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- The Principles Of Missions (Basis For Missions Part 1)
The Principles of Missions (Basis for Missions - Part 1)
Paris Reidhead

Paris Reidhead (1919 - 1992). American missionary, pastor, and author born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Raised in a Christian home, he graduated from the University of Minnesota and studied at World Gospel Mission’s Bible Institute. In 1945, he and his wife, Marjorie, served as missionaries in Sudan with the Sudan Interior Mission, working among the Dinka people for five years, facing tribal conflicts and malaria. Returning to the U.S., he pastored in New York and led the Christian and Missionary Alliance’s Gospel Tabernacle in Manhattan from 1958 to 1966. Reidhead founded Bethany Fellowship in Minneapolis, a missionary training center, and authored books like Getting Evangelicals Saved. His 1960 sermon Ten Shekels and a Shirt, a critique of pragmatic Christianity, remains widely circulated, with millions of downloads. Known for his call to radical discipleship, he spoke at conferences across North America and Europe. Married to Marjorie since 1943, they had five children. His teachings, preserved online, emphasize God-centered faith over humanism, influencing evangelical thought globally.
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Sermon Summary
The video is a sermon that emphasizes the eternal purpose of God to bring people to Himself and reveal His glory and grace. It highlights the importance of viewing the Bible as a missionary book that unfolds God's plan from the creation of the world to the new heaven and earth. The speaker emphasizes that the church, when rightly understood, is a missionary society. The sermon includes a personal anecdote about a woman who showed compassion to a young boy in need, prompting the audience to consider their own response to the needs around them.
Sermon Transcription
A missionary conference should have clear principles that you carry away. You're going to forget a great deal of what's been said, much of what you've seen, but there should be certain principles that are going to stay with you as long as you live. And I assume that you've heard them. If you haven't put them together, as I will in the next few moments, then this is going to help summarize them for you. The first principle is this. The Bible is a missionary book. There are many who, name the name of Christ, who think the Bible has something to say about missions. That's totally incorrect. The Bible is a missionary book. Oh, it talks about agriculture, but it's not a book on agriculture. It talks about money, but it's not a book on economics. It's a missionary book. It unfolds the eternal purpose in the heart of God to bring to himself a people that should be the objects of his love, a people for his praise, that should show forth his glory and grace. A people to whom he could reveal himself and share all that he is. It begins when the world was made, and it continues until there's a new heaven and there's a new earth. And in between, it's that unfolding of the eternal missionary purpose in the heart and plan and mind of God. Now, if you read the Bible that way, then you're going to expect to see something relating to this task that's ours now at the end of the age on almost every chapter and every page. The second principle is close to the first. It's this. The Church, rightly understood, is a missionary society. Now, many churches have missionary societies, and I have no objection to that as long as the Church is a missionary society. But if it thinks it can have one in place of being one, it's out of order. The Church is the missionary society. Now, we have a great many missionary agencies that have called themselves missionary societies. If they think that they were raised up of God to send the missionaries, then they have misunderstood their role and function. Fact of the matter is, missions as we know it began back there in Antioch when this Holy Spirit said to the brethren in the Church there, separate unto me Saul and Barnabas and send them. And thus, the Church was constituted the sending agency. Well, what about these other agencies we call mission societies? Do they have a place? Of course they do. It would be very difficult for the pastor of church to have to arrange for all the visas, all of the problems that are associated with their people going into various countries, and so missionary service agencies that aid the local church. But it's the local church that's the sending entity and responsible before God to get the message out to the ends of the earth, not some society. The third principle ties closely to the other two. It's this. Everyone born into the family of God, who has been washed therefore by the blood of Christ, who has truly repented of his sins, and in that new heart has purpose to please God in everything, I say every child of God, is involved in this missionary task. There is no room for spectators. The only one in a church that would be a spectator to the mission, to missions, is the one that has never been born again, but somehow has come in under false pretense and colors into the membership of the church, but still dead in their sins. You see, dear friend, it is correct to say, as Oswald Smith said, of all around this country and Canada, if you are not a missionary, then you are a mission field. And I believe that we need to reemphasize that. If you've been born of God, you are already by virtue of the call that he gave you. Oh, I know we hear a lot about people being called to missions, and I realize I've used the term, and I realize that it's not done with presumption. And what we really should say as we believe the Lord is lead us to a mission, to a field. He's leading, he's directing, rather than calling. I'd like to reserve that word, call, to the one that the Scripture teaches. We have had a call, but it's from the Lord Jesus Christ. Come, follow me. It's a call to a person. Someone's asked me after we had not returned to Africa, but had remained home to do deputation work at the request of our society and the leading of the Lord. Said, I thought you were called to Africa. And I had to reply, no, you were, you thought incorrectly. I was called to follow Jesus Christ, and I'm going to spend my life following him, doing what I believe he wants me to do, where and when and as he wishes and as he directs. He led us to Africa, and now he's led us home. And we're responsible for this phase of his work. After all, the world is the field, and from the point of vision he has when he sees it, he sees it all at once, and it's very hard to distinguish home and foreign when you're looking at it from the throne in heaven. Now, every one of us are involved. You are involved in this task. And if you'll accept that responsibility and realize that this conference, when it's over, has really just begun, because you are going to be engaged in your missionary responsibility. Oh, some will go back to fields overseas, but your field is the home where you live, the community where you live, the school that you attend, the place where you work and earn your living. All of this is your mission field, the city where you live, the county, the state, the country. It's all part of your place of witness, your mission field. Now, you have to have Scripture to reinforce this. And therefore, I submit to you that in Romans, the fourth chapter, we have a very clear statement by the Apostle Paul that I don't think I'm having to twist at all when I apply it to you and say that it reinforces this matter. Paul is talking about Abraham, and he's talking about the promise that God made to Abraham. And he is talking about the fact the seed of Abraham is not only those that are the physical descendants of Abraham, but also the ones that are his spiritual descendants. That Abraham by faith became the child of God and the father of the faithful. And he said all of you that by faith have received Jesus Christ and have passed from death to life, you're the children of Abraham as well as those that are the physical descendants. And the promise that God made to Abraham was not only to his physical seed, argues Paul, but also to his spiritual seed. Well, what is that promise? It's this, in thee and in thy seed shall all nations of the earth be blessed. God promised to Abraham that he would have a worldwide blessing, and God promised Abraham a seed who would also bless the world. And if you've been born of God, you're that seed. And you have from God the promise that if you will walk in the way he has commanded you to walk and made it possible for you to walk, that you too can have a worldwide blessing and ministry for him. Now it's absolutely consistent with what we have in that word that the Lord Jesus gave as he was leaving his disciples. You remember what he said? After that the Holy Ghost has come upon you, you shall receive power, and you shall be witnesses unto me, either in Jerusalem or in Judea or in Samaria or under the uttermost part of the earth. Is that what he said? No. Not even the new versions will go that far. The only place you get that is from the reverse vision. No revised version would ever do it. He did not say either or. He said you shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem and in Judea and in Samaria and under the uttermost part of the world. It's a both-and situation, not an either-or situation. And everyone who names the name of Christ, filled with the Spirit of God, has a worldwide ministry for Christ. You say, well, that's some new doctrine, is it? No, it's no new doctrine. It's just that which has been taught. I heard that, Marjorie and I heard that from Robert C. McQuilkin, president of Columbia Bible College, who came up to Monterey, Massachusetts, the New England Keswick, when we were candidates there, and spent two hours telling us about Abraham and the promise made by God to Abraham and the promise to Abraham's seed. And something took hold of my heart and came a flame of fire in my heart that somehow God in His grace was going to give to me an opportunity for a worldwide ministry for Christ. But I had the privilege of going to Bible school and training seven years after high school to get ready to go. There were others that didn't. I think of that woman I heard about years ago. Now, don't ask me to give you the documentation on this because it's somewhere, but I couldn't put my finger on it. But I read it, and it burned its way into my memory, and I'm giving it to you substantially as I read it or as it was given to me. In Edinburgh, Scotland, there was a dear woman, a maiden lady, staying home to take care of her aging parents who had a heart for God long before women went to the mission field. And God had began to burden her to pray, and she asked God if He would send her. He said no, He wouldn't send her, but He would send some of hers. She never married. She didn't know what it meant, hers. One Saturday she was doing the family shopping. They didn't have refrigerators in those days. You bought on Saturday what you'd cook and use on the Lord's Day. And so it was. They shopped every day. And she had her little woven basket and was walking down the street toward the store to get the provisions she needed. And out of a narrow alley, a young man, a young boy, about eight or nine, burst, bumped into her. She didn't lose her balance, but he did his, and he fell down on the cobbles and lay there sobbing. And she reached down and set him up and took her handkerchief and wiped his runny nose and weepy eyes and cleaned his face, got him quiet, and she asked his name. Her name is Bobby, man. Well, why are you running, Bobby? I said, well, my father's drunk again, and he's been beating me, and I broke away from him, and I'm running because I don't want to be beat anymore by him. Every time my father gets a drink, he beats me, and my mother, too. And she talked a little while, and they walked down the street, and she said, Bobby, as she passed the church, have you ever been in the church? I said, oh, no, ma'am, I couldn't go there. These are all the clothes I've got, these rags I'm wearing. They wouldn't let anybody like me in there. I hold the horses sometimes for the folks that do go in, and I've heard the music when the windows were open in the summer, but I never could go in. Would you like to? Oh, ma'am, I'd like to so much. She said, Bobby, next Saturday you meet me right here. I can't do it today, but next Saturday you meet me, and I will buy you clothes, and you can go with me to that church. So the next Saturday he was there, and she bought him everything from shoes, stockings, underwears, little shirt, pants, everything he needed to go neatly into the church. And for several Sundays he met her there, dressed up, and went with her. And then one Sunday he wasn't there. And she looked for him. She looked for him for a week and didn't see him, and then she saw him and said, Bobby, what happened? Oh, I'm so ashamed, ma'am. My father saw my package. I've been hiding it under the bed behind a pillow. And he found the pillow, and he saw the package, and he took my clothes, and he pawned them for a drink, and I don't have anything to go to church in. She said, Bobby, meet me here. I'll buy you clothes, but we'll keep them at my house, and you can come there bathed and dressed, and you can go to church with me. Well, after a few months he said, You know, I've listened to the Word, and I've asked Jesus to become my Lord and come into my heart. And then she continued to teach him, get him ready for school because he'd had no education to read, to write, prepared him for entrance, and he was accepted. And she paid his way. And he went to seminary, and he went to the mission field. Years have gone by. She's gone home to be with the Lord. It's in China, late at night. A couple of candles and saucers, a bare pine table, and a man, face prematurely lying, is kneeling on the floor with a packet of paper under his hands that he's dedicated to the Lord. It's the New Testament in the Chinese language, translated by Robert Morrison, first missionary to China, who was the Wee Bobby of Edinburgh, and a maiden lady who could never leave Edinburgh, was responsible for getting the Word of God into China. What did he say? In thee and in thy seed shall all nations of the earth be blessed. But how's he going to do it? Did he have a plan commensurate with such an enormous responsibility and privilege and task? You would expect our God to have such a plan, would you not? One that was logical, reasonable. There are those people who, in their short-sightedness, think that what the angel sang that night, that first Christmas night, over the plain of Bethlehem was, Thou shalt call his name Jesus, for he shall save his people from hell and take them to heaven when they die. That, too, is the reverse vision. That's not what the angel said. He said, Thou shalt call his name Jesus, for he shall save his people from their sin. God's purpose in salvation is not just to keep us out of hell, but to save us from the penalty of what we have done, to save us from the tyranny of our own traits and dispositions, attitudes and habits, to save us from the power of temptation and provide a way of escape, and also to take these blood-ransomed bodies and personalities as living sacrifices to be given to the Lord Jesus, just as Mother Mary gave her body to the Holy Ghost that he might be incarnate and come into time and invade time, that the one who would inscribe the decalogue on the tables of stone, the lawgiver, could by incarnation become a lawkeeper so that he could die for lawbreakers like me, like you. And he asks us to present our bodies a living sacrifice, that he might live in us and live through us his own life. If you look above you, you will see light bulbs twisted into sockets, and because those light bulbs are in the socket and are making connection with the energy that's flowing from a generator somewhere, those light bulbs have become incandescent and are dispelling the darkness that would be around you if they were not working. And so his purpose in grace is that somehow he might bring us into such a relationship with him that we could become incandescent with his presence. In John chapter 17, in verse 21, he speaks of his disciples who were with him and prayed, I do believe. And he says to his father, Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on me through their word, that they all may be one, as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, they may be one in us, that the world may know that thou hast sent me, and that the world may be able to believe. Now, most of the world today does not know that the Father sent the Son. And many of those who know that fact are not able to believe because they've seen no demonstration of the reality of his presence. But in his prayer to his father, he said, Father, that they all may be in union, the same way that I lived in you, and you lived in me, I may live in them, and they will live in me, and the world will know, and the world will be able to believe. The world doesn't know. And it isn't able to believe. And why? I think it's because we've tried everything else but God's way. I don't want us to stop doing anything we're doing. I just want us to add to it the way the Lord Jesus saw that the task would be accomplished. My friend, if you've got insight enough and wisdom enough from God to know that you can't save yourself by your own efforts, it's not asking too much to expect you to realize that if you couldn't save yourself by your own efforts, you can't serve him acceptably by your own efforts either. Why, everything I do and everything you do in the energy of our own personalities is going to be burned up in the judgment, and in that day will be nothing but wood, hay, and stubble. The only thing that's going to endure that test, that fire, will be that which he did through us. And what he is asking now is that you will recognize that if you couldn't save yourself, the only logical course for you is to present your body to him a living sacrifice. Your purpose is to please him if you're a child of God, in everything. He's Lord of everything. But how is it going to be affected? How is it going to be fulfilled? When you come to that place that you realize, I can't, Lord. I've tried. I can't. Oh my, what a wonderful thing to come to the realization that you can't. That's the first time that he can say, Well, I've been waiting for you to come to that place. Now if you'll give me a chance, you'll find out that whereas you can't, I can. And what you can't do for him, you'll find he can do through you. And there's all the difference in the world. You all have nothing but frustration and defeat and heartache and sadness if you try it in the energy of all what you are. But he says present your body a living sacrifice. Present your brain. And so the Lord Jesus living in you can use your brain to think his thoughts and get them back in the world. Present your heart so that living in you, he can have a heart that's moved with compassion. Present your eyes so that living in you, he can use your eyes to see the lost. Present your ears so that he and you can listen to the cry of those caught in the toils of sin. Present your feet so that living in you, he can use your feet to go where he wants to go. Present your hands so that living in you, he can use your hands to lift the fallen and feed the hungry and guide the blind to light. Present your lips so that living in you, he can speak through your lips, your mind his word of redeeming love to those to whom he sends you to bring that message. What did Paul say? I am crucified with Christ. It took three years at the University of Hard Knocks for him to unlearn. He had to get a graduate course in unlearning. Three years and all he's doing is making better intents. Everything is just credit cards have lapsed. All his memberships have lapsed. Everything is gone. He's sitting out there with a callus on his thumb pushing a needle through that goat's hair canvas. And the Lord says, well, are you ready, son? Ready, Lord? I've forgotten everything. I've forgotten how to talk. I've forgotten how to write. I've forgotten everything. Why, the things that used to count gain to me I cost refuge, just fertilizer, nothing. I have nothing, Lord. And you know what the Lord said? Oh, that's fine. That's fine. You have nothing? No, I haven't anything. I can't do anything, Lord. I can't come with the excellency of men's speech. I used to be quite a debater, but I can't do that anymore. All I know is Jesus Christ and him crucified. Now listen. I, said the apostle, am crucified with Christ. Nevertheless, I live. Yet not I, but Christ liveth in me. And the life I now live in the flesh, I live by the faith of the Son of God who loved me and gave himself for me. He didn't say by faith in the Son of God. The faith of the Son of God. What was that? That someday you'd run down. Someday you'd quit. And someday you'd say, Lord, I can't. And then you'd hear him say, I know you can't. I know you can't. But I can. Now, if you really mean that you can't, just present yourself to me. Invite me to fill you with myself. Let me move in, take over, and control. There's a lot of folks who've been filled with the Spirit that have never gotten around yet to letting the Lord Jesus Christ live his life through them. Oh, they're filled with the Spirit. I don't have any question about that. But they've never recognized that the Lord Jesus wants to do the work through them. And that's what we're talking about. He said, Father, what did he say of his ministry? I do nothing of myself. The works that I do, the Father that dwelleth in me, he doeth the works. I don't speak of myself. I speak as I receive commandment of the Father. If he hadn't done that, he never could have said that night of the resurrection in the upper room. You remember what he did. He came into the upper room. He said to his disciples, Peace be unto you. And then what did he say? As the Father sent me, so send I you. That word send, the Latin form of the word send is mito, from which we get missionary. Literally what he said was, As the Father missionaried me, so I missionary you. But how? Think about it for a moment. The Lord Jesus was conceived by the Holy Ghost. From the moment of that conception, he was indwelled by the fullness of the Godhead bodily. For thirty-three years, he lived as a root out of a dry ground, increasing in wisdom, stature, favor with God and man. He went down to Jordan's banks, and he was baptized. Now to us, baptism is a picture of death to sin, and alive to God. But our Lord Jesus had no sin. To what could baptism apply? To what could it be symbolic? He was God come in the flesh, and he had a perfect right to do everything that was to be done in his own essential deity as Son. But there on Jordan's banks and in that water, the Lord Jesus said, I lay aside the right to act in my essential deity as Son, and I accept the limitation of my humanity that in all things I may be like unto my brethren. And the Spirit of God who was in him at that moment came upon him, clothing him, and everything done by Christ from that moment on was done by the power of the Father through the Holy Spirit, and not by the Son in his own essential deity. Why? So that he could say that night and this morning, As the Father sent me, so send I you. What's the parallel? You were born of the Spirit. The Spirit of God awakened you and convicted you and brought you to repentance. And when you savingly received him, he came in to quicken your heart. And then you presented, you asked him to come and he clothed you with the Holy Spirit. You were baptized in the Holy Spirit. But, have you learned to let the Lord Jesus Christ live his life through you the way Paul did when he said, I'm crucified. He could have said, I'm crucified with Christ, I'm buried with him, quickened with him, raised with him, seated with him in Christ. We've tried everything else. Don't you think it's time we did this his way? Oh, if this morning the company of people within these walls, about twelve times or ten times at least, more than there were in the upper room on the day of Pentecost, the task the Lord gave us could be completed if every one of us here would simply allow the Lord Jesus from this day on to live in us his own life and through us. My, the things that would happen, the ministries that would be taking place, the work that would be done. And that's your privilege. You are an heir to the promise in thee and in thy seed shall all nations of the earth be blessed. It's to you that he says present your body a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. You're a missionary, both in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and under the uttermost part of the earth. You, you're right there in the center of it all. But what are you going to do about it? Will you leave, forget the sound of the voice that was in your ears for a few minutes? Or will you do something about it? This missionary conference ought to totally change your life. Not because I'm here, or the other speakers are here, but because you have met with God and you've heard God speak to your heart and you've said, Lord, I want my life to count for Christ. We were on our way back from Africa. Our ship, the Exicorda, had gone from Alexandria, Egypt, to Piraeus, Greece. And we were to be there taking on some cargo for two or three days. And so we arranged a trip to go down through Athens. And the place we ended up, the last place we saw, was the Colosseum, where the original Olympic Games had been held. Our guide, the limousine driver that had gotten this group from the ship taking them, our guide had been a taxi driver in Chicago, and he spoke inimitable English. And we enjoyed it, him. And he had some very interesting, why maybe untrue, but interesting comments about Athens, too. I don't know how much he knew about history, but he was an exciting guy. We were standing there in this refurbished Colosseum. The Nazis had done it when they'd occupied Greece. They'd gone and got the marble and fitted it out again. And I said to the guide, where was the bima? Oh, he said, you speak Greek. I said, no, I don't speak Greek. He said, bima, that's Greek. I know it's Greek. Well, why do you say bima? Because for many, many years I've been expecting to stand before the bima. He said, you can't. It isn't here anymore. When they remade this, they didn't put the bima in there. I said, what was it? Well, he said it was a balcony where the judges sat and where they would bring the people that had won. They'd come up on some steps and the judges at the bima would give them a crown of laurels. Can you imagine these fellows going out and getting killed or someone trying to kill them and all they get when they finish was laurel leaves? And it faded away. And I had a vision. Now, I don't know whether I was awake, whether I was asleep, whether I saw it or whether I imagined it. And I don't care. It was more real than anything that was around me. I saw a vast temple on a high hill. And then in a moment I was in a line of people going into great doors at that temple. And in another moment I was up to the door and a servant, probably an angel, reached over and brought a package and said, here, take this. And I picked the package up. It wasn't large and it wasn't heavy. I carried it with me through the doors and there I saw the Lamb seated upon the throne, more glorious than anything that had ever been written or painted of Him. And in that moment I knew what it was. I was to appear before Him. And there in my hand was my life. And my works were going to be tried, whether good or bad, whether wood, hay, or stubble, or gold, silver, or precious stone. The line moved and I was next. A servant said, give me the package and I did. There was a furnace there at the foot of the, where the Lord was seated and a flame that burned with nothing to fuel it. And my package was put in there and the flame covered it. A moment later, the servant picked up a tool. I didn't see the tool until later. And I, after I heard it grating on the furnace, and then I heard the voice of the servant say, stretch out your hands. And I reached out my hand to take a crown. And the voice said, cup your hands. And the little shovel with a cover on it was put over my cupped hands. And the light contents from within slid out into my palms. And when I brought it around in front of me and looked, all I had was a handful of ashes. Ashes. Oh, I'd served. I'd given my food to feed the poor, my money to help the... I'd given my body to be burned. I'd been a missionary. I'd had the wrong motives, the wrong attitude, the wrong relationship, the wrong resources. What I'd done, so much of what I'd done, I'd done to be seen. And I dropped my hands. I looked at the Lord, and the look in His eye made me weep. I had nothing to give Him for my life. And I knew that I would have wept perhaps for eternity. I was there, but my life had been wasted. And I followed my filtering ashes down, and I found I was standing in a carpet of ashes. He looked at me. He dried my tears by that look of tender love and forgiveness. And I turned, and the next thing I heard was, Mr., hurry, hurry, we're waiting for you. What are you standing there for? And I walked out to the limousine, shocked. I suppose there have been very few days that I haven't thought about that and asked the Lord to help me so to live and to minister that in that day there will be something to lay at His nail-pierced feet, that it won't be just a handful of ashes and wasted life and wasted time and opportunity and privilege and neglected truth. You say, you want a crown? What are you going to do? Strut around Heaven with a crown? No. No, I am not that. God has to take the strut out of you or aren't you going to make it to Heaven. I found out what they do with crowns, and ever since then I want one, because I found that the four and twenty elders cast their crowns at His feet. And I want something with which to say, Thank you, Lord, for saving my soul. Thank you, Lord, for making me whole. Thank you, Lord, for giving to me my great salvation, so full, so free. Shall we pray? Father of Jesus, we're here today, the last service but one or two of this conference, this first annual missionary conference. The potential within this room for thy cause, enormous. We can't calculate what it would be if everyone here with Paul say, I am crucified with Christ. Christ lives in me. We're asking that there will be serious business done with thee today. That men and women who have played the Christian life will begin to realize what a marvelous privilege it is to be called the children of God. And who have played a Christian work in service will decide now is the time to get serious with the Lord. Father, we pray for the young people who have their whole lives to give to thee. The older people that have their experience, their judgment, their wisdom of the years to give to thee to guide and help the young people. Lord, just the potential here is so enormous. And oh, how we ask that the lamb that was slain might through this congregation and this people receive the reward
The Principles of Missions (Basis for Missions - Part 1)
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Paris Reidhead (1919 - 1992). American missionary, pastor, and author born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Raised in a Christian home, he graduated from the University of Minnesota and studied at World Gospel Mission’s Bible Institute. In 1945, he and his wife, Marjorie, served as missionaries in Sudan with the Sudan Interior Mission, working among the Dinka people for five years, facing tribal conflicts and malaria. Returning to the U.S., he pastored in New York and led the Christian and Missionary Alliance’s Gospel Tabernacle in Manhattan from 1958 to 1966. Reidhead founded Bethany Fellowship in Minneapolis, a missionary training center, and authored books like Getting Evangelicals Saved. His 1960 sermon Ten Shekels and a Shirt, a critique of pragmatic Christianity, remains widely circulated, with millions of downloads. Known for his call to radical discipleship, he spoke at conferences across North America and Europe. Married to Marjorie since 1943, they had five children. His teachings, preserved online, emphasize God-centered faith over humanism, influencing evangelical thought globally.