treatment (see the editor s note), P Oxy IX. 1203 .23 (late i/A.D.) πάντα τὰ . . ἐπὶ τῇ ἡμῶν ἀδικίᾳ πραχθέντα , all the things done to our hurt, P Oxy I. 71 i. 10 (A.D. 303) κακουργίαν ἐπὶ ἀποστερέσι τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ , a fraud to my detriment. Similarly with abstract nouns denoting manner , as in Rom_4:18 P Tor I. 1 v. 1 (B.C. 116) περιεσπακέναι . . ἐπὶ τῆι πάσηι συκοφαντίαι καὶ διασεισμῶι , ib. I. vi. 3 κακοτρόπως καὶ ἐπὶ ῥαιδιουργίαι , P Oxy II. 237 vi. 21 (A.D. 186) ἐπὶ φθόνῳ δὲ μόνον λοιδορούμενος . In P Eleph 1 .6, .8 (B.C. 311 0) (= Selections , p. 2f.) the irregularity in elision between ἐπὶ αἰσχύνηι and ἐφ᾽ ὕβρει may be noted, its avoidance in the first instance being due to the tendency in the Κοινή to isolate words for the sake of greater clearness : see Helbing Gramm. p. 12 f., and cf. Mayser Gr. p. 155 ff. In P Oxy III. 531 .6 (ii/A.D.) ἕως ἐπ᾽ ἀγαθῷ πρὸς σὲ παραγένομαι ( l. -ωμαι ), the meaning is until I come to you auspiciously, much like the Latin quod bonum faustumque sit. See also ἐφ᾽ ἡμισείᾳ = equally, cited s.v. ἥμισυς . The thought of on account of underlies such passages as BGU I. 260 .3 (A.D. 90) ἀπέχωι παρά σου ἃς ὤφιλές μοι ἐπ᾽ ἐνυκήσι ( l. ἐνοικήσει ) κατὰ δημόσ [ιον ] χρη [μ ]α̣[τ ]ισμὸν ἀργυρίου δραχμὰς ἑχακοσίας , Wilcken Ostr 1131 (A.D. 212) ἔλαβον ἐπὶ προ [χρείᾳ ] πυροῦ ἀρτ (άβην ) μίαν ὑπ (ὲρ ) μηνὸς Χύακ . An interesting ex. occurs in the letter of the Emperor Claudius in which he acknowledges the gift of a golden crown ἐπὶ τῇ κατὰ Βρετάννων νείκῃ , on the occasion of his victory over the Britons (P Lond 1178 .12 = III. p. 216, Selections , p. 99) : cf. Luk_5:5 . This construction is common after verbs of feeling, as in P Eleph 13 .3 (B.C. 223 2) ἣν ( sc. ἐπιστολὴν ) ἀναγνοὺς ἐχάρην ἐπὶ τῶι με αἰσθέσθαι τὰ κατὰ σέ , and P Lond 42 .10 (B.C. 168) (= I. p. 30, Selections , p. 10) ἐπὶ μὲν τῶι ἐρρῶσθα [ί ] σε εὐθέως τοῖς θεοῖς εὐχαρίστουν . Another usage which deserves notice is afforded by such a passage as P Meyer 6 .22 (A.D. 125) μετηλλαχότος δὲ τοῦ Φιλίππου ἐπὶ κληρονόμωι υἱῷ Ἀφροδεισίῳ , where the meaning is that when Philip died he left as heir his son Aphrodisius : cf. P Ryl II. 76 .3 (late ii/A.D.) Ἑρμιόνης . . τελευτησάσης . . ἐπί τε ἐμοὶ καὶ τοῖς ὁμομητρίοις ἀδελφοῖς κληρονόμοις , ib. 121 .7 (ii/A.D.) ἐτελεύτησεν Ἡρᾶς . . ἐπ᾽ ἀφήλικι υἱῷ , leaving his son a minor. For ἐφ᾽ ᾧ = on condition that see P Tebt I, 108 .4 (B.C. 93 or 60) where the owner leases certain arourae ἐφ᾽ ᾧ δώ (σει ) σπέρμα (ἀρτάβας ) ῑε̄ , on condition that he (the owner) shall supply 15 artabae for seed, and P Tebt II. 381 .16 (A.D. 123) where a mother bequeaths her property to her daughter ἐφ᾽ ὧι . . ποιήσεται τὴν τῆς μητρὸς κηδίαν καὶ περιστολὴν ὡς καθήκει , on condition that she shall perform the obsequies and laying out of her mother as is fitting. In P Hib I. 77 .6 (B.C. 249) the meaning is rather to the effect that συντετάγμεθα γὰρ περὶ τ̣ῶν τ̣ελωνικῶν ἐφ᾽ ὧ̣ι [τοῖς θε ]ο̣ῖ̣ς̣ [τὰ ] ἱερὰ σωθήσεσθαι καθὰ καὶ πρότερον , for we have received instructions with regard to the collection of taxes that the sacred revenues (?) are to be preserved for the gods as in former times (Edd.). Examples of ἐπί construed with the inf. are P Ryl II. 153 .21 (A.D. 138 61) where a father in his will nominates certain guardians ἐπὶ τῷ αὐτ [ο ]ὺ̣ς̣ τρέφειν κ [αὶ ] ἱματίζειν τὸν προγεγραμμένον μου υἱὸν καὶ κληρονόμον , on condition that they shall provide my aforesaid son and heir with food and clothing, and P Lond 932 .19 (A.D. 211) (= III. p. 149) ἐπὶ τῷ καὶ αὐτοὺς ὅσα ὀφείλει ὁ πατὴρ δάνεια . . ἀποδιδόναι : and with reference to time P Oxy II. 294 .3 (A.D. 22) (= Selections , p. 34) ἐπὶ τῷ γεγονέναι ἐν Ἀλεξανδρίᾳ , on my arrival in Alexandria. Ἐπί c. dat. marks a point of time in P Tebt I. 5 .66 (B.C. 118) πρὸς τὰς ἐπὶ ἐνίοις καιροῖς ἀπῃτημέν [α ]ς̣ [καρ ]πείας , for the emoluments demanded on certain occasions, P Oxy II. 275 .20 (A.D. 66) (= Selections , p. 56) ἐπὶ συνκλεισμῷ τοῦ ὅλου χρόνου , at the expiry of the whole period, P Lond III. 954 .18 (A.D. 260) (= III. p. 154) ἐπὶ τέλει δ [ὲ ] τοῦ πενταετοῦς χρόνου παραδ [ώσω ] σο [ι , and the late P Amh II. 157 (A.D. 612) τοῦ χρυσίου τῆς καταβολῆς ἐπὶ μη (νὶ ) Φαῶφι . Cf. also P Tebt I.69 .27 (B.C. 114) ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτῳ . The idea of in addition to, as in Luk_3:20 , 2Co_7:13 , Col_3:14 , appears in such a construction as P Eleph 5 .17 (B.C. 284 3) μη (νὸς ) Τῦβι τρίτηι ἐπ᾽ εἰκάδι . The manner in which the gen. and dat. alternate is seen in P Lond 171 ( b ) .18 (iii/A.D.) (= II. p. 176) ἀξιῶ λυθῆναι ἐπί σου κατὰ τὸ ἔθος , a request by a widow that the will of her late husband may be opened in your presence according to custom, as compared with P Ryl II. 109 .10 (A.D. 235) ἐπὶ παρόντι σοι διὰ βοηθοῦ , you being represented by an assistant, and in ἐπὶ παρόντων ὑμῶν of the libellus P Meyer 15 .6 (A.D. 250), which appears as ἐπὶ παροῦσιν ὑμεῖν in the similar document BGU I. 287 .8 (A.D. 250) (= Selections , p. 115). (3) c. acc. The usage after verbs of motion hardly needs illustration, but see OGIS 90 .20 (Rosetta stone B.C. 196) προενοήθη δὲ καὶ ὅπως ἐξαποσταλῶσιν δυνάμεις . . . ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐπελθόντας ἐπὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον κατά τε τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὴν ἤπειρον , where, as the editor points out, the use of ἐπί , not εἰς , Αἴγυπτον shows that the invading army had not yet entered the country. For other exx. of ἐπί followed by the acc. of a person see P Par 26 .41 (B.C. 163-2) (= Selections , p. 17) δεόμεθα οὖν ὑμῶν . . . ἀποστεῖλαι ἡμῶν τὴν ἔντευξιν ἐπὶ Διονύσιον τῶν φίλων καὶ στρατηγόν , P Oxy IV. 743 .25 (B.C. 2) παραγενομ (ένου ) γὰρ Δαμᾶτος εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν ἤλθαμεν ἐπὶ Ἐπαφρόδειτον , and P Meyer 3 .16 (A.D. 148) ἵν᾽ οὖν τὸ κελευσθ (ὲν ) εἰδῇς καὶ εὐθέως ἐπὶ τὸν κρά (τιστον ) ἐπίτροπ (ον ) καταντήσῃς [ἐ ]πέστειλά σοι . This last ex. brings us to the more distinctively judicial usage, as BGU I. 22 .36 (A.D. 114) (= Selections , p. 76) διὸ ἀξιῶ ἀκθῆναι ( l. ἀχθῆναι , and cf. Mat_10:18 , Act_18:12 ) τοὺς ἐνκαλουμένους ἐπὶ σὲ πρὸς δέουσ (αν ) ἐπέξοδον , I beg therefore that you will cause the accused to be brought before you for fitting punishment, and, before an abstract noun, P Oxy II. 294 .18 (A.D. 22) (= Selections , p. 35) εἵνα σὺν αὐτῷ ἐπὶ διαλογισμὸν ὲ̣λ̣[θ ]ω , in order that I may come along with him to the inquiry : cf. Mat_3:7 , Luk_23:48 . The phrase ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό , as in Act_1:15 ; Act_2:47 , is perpetually recurring, especially in accounts, where it represents an addition sum, together, in all, e.g. P Tebt I. 14 .20 (B.C. 114) ἀξίας ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ χα (λκοῦ ) (ταλάντου ) ᾱ , of which the total value is one talent of copper (Edd.), P Fay 102 .6 ( c. A.D. 105) γί (νονται ) ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ (ὀβολοὶ ) τ̄π̄ᾱ , and P Oxy IV. 716 .14 (A.D. 186) where one-sixth of a slave owned by one man and a half owned by two others are reckoned as τὸ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ δίμοι [ρ ]ον μέρος , together two-thirds : also the Messenian inscr. Syll 653 .66 (B.C. 91) ἐγδιδόντες ἄν τε δοκεῖ συνφέρον εἶμεν ἐ [πὶ ] τὸ αὐτὸ πάντα τὰ θύματα . For the possibility that in Act_2:47 the phrase = greatly in accordance with another meaning of the Aramaic word which lay behind Luke s translation, see Torrey s Harvard study on The Composition and Date of Acts (Milford, 1916), p. 10 ff. The thought of degree attained, as in 2Ti_2:16 , may be seen in P Par 63 .124 (B.C. 164) (= P Petr III. p. 28) τοῖς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον̣ διαλαμβάνουσι , to those who put a less favourable interpretation upon it, P Tebt I. 27 .80 (B.C. 113) αἰεὶ δέ τινος ἐπὶ τὸ βελτίον προσεπινοουμένου , by the continual invention of further improvements (Edd.), Cagnat IV. 247 .35 ( c. B.C. 150) ἐπὶ πλεῖον αὔξειν . In P Tebt I. 33 .6 (B.C. 112) (= Selections , p. 30) we find purpose implied ἀνάπλουν . . . ἐπὶ θεωρίαν ποιούμενος , making the voyage to see the sights (cf. Luk_23:48 ), and similarly with the inf. construction in BGU IV. 1124 .21 (B.C. 18) the apprenticeship of a boy ἐ̣π̣ι̣, τ̣ο̣, μανθάνειν τὴν ἡλοκοπικὴ (ν ) τέχνην . Cf. P Petr II. 11(2) .3 (mid. iii/B.C.) (= Witkowski .2 , p. 6) ἀπογέγραμμαι δὲ ἐπὶ τελώνιον , I am enrolled for the purpose of taxation in certain particulars which are stated contrast Mat_9:9 ἐπὶ τὸ τελώνιον of place. The temporal use = for, during, as in Luk_4:25 , Act_13:31 , 1Co_7:39 , may be seen in BGU IV. 1058 .9 (B.C. 13) ἐπὶ χρόνον ἔτη δύο ἀπὸ Φαρμοῦθι [τοῦ ἐνεσ ]τῶτος ῑε̄ (ἔτους ) Καίσαρος , P Oxy II. 275 .9 (A.D. 66) (= Selections , p. 55) ἐπὶ χρόνον ἐνιαυτὸν ἕνα ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνεστώσης ἡμέρας , ib. .15 ἐπὶ τὸν ὅλον χρόνον , P Tebt II. 381 .19 (A.D. 123) (= Selections , p. 79) ἐφ᾽ ὃν δὲ χρόνον περίεστιν ἡ μήτηρ Θαῆσις , as long as her mother Thaesis lives, and P Heid 6 .27 (iv/A.D.) (= Selections , p. 127) ἐπὶ μέγιστον χρόνον . On the survival of ἐπί in MGr in adverbial expressions, see Thumb Handbook , p. 98.

ἐπί "on, upon with gen., dat., and acc." prep. with gen., dat., and acc.: Radic. signf. "upon." ( WITH GEN. ): of Place, with Verbs of Rest, "upon or on", κεῖσθαι ἐπὶ χθονός Il. ; ἐφ᾽ ἵππου "on" horse-back, etc.; ἐπὶ γῆς "upon" earth, Soph. ; ἐπ᾽ ἀγροῦ "in" the country, Od. ; also "at or near", ἐπὶ Λήμνου "off" Lemnos, Hdt. , etc.:—with Verbs of motion, the sense is pregnant, ἐπ᾽ ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν drew the ship "upon" the land "and left it there", Il. , etc.; ἀναβῆναι ἐπὶ τῶν πύργων Xen. not strictly of Place, μένειν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς to remain "in" the command, id=Xen. ; ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων engaged "in" business, Dem. : —of ships, ὁρμεῖν ἐπ᾽ ἀγκύρας to ride "at" (i. e. "in dependence on an)" anchor, Hdt. with the person. and reflex. Pron., ἐφ᾽ ὑμείων "by" yourselves, Il. ; ἐφ᾽ αὑτοῦ "by" himself, Thuc. ; αὐτὸς ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Xen. with numerals, to denote the "depth" of a body of soldiers, ἐπὶ τεττάρων four "deep", id=Xen. ; ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγων i. e. in a long thin file, id=Xen. ; ἐφ᾽ ἑνός "in" single file, id=Xen. c.gen. pers. "before, in presence of", Lat. coram, ἐπὶ πάντων Dem. with Verbs of observing, in, ὁρᾶν τι ἐπί τινος Xen. of motion "towards", προτρέποντο ἐπὶ νηῶν Il. ; πλεῖν ἐπὶ Χίου to sail "for" Chios, Hdt. ; ἡ ἐπὶ Βαβυλῶνος ὁδός the road "leading to" B., Xen. of Time, "in the time of", ἐπὶ προτέρων ἀνθρώπων Il. ; ἐπὶ Κύρου Hdt. ; ἐπ᾽ ἐμοῦ "in" my time, id=Hdt. in various Causal senses: "over", of persons in authority, ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν, ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν ἱππέων Dem. ; ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς διοικήσεως the paymaster, id=Dem. κεκλῆσθαι ἐπί τινος to be called "after" him, Hdt. ; ἡ ἐπ᾽ Ἀνταλκίδου εἰρήνη καλουμένη Xen. of occasions, and the like, ἐπὶ πάντων "on" all occasions, Dem. ; so in phrases which became adverbial, ἐπ᾽ ἴσης (sc. μοίρας) "equally", Soph. WITH DAT.: of Place, "upon", ἕξεσθαι ἐπὶ δίφρῳ Il. :—with Verbs of Motion, id=Il. ; in pregnant construction, πέτονται ἐπ᾽ ἄνθεσιν fly "on to" the flowers "and settle there", id=Il. :— "at or near", ἐπὶ θύρῃσι id=Il. :— "on or over", ἐπ᾽ Ἰφιδάμαντι "over" the body of Iphidamas, id=Il. in hostile sense, "against", Hdt. "towards, in reference to", ἐπὶ πᾶσι Il. ; νόμον τίθεσθαι ἐπί τινι to make a law "for his case", whether "for or against", Plat. of accumulation, "upon, after", ὄγχνη ἐπ᾽ ὄγχνῃ one pear "after" another, Od. "in addition to", ἐπὶ τοῖσι "besides", ἐπὶ τούτοις attic of position, "after, behind", of soldiers, Xen. "in dependence upon, in the power of", Lat. penes, ἐπί τινί ἐστι 'tis "in" his "power" to do, c. inf., Hdt. ; τὸ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοί as far as is "in" my "power", Xen. of condition or circumstances, Il. , etc.; ἐπὶ τῷ παρόντι Thuc. of Time, ἐπὶ νυκτί "by" night, Il. ; αἰεὶ ἐπ᾽ ἤματι every day, Od. "after", ἕκτῃ ἐπὶ δεκάτῃ or τῇ ἕκτῃ ἐπὶ δέκα, "on" the 16th of the month, ap. Dem. ; τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις, Lat. quod superest, Thuc. ; τοὐπὶ τῷδε Eur. in various Causal senses: of the "occasion or cause", ἐπὶ σοί "for" thee, Il. ; μέγα φρονεῖν ἐπί τινι to be proud "at or of" a thing, Plat. ; ἀγανακτεῖν ἐπί τινι Xen. of "an end or purpose", ἐπὶ δόρπῳ "for" supper, Od. ; ἐπὶ κακῷ "for" mischief, Hdt. ; δῆσαι ἐπὶ θανάτῳ id=Hdt. , Xen. ; ἐπ᾽ ἐξαγωγῇ "for" exportation, Hdt. of the "condition upon which" a thing is done, ἐπὶ τούτοις "on" these terms, id=Hdt. ; ἐφ᾽ ᾧ or ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε "on condition that", id=Hdt. ; ἐπὶ οὐδενί "on" no account, id=Hdt. ; ἐπ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίᾳ "on" fair and equal terms, Thuc. of "price", ἔργον τελέσαι μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ δώρῳ Il. ; ἐπὶ πόσῳ; Plat. ; ἐπ᾽ ἀργυρίῳ Dem. ; of the "interest payable on" money, δανείζεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῖς μεγάλοις τόκοις id=Dem. κεκλῆσθαι ἐπί τινι to be called "after", Plat. of persons in authority, ἐπὶ βουσίν "over" the kine, Od. ; ἐπὶ ταῖς ναυσίν Xen. ; οἱ ἐπὶ τοῖς πράγμασιν Dem. WITH ACC.: of Place, "upon or on to" a height, ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη Il. ; προελθεῖν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα Thuc. ; ἀναβαίνειν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον Xen. : simply "to", ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Il. , etc.:—metaph., ἐπὶ ἔργα τρέπεσθαι id=Il. ; ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν ὀφείλειν to owe "to" the bank, Dem. "up to, as far as", ἐπὶ θάλασσαν Thuc. :—in measurements, πλέον ἢ ἐπὶ δύο στάδια Xen. ; with a neut. adj., ὅσον τ᾽ ἔπι "as" far as, Il. ; ἐπὶ πᾶν ἐλθεῖν Xen. ; ἐπὶ σμικρόν, "a little way, a little", Soph. ; ἐπ᾽ ἔλαττον, ἐπ᾽ ἐλάχιστον Plat. , etc. ἐπὶ πλέον "still" more, Hdt. ; "before", Lat. coram, ἦγον αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὰ κοινά id=Hdt. in Military phrases, ἐπ᾽ ἀσπίδας πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν, i. e. 25 "in file", Thuc. "towards, to", ἐπὶ δεξιά, ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερά Hom. , etc.:—also in Military phrases, ἐπὶ δόρυ ἀναστρέψαι, ἐπὶ ἀσπίδα μεταβαλέσθαι, "to" the spear or shield side, i. e. "to" right or left, Xen. ; ἐπὶ πόδα ἀναχωρεῖν to retire "on" the foot, i. e. facing the enemy, id=Xen. ; ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον, with exaggeration, Thuc. ; ἐπὶ τὰ γελοιότερα so as to provoke laughter, Plat. in hostile sense, "against", Il. , etc. of extension "over" a space, ἐπ᾽ ἐννέα κεῖτο πέλεθρα "over" nine acres he lay stretched, id=Il. ; ἐπὶ πολύ "over" a large space, Thuc. :—so in many cases, where we say "on", rather than "over", δράκων ἐπὶ νῶτα δαφοινός Il. ; ἵππους ἐπὶ νῶτον ἐΐσας id=Il. of Time, "for or during" a certain time, πολλὸν ἐπὶ χρόνον id=Il. ; ἐπὶ δέκα ἔτη Thuc. "up to or till" a certain time, ἐπ᾽ ἠῶ καὶ μέσον ἦμαρ Od. in various Causal senses: of the "object or purpose for" which one goes, ἐπὶ Τυδῆ "for" (i. e. "to bring)" tidings of Tydeus, Il. ; ἐλθεῖν ἐπ᾽ ἀργύριον Xen. :—with neut. Pron., ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἐλθεῖν "for" this "purpose", id=Xen. ; ἐπὶ τί; "to" what "end?" Lat. quorsum? Ar. ; ἐπὶ τόκον "for" (i. e. "to gain)" interest, Dem. "as regards", τοὐπ᾽ ἐμέ, τοὐπί σε Eur. of persons set over others, ἐπὶ τοὺς πεζοὺς καθιστάναι ἄρχοντα Xen. "according to, by", ἐπὶ στάθμην "by" the rule, Od. POSITION:— ἐπί may follow its case, when it becomes ἔπι by anastrophe. ABSOL., ἐπί without anastrophe, esp. ἐπὶ δέ, and "besides", Hdt. ἔπι, for ἔπεστι, "'tis here", Hom. IN COMPOS.: of Place, denoting Rest "upon", as in ἐπίκειμαι, or Motion, "upon or over", as in ἐπιβαίνω; "to or towards", as in ἐπαρίστερος, ἐπιδέξιος; "against", as in ἐπαΐσσω, ἐπιστρατεύω; "up" to a point, as in ἐπιτελέω; "over or beyond" boundaries, as in ἐπινέμομαι, ἐπεργασία. Extension "over" a surface, as in ἐπαλείφω, ἐπάργυρος, ἐπίχρυσος. Accumulation or addition, as in ἐπιβάλλω, ἐπίκτητος. Accompaniment, "to, with", as in ἐπᾴδω, ἐπαυλέω. Interest, ἐπίτριτος one "and" 1/3 "more", 1+1/3, Lat. sesquitertius; so ἐπιτέταρτος, etc. of Time and Sequence, "after", as in ἐπιγίγνομαι. in Causal senses, of Superiority felt "over or at", as in ἐπιχαίρω, ἐπιγελάω; of Authority, "over", as in ἐπικρατέω, ἐπιβούκολος; of Motive, "for", as in ἐπιθυμέω, ἐπιθάνατος; to give force or intensity to the Verb, as in ἐπαινέω, ἐπιμέμφομαι.

ἐπί (before a smooth breathing ἐπ᾽, before a rough breathing ἐφ᾽), prep. with genitive, dative, accusative (accusative most frequently in NT), with primary sense of superposition, on, upon. __I. C. genitive, __1. of place, answering the question, where? __(a) of the place on which, on, upon: ἐπὶ (τ.) γῆς, Mat.6:10, 19, al.; τ. κεφαλῆς, 1Co.11:10; τ. νεφελῶν, Mat.24:3o, al.; like ἐν, in constr. praegn. after verbs of motion: βάλλειν, Mrk.4:26; σπείρειν, ib. 31; ἔρχεσθαι, Heb.6:7, al.; figuratively, ἐπ᾽ ἀληθείας (MM, see word ἀ.); of the subject of thought or speech, Gal.3:16; of power or authority, over, πάντων, Rom.9:5: τ. γάζης, Act.8:27; ἐξουσία, Rev.2:26 20:6; __(b) of vicinity, at, by: τ. θαλάσσης, Jhn.6:9; τ. ὁδοῦ, Mat.21:19; τοῦ βάτου, Mrk.12:26 (see Swete, in l.); with genitive of person(s), in the presence of, before, Mat.28:14, Act.23:30, 1Co.6:1, al. __2. Of time, __(a) with genitive of person(s), in the time of: ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου, Luk.4:27; ἐπὶ Κλαυδίου, Act.11:28; ἐπὶ Ἀβιάθαρ ἀρχιερέως, when A. was high priest, Mrk.2:26; __(b) with genitive of thing(s), at, at the time of: Mat.1:11, Heb.1:2, 2Pe.3:3; ἐπὶ τ. προσευχῶν, Rom.1:10, Eph.1:16, 1Th.1:2, Phm 4. __II. C. dative, of place, answering the question, where? __(a) lit., on, upon: Mat.9:16, 14:8, al.; after verbs of motion (see supr., I, 1, (a)), Mat.9:16 Act.8:16; above, Luk.23:38; at, by, Mrk.13:29, Jhn.5:2, Act.5:9, al.; __(b) metaphorically, upon, on the ground of, Luk.4:4 (LXX); in the matter of, Mrk.6:52 (see Swete, in l.); upon, of, concerning, Act.5:35, 40; of the ground, reason or motive (Bl., §38, 2; 43, 3), Mat.18:3 19:9, Rom.12:12, al.; ἐφ᾽ ᾧ, for the reason that, because, Rom.5:12 2Co.5:4; after verbs of motion, over, Mat.18:13, Rom.16:19, al.; of a condition (cl.), Rom.8:20, 1Co.9:10; ἐπὶ δυσὶ μάρτυσιν (see Westc. on Heb.9:10), Heb.10:28; of purpose or aim, Eph.2:10, Php.4:10; of authority, over, Mat.24:47 Luk.12:44; of hostility, with dative of person(s) (cl.), against, Luk.12:52; in addition to (cl.), 2Co.7:13; of an adjunct, in, at, on, Php.1:3 2:17. __III. C. accusative, __1. of place of motion upon or over, answering the question, whither? __(a) lit., upon, over: Mat.14:28, 29, Luk.5:19, al. mult.; in NT also, answering the question, where? (as with genitive, dative), Mrk.4:38 11:2, Luk.2:25, Jhn.1:32; ἐπὶ τ. αὐτό, Act.1:15 2:1, al.; of motion to a vicinity, to, Mrk.16:2, Act.8:36, al.; __(b) metaphorically (in wh. "the accusative is more widely prevalent than it strictly should be," Bl., §43, 1); of blessings, evils, etc., coming upon one, with accusative of person(s), Mat.10:13 12:28, Act.2:17, Jhn.18:4, Eph.5:6, al.; of addition (dative in cl.), λύπη ἐπὶ λύπην, Php.2:27; ἐπικαλεῖν ὄνομα ἐπί (see: ἐπικαλέω), Act.15:17, Jas.2:7; καλεῖν ἐπί, to call after, Luk.1:59; of number or degree: ἐπὶ τρίς (cl. εἰς τ.), thrice, Act.10:16 11:10; ἐπὶ πλεῖον, the more, further, Act.4:17 2Ti.2:16 3:9 (see also infr., 2, (a)); ἐφ᾽ ὅσον (see infr., ib.), forasmuch as, Mat.25:40, 45, Rom.11:13; of power, authority, control, Luk.1:33, Act.7:10 Rom.5:14, Heb.3:6, al.; of the direction of thoughts and feelings, unto, towards, Luk.1:17 23:28, Act.9:35, 42, Rom.11:22, Gal.4:9, Eph.2:7, 1Ti.5:5, al.; of purpose, for, Mat.3:7, Luk.23:48; ἐφ᾽ ὅ πάρει (Rec. ἐφ᾽ ᾧ, Mat.26:50; of hostility, against, Mat.24:7, Mrk.3:24-26 10:11 13:8, Luk.9:5, Jhn.13:18, Act.7:54, 1Co.7:36, 2Co.1:23; Of reference, concerning, for (cl. usually dative), Mrk.9:12 15:24, Jhn.19:24, Rom.4:9. __2. Of time, __(a) during, for: Luk.4:25 (WH, txt., omits ἐπί), Act.13:31 16:18, Heb.11:30, al.; ἐφ᾽ ὅσον (χρόνον), as long as, for so long time as, Mrk.9:15 Rom.7:1, al. (for ἐφ᾽ ὅ in another sense, see supr., 1, (b)); ἐφ᾽ ἱκανόν (see: ἱ), Act.20:11; ἐπὶ πλεῖον (see supr., 1, (b)), yet longer, further, Act.20:9 24:4; __(b) on, about, towards (cl. εἰς): Luk.10:35 Act.3:1 4:5. __IV. In composition, ἐπί signifies: up, ἐπαίρω; upon, ἐπίγειος, ἐπιδημέω, ὠπικαθίζω; towards, επιβλέπω, ὠπεκτείνω; over (of superintendence), ἐπιστάτης; again, in addition, ἐπαιτέω; against, ἐπιορκέω, ἐπιβουλή. (AS)