Consecrate; Consecration

CONSECRATE, CONSECRATION.—In the Authorized Version of NT ‘consecrated’ occurs twice. In both places the reference is to the work of Christ, but to two different aspects of that work, neither of which is suggested by the rendering ‘consecrated.’ (1) In Heb 7:28 the word used is τετελειωμένον = Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 ‘perfected.’ Our Lord, as ‘a Son perfected for evermore,’ is contrasted with human high priests ‘having infirmity.’ The connexion of thought, obscured in the Authorized Version , is with Heb 2:10; Heb 5:9 etc. The perfection of Him who ‘abideth for ever,’ and whose priesthood is inviolable, is the result of the human experience of the Divine Son. By His life in the flesh, His lowly obedience, and His sufferings, He has gained that abiding sympathy with men which fits Him to be ‘the author of eternal salvation.’ (2) In Heb 10:20 the word used is ἐνεκαίνισεν = Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 ‘dedicated,’ lit. ‘made new.’ Jesus ‘dedicated for us a new and living way’ into the Holy Place. The thought is that by means of His own blood our High Priest passed into the Divine presence, inaugurating a way for us. Because He passed through our human life, and out of it by the rending of ‘the veil, that is to say, his flesh,’ He is not only our representative, but also our forerunner; in full assurance of faith we also may draw near and follow Him into that heavenly sanctuary.

In the (Revised Version margin) ‘consecrate’ is found three times, viz., Joh 10:36; Joh 17:17; Joh 17:19. ἁγιάζειν, of which ‘consecrate’ is an alternative rendering, is usually translated ‘sanctify.’ The exception in the Authorized and Revised Versions is the first petition of the Lord’s Prayer (Mat 6:9 = Luk 11:2)—‘Hallowed be thy name.’ Here the Rheims version has ‘sanctified be thy name’; on the other hand, Wyclif has ‘halowe,’ ‘halowid’ in Joh 10:36; Joh 17:17; Joh 17:19.

The distinction between ‘consecrate’ and ‘sanctify’ turns rather upon usage than upon etymology. Both words mean ‘to make holy.’ But a person or a thing may be made holy in two different ways: (1) By solemn setting apart for holy uses, as when in the LXX Septuagint ἁγιάζειν designates the consecration of a prophet (Jer 1:5, cf. Sir 45:4; Sir 49:7); (2) by imparting fitness for holy uses, as when St. Paul speaks (Rom 15:16, cf. 1Th 5:23) of his offering as ‘made acceptable’ because it has been ‘sanctified by the Holy Spirit.’ On these lines it now seems possible and desirable to distinguish the two English words which mean ‘to make holy.’ Ideally, consecration implies sanctification. But in modern English ‘consecrate’ suggests the thought of setting apart for holy uses, whilst ‘sanctify’ has come rather to imply making fit for holy uses.

The rendering ‘consecrated’ better suits the context of Joh 10:36 ‘Say ye of him, whom the Father consecrated and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest; because I said, I am Son of God?’ Jer 1:8 supplies a suggestive OT analogy, for the word of the Lord reminds the young prophet that, in the Divine counsel, he was set apart for holy uses before his birth. The thought would be more appropriately presented by ‘consecrated’ than by Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 ‘sanctified’ (LXX Septuagint ἠγίακα). Similarly, as our Lord declares in His argument with the Jews (Joh 10:36), the Father consecrated His Son to His redemptive mission before sending Him forth to His work. More is implied in this statement than that the Father ‘chose’ or ‘set apart’ His Son. All things were given into His hand (Joh 3:35), and amongst the all things were ‘life in himself’ (Joh 5:26), fulness of grace and truth (Joh 1:14), and the Spirit ‘without measure’ (Joh 3:34). ‘The fact belongs to the eternal order. The term expresses the Divine destination of the Lord for His work. This destination carries with it the further thought of the perfect endowment of the Incarnate Son’ (Westcott, Com. in loc.). It is only in this sense of complete equipment that the Divine Son was made fit for His sacred mission; the Holy One had no need of sanctification ‘in a way of qualification,’ as the Puritan divines used the word, when they meant inward cleansing from sin and the Holy Spirit’s bestowal of purity of heart.

Our Lord’s words, ‘I consecrate myself’ (Joh 17:19), are best understood in the light of His earlier saying that ‘the Father consecrated’ Him (Joh 10:36). The two statements are complementary. His consecration of Himself was the proof of His perfect acquiescence in the Father’s purpose concerning Himself, His disciples, and the world. The secret of His inner life was continually revealed ‘in loveliness of perfect deeds’ which constrained men to acknowledge the truth of His words, ‘I seek not mine own will, but the will of him that sent me’ (Joh 5:30); the law that ruled His every word and work He was soon to fulfil to the uttermost; His readiness to drink the cup which the Father was about to put into His hands was involved in His calm word, ‘I consecrate myself’; its utterance in this solemn hour affords a glimpse of the spirit of absolute devotion to His Father’s will in which Jesus is finishing His work and consummating in death the self-sacrifice of His life. And as for the sake of His disciples Jesus consecrates Himself, He prays for them, knowing that the future of His kingdom depends on their having the same spirit of complete consecration to the Divine will.

Commentators who follow Chrysostom in regarding ἀγιάζω as practically equivalent to τροσφἑρω σοὶ θυσιαν (cf. Euth. Zig. ἑγὼ ἐκουσίως θυσιάζω ἑμαυτόν), and as connotiog the idea of expiatory sacrifice, support their interpretation by references to OT passages in which ἁγιάζειν (= הקְרִּישׁ) is a sacred word for sacrifices, as, .g., Exo 13:2, Deu 15:19 ff., 2Sa 8:11 (cf. Meyer, loc.). They are obliged to give the word ἁγιάζειν two different meanings in the same sentence, as does the (Revised Version margin) : ‘And for their sakes I consecrate myself, that they themselves also may be sanctified in truth.’ But it is not from the word ἁγιάζειν, that the nature of Christ’s death is to be learnt; that which differentiates the consecration of Christ from the consecration of His disciples is brought out rather by the other words in this pregnant saying. The consecration of Jesus is His own act, but He does not pray that apart from Him the disciples may follow His example and consecrate themselves; His consecration is the pattern of theirs, therefore the same word is used of the Master and of His disciples; but without His consecration ‘for their sakes’ (ὑτὲρ αὑτῶν), their consecration would be impossible, therefore it is said of the Master alone that He consecrates Himself on behalf of others.

If ἀγιάζειν be uniformly rendered ‘consecrate’ in our Lord’s intercessory prayer, it will be seen that He twice expresses His yearning desire for the consecration of the men whom His Father had given Him out of the world: (1) Joh 17:17 ‘Consecrate them in the truth’; as Jesus sends forth His disciples on the same mission which brought Him into the world at His Father’s bidding, He asks that they also may be set apart for holy service, and may be divinely equipped for their task, even as He was, by the indwelling of the Father’s love (Joh 17:26). They possess the knowledge and the faith that the world lacks, for they have come to know and to believe that the Father sent the Son (Joh 17:8; Joh 17:25, cf. Joh 17:21; Joh 17:23). It is because Jesus desires intensely that the world may know and believe, that He so fervently prays for the consecration of the men whose faith and knowledge qualify them to speak in the world the word which He has given them. (2) Joh 17:19 ‘And for their sakes I consecrate myself, that they also may be consecrated in truth.’ Reasons for departing from the rendering of the Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 and the (Revised Version margin) have been given above. No doubt it is important to remember that men ‘having infirmity’ need by inward sanctifying to be made fit for the holy service to which they have been consecrated; but the emphatic words, ‘they also’ (καὶ αὐτοί), suggest not a contrast, but a resemblance,—a consecration common to the Master and His disciples. It is a resemblance not in the letter, but in the spirit. Between their work as witnesses and His as Redeemer there was a contrast; but their lives might be ruled by the ‘inward thought’ (1Pe 4:1 (Revised Version margin) ) which constrained Him to suffer for their sakes. For the disciples of Jesus real consecration consists in having the mind which was in Him, who ‘humbled himself, becoming obedient even unto death, yea, the death of the cross’ (Php 2:8). It should also be noted that the consecration spoken of in Joh 17:19 is, alike in the case of Jesus and of His disciples, ‘not a process but an act completed at once,—in His case, when gathering together in one view all His labours and sufferings, He presented them a living sacrifice to His Father; in theirs, when they are in like manner enabled to present themselves as living sacrifices in His one perfect sacrifice’ (W. F. Moulton, Com. in loc.). See, further, art. Sanctification.

J. G. Tasker.

kon´sē̇-krāt, kon-sē̇-krā´shun.

1. In the Old Testament

In the Old Testament for several Hebrew words of different meanings:

(1) חרם, ḥāram̌: “I will consecrate (the Revised Version (British and American) “devote”) their gain unto the Lord,” i.e. the spoil of the nations shall be dedicated to the service of Yahweh (Mic 4:13). See BAN; CURSE.

(2) נזר, nāzar, נזר, nēzer (Num 6:7, Num 6:9, Num 6:12; the Revised Version (British and American) “separate”). See NAZIRITE.

(3) קדשׁ, ḳādhēsȟ: “to be set apart,” or “to be holy”: of Aaron and his sons (Exo 28:3; Exo 30:30; the Revised Version (British and American) “sanctify”). The silver and gold and brass and iron of the banned city of Jericho are “consecrated” things (the Revised Version (British and American) “holy”) unto the Lord (Jos 6:19); of the priests (2Ch 26:18); of sacrifices (2Ch 29:33; 2Ch 31:6; Ezr 3:5). See HOLINESS.

(4) מלּאיד, millē’ yadh, literally, “to fill the hand”; and substantive plural מלּאים, millu’ı̄m, a peculiar idiom used frequently and generally for the installation of a priest into his office; and substantive for the installation offerings which were probably put into the priest’s hands to symbolize his admission into office; hence, the phrase, “and thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons” (Exo 29:9; so Exo 28:41; Exo 29:29:33, 15; Exo 32:29; Lev 8:33; Lev 16:32; Lev 21:10; Num 3:3; Jdg 17:5, Jdg 17:12; 2Ch 29:31); of Jeroboam’s non-Levitical priesthood (1Ki 13:33; 2Ch 13:9); of the altar (Eze 43:26) and of those who contributed to build the temple (1Ch 29:5). Subst. of an act of installation (Lev 7:37; Lev 8:33), and of installation offerings (Exo 29:22, Exo 29:26, Exo 29:27, Exo 29:31; Lev 8:22, Lev 8:28, Lev 8:29, Lev 8:31).

2. In the New Testament

In the New Testament τελειόω, teleióō, “to make perfect” (Heb 7:28; the Revised Version (British and American) “perfected”); ἐγκαινίζω, egkainı́zō, “to make new” (Heb 10:20; the Revised Version (British and American) “dedicated”).

The word ‘consecrate’ occurs twice in the Authorized Version of Hebrews (Heb_7:28; Heb_10:20). In the first passage it is the translation of ôåôåëåéùìÝíïí; in the second of ἐíåêáßíéóåí. In neither case is the translation quite suitable.

1. Heb_7:28 : õἱὸí åἰò ôὸí áἰῶíá ôåôåëåéùìÝíïí. Full consideration of ôåëåéüù would encroach on the article Perfect (q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] ); but there are certain special points connected with this passage that may usefully be noted. ôåëåéïῦí ôὰò ÷åῖñáò is frequently used in the Septuagint , but only in the Pentateuch (Exo_29:9; Exo_29:29; Exo_29:33; Exo_29:35 [Lev_4:5] Lev_8:33; Lev_16:32, Num_3:3), to translate the obscure Hebrew phrase millç’ yâd = ‘fill the hand,’ i.e. ‘consecrate’ (a priest). Elsewhere in the Pentateuch and Historical Books (once in Ezekiel [Eze_43:26]) parts of ðëçñüù, ἐìðßðëçìé, ðßðëçìé are employed. ôåëåßùóéò is used alone (Exo_29:22; Exo_29:26-27; Exo_29:31; Exo_29:34, Lev_7:37; Lev_8:22; Lev_8:28-29; Lev_8:31; Lev_8:33) for the Heb. millû’îm (= ‘consecration’ [Revised Version ]). In Lev_21:10 ôåôåëåéùìÝíïò is used without the rest of the phrase = ‘consecrated,’ although many Manuscripts supply ôᾶò ÷åῖñáò áὐôïῦ. These last uses would at least point to the conclusion that ôåëåéüù and ôåëåßùóéò tended to become semi-technical terms for the consecration of the priest, having originally been used to translate the verb in the Heb. phrase, which is quite obscure. Most probably its original sense is suggested in the corresponding Assyrian kâtû mullû = ‘hand over to one (or make one responsible for) a person or thing or office’ (cf. F. Delitzsch, Assyrian Handwörterbuch, 1896, p. 409b; ‘Rammanirari, whom Asur has endowed with a dominion incomparable’; and Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) iv. 71a).

It follows, then, that Heb_7:28 and the other passages where ôåëåéüù occurs (see article Perfect) indicate that the writer is making use of a technical expression and, in harmony with his system of thought, hellenizing it (cf. Moffatt, Introd. to Literature of the New Testament (Moffatt)., 1911, p. 427). There can be little doubt that in Hebrews ôåëåéüù is used in the Aristotelian sense of bringing to the ôÝëïò or final end. Jesus, as High Priest, is ‘perfected’ for evermore, as distinct from the ôåëåßùóéò of the Aaronic priesthood. There can be no idea of a moral development in character. Jesus is ‘perfected [and there is also the further idea of exaltation to office] for evermore’ in the sense that He is endowed with an experience of human suffering in life and in death (Heb_4:15); so A. B. Davidson, Hebrews (Handbooks for Bible Classes), pp. 145f., 207f.; von Soden, Hebräerbrief3 (Handkommentar zum NT, Tübingen, 1899), p. 28 n. [Note: . note.] ; but cf. A. B. Bruce, Hebrews, 1899, p. 283ff.; M. Dods, Expositor’s Greek Testament , ‘Hebrews,’ 1910, pp. 265, 319, who argue for the sense of moral perfecting.

2. Heb_10:20 : ôὴí åἴóïäïí … ἥí ἐíåêáßíéóåí ἡìῖí ὁäὸí ðñüóöáôïí êáὶ æῶóáí äéὰ ôïῦ êáôáðåôÜóìáôïò. ἐãêáéíßæù is used also in Heb_9:18. In Authorized Version of Heb_10:20 the word is ‘consecrated,’ and in Heb_9:18 ‘dedicated.’ In Revised Version in both cases ‘dedicated’ is used. In the Septuagint ἐãêáéíßæù is used to translate two Heb. words, ḥânakh (‘initiate,’ ‘consecrate,’ Deu_20:5, 1Ki_8:63) and hiddçsh (‘renew,’ ‘make anew,’ 1Sa_11:14, 2Ch_15:8, Psa_50:12). ἐãêáéíßæù in Heb_10:20 might seem to combine both meanings, implying that some kind of way existed before (cf. Sir_33:8 [Sir_36:8]). In Heb_9:18, also, the word means simply ‘inaugurate,’ unless the pre-existence of a covenant is supposed (cf. Heb_9:20; Heb_9:23) before the ceremony of Heb_9:19-21. That the sense of ‘renewal,’ however, is strongly emphasized is seen also in the use of ðñüóöáôïí (‘fresh,’ ‘hitherto untrodden’). æῶóáí implies ‘a way that really leads and carries all who enter it into the heavenly rest,’ as opposed to ‘a lifeless pavement trodden by the high priest, and by him alone’ (Delitzsch, Hebrews, Eng. translation , ii. [1870] 171). It also implies a way that would never become old, worn, or obsolete; ἤí must be taken as referring to åἴóïäïò. Jesus has, by bursting the veil of His flesh in death, ‘inaugurated’ a new entrance into the Presence of God (cf. Mar_15:38). The flesh of Jesus is regarded as symbolic of the ‘veil’ or ‘curtain’ which was removed as the sacrificial blood was carried into the Holy of Holies. ἐãêáéíßæù ‘includes the motive of leading into life’ (von Soden, Hebräerbrief3, p. 64). Probably the literal idea of åἴóïäïò (= ‘entrance to a house’) is also symbolically present (cf. Neh_3:1 [Septuagint ]). The ‘house’ in this case is the Church, the new Temple [cf. ðáῤῥçóßáí) in Neh_10:19, and its use in Neh_3:6 and Neh_4:16 is opposed to the attitude of the èåñÜðùí (Neh_3:5). The feast of ἐãêáßíéá (Joh_10:22) was instituted by Judas Maccabaeus (164 b.c.) in memory of the cleansing of the Temple from the pollution of Antiochus Epiphanes (1Ma_4:59).

Literature.-In addition to the references in the course of the article, see R. W. Dale, The Jewish Temple and the Christian Church, 1902, pp. 144ff.; 231ff.; F. Paget, The Spirit of Discipline, 1903, p. 191ff.; J.B. Mozley, University Sermons, 1900, p. 244ff.; articles s.v. in Dict. of Christ and the Gospels (Tasker), Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) (Hastings), and Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (Feltoe).

R. H. Strachan.