1.26. Index

Index

• Abayi, Amora, 51.

• Abba Areka, Amora, 47, 48, 51.

• popularizes Jewish learning, 49.

• wide outlook of, 50.

• Abbahu, Amora, 48-49.

• Abraham de Balmes, translator, 149.

• Abraham de Porta Leone, historian, 220.

• Abraham Ibn Chisdai, story by, 154-155.

• Abraham Ibn Daud, historian, 213-214.

• Abraham Ibn Ezra, on Kalir, 88.

• life of, 115.

• quotations from, 115.

• activities and views of, 116, 123, 151.

• Abraham Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.

• Abraham Farissol, geographer, 206.

• Abraham Zacuto, historian, 216.

• Abul-Faraj Harun, Karaite author, 77.

• Abulwalid Merwan Ibn Janach, grammarian, 101.

• works of, translated, 148.

• Achai, Gaon and author, 70.

• Acharonim, later scholars, 240.

• Æsop, used by Berachya ha-Nakdan, 157.

• "Against Apion," by Josephus, 34.

• Akiba, a Tanna, 23, 24-26.

• characteristics and history of, 24-26.

• school of, 26.

• fable used by, 65.

• Alphabet by, 175.

• Al-Farabi, works of, translated, 185.

• Alfassi. See Isaac Alfassi.

• Alfonso V of Portugal, Abarbanel with, 225.

• Alfonso VI of Spain, takes Toledo, 126.

• Alfonso X of Spain, employs Jews as translators, 150, 156.

• Almohades, the, a Mohammedan sect, 134, 135.

• "Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba," Kabbalistic work, 175.

• Amoraim, the, teachers of the Talmud, 44.

• characterised, 45-46.

• some of, enumerated, 46-52.

• Amram, Gaon, liturgist, 70.

• Anan, the son of David, founder of Karaism, 75.

• Andalusia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.

• "Answers." See "Letters"; "Responses."

• "Antiquities of the Jews," by Josephus, 34.

• Antonio de Montesinos, and the Ten Tribes, 208, 247.

• Apion, attacks Judaism, 36.

• Apocrypha, the, addresses of parents to children in, 194.

• Aquila, translates the Scriptures, 26.

• identical with Onkelos, 26-27.

• Aquinas, Thomas, studies the "Guide," 140.

• Arabic, used by the Gaonim, 71.

• in Jewish literature, 83.

• poetry, 84.

• translation of the Scriptures, 91, 93, 94.

• commentary on the Mishnah, 135.

• Aragon, Spanish Piyut in, 85.

• Aramaic, translation of the Pentateuch, 27.

• used by Josephus, 37.

• language of the Talmud, 44.

• used by the Gaonim, 71.

• translation of Scriptures in the synagogues, 94.

• language of the Zohar, 173.

• Arbäa Turim, code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.

• Archimedes, works of, translated, 150, 185.

• Aristotle, teachings of, summarized, 140.

• interpreted by Averroes, 149.

• works of, translated, 185.

• Aruch, the, compiled by Zemach, 70.

• by Nathan, the son of Yechiel, 121, 200.

• Asher, the son of Yechiel, the will of, 195-196.

• codifier, 234.

• Ashi, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, 51-52.

• Atonement, the Day of, hymn for, 162.

• "Autobiography," the, of Josephus, 34.

• Averroes, works of, translated, 148, 149, 185.

• Azariah di Rossi, historian, 221-222, 223.

• Azriel, Kabbalist, 171.

• Azulai, Chayim, historian, 220.

• Babylonia, Rabbinical schools in, 44.

• centre of Jewish learning, 49, 68.

• loses its supremacy, 92.

• Bachya Ibn Pekuda, works of, translated, 148.

• ethical work by, 190.

• Bacon, Roger, on the scientific activity of the Jew, 150.

• Bahir, Kabbalistic work, 171.

• Bar Cochba, Akiba in the revolt of, 24.

• "Barlaam and Joshaphat," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.

• Baruch of Ratisbon, Tossafist, 161.

• Beast Fables, in the Midrash, 64-67.

• examples of, 65-66.

• Bechinath Olam, by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.

• Benjamin of Tudela, traveller, 203.

• Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite author, 77.

• Berachya ha-Nakdan, fabulist, 156-157.

• Berlin, under Frederick the Great, 254.

• Beruriah, wife of Meir, 28.

• Bible, the. See Scriptures, the.

• Bidpai, Fables of, and the Jews, 155-156.

• Biur, the, commentary on the Pentateuch, 230.

• Bohemia, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• "Book of Creation, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.

• "Book of Creation, Commentary on the," by Saadiah, 95.

• "Book of Delight, The," by Joseph Zabara, 157-158.

• "Book of Genealogies, The," by Abraham Zacuto, 216.

• "Book of Lights and the High Beacons, The," by Kirkisani, 80.

• "Book of Principles, The," by Joseph Albo, 141.

• "Book of Roots, The," by David Kimchi, 117.

• "Book Raziel, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.

• "Book of the Exiled, The," by Saadiah, 94.

• "Book of the Pious, The," ethical work, 191.

• "Book of Tradition, The," by Abraham Ibn Daud, 213-214.

• Braganza, Duke of, friend of Abarbanel, 226.

• Brahe, Tycho, friend of David Gans, 220.

• "Branch of David, The," by David Gans, 219, 220-221.

• "Breastplate of Judgment, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.

• "Brilliancy," Kabbalistic work, 171.

• Browne, Sir Thomas, alluded to, 127.

• Buddha, legend of, 154-155.

• Burgundy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• Buxtorf, as translator, 148.

• "Caged Bird, The," fable, 65.

• Cairo, Old. See Fostat.

• Calendar, the Jewish, arranged, 48.

• "Call of the Generations, The," by David Conforte, 220.

• "Captives of Hope, The," by Penso, 246.

• Castile, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.

• Catalonia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.

• "Ceremonies and Customs of the Jews," by Leon da Modena, 220.

• Chacham Zevi, author of "Responses," 238.

• "Chaff, Straw, and Wheat," fable, 65.

• "Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220, 222-223.

• Chanina, the son of Chama, Amora, 46.

• Charizi, on Chasdai, 99-100, 107.

• on Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.

• as a poet, 131-132.

• influences Immanuel of Rome, 184.

• ethical work by, 189.

• geographical notes by, 200.

• Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, patron of Moses ben Chanoch, 97.

• Charizi on, 99-100, 107.

• activities of, 100.

• as a patron of Jewish learning and poetry, 100-101, 102.

• and the Chazars, 102-103.

• as translator, 150.

• Chasdai Crescas, philosopher, 141.

• studied by Spinoza, 251.

• Chassidim, the, new saints, 176.

• hymns by, 177.

• Chayim Vital Calabrese, Kabbalist, 176.

• Chazars, the, and Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, 102-103.

• Chiddushim, Notes on the Talmud, 234.

• Chiya, Amora, 49.

• Chizzuk Emunah, by Isaac Troki, 81.

• Choboth ha-Lebaboth, by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.

• "Choice of Pearls, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110, 189.

• Choshen ha-Mishpat, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.

• "Chronicle of Achimaaz," 213.

• Clement VII, pope, and David Reubeni, 207.

• "Cluster of Cyprus Flowers, A," by Judah Hadassi, 80.

• "Cock and the Bat, The," fable, 65.

• Cohen, Tobiah, geographer, 209.

• "Collections." See Machberoth.

• "Come, my Friend," Sabbath hymn, 239.

• "Conciliator, The," by Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

• "Consolations for the Tribulations of Israel," by Samuel Usque, 217-218.

• Constantine, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.

• Cordova, centre of Arabic learning, 96-97.

• a Jewish centre, 103, 112.

• in the hands of the Almohades, 134.

• Corfu, Abarbanel in, 226.

• Council, the Great. See Synhedrion, the.

• Cromwell, and Manasseh ben Israel, 248.

• Crusades, the, and the Jews of France, 124.

• Cuzari, by Jehuda Halevi, 127, 139.

• Damascus, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.

• Daniel, the Book of, commentary on, 48.

• Dante, influences Jewish poets, 179, 182, 183, 186.

• David, the son of Abraham, Karaite author, 79.

• David ben Maimon, brother of Moses, 135.

• David Abi Zimra, author of "Responses," 238.

• David Alroy, pseudo-Messiah, 203.

• David Conforte, historian, 220.

• David Gans, historian, 220-221.

• David Kimchi, grammarian, 117, 123.

• David Reubeni, traveller, 207.

• "Deeds of God, The," by Abarbanel, 229.

• Descartes, studied by Spinoza, 250.

• "Deuteronomy." See "Strong Hand, The."

• "Diary of Eldad the Danite," 201-203.

• Dictionary, Hebrew rhyming, by Saadiah, 93.

• See also Lexicon.

• Dioscorides, works of, translated, 150.

• Doria, Andrea, doge, physician of, 219.

• Dramas in Hebrew, 246-247.

• Dunash, the son of Labrat, grammarian, 101, 123.

• Duran family, writers of "Responses," 237.

• Eben Bochan, by Kalonymos, 185.

• Eben ha-Ezer, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.

• Egypt, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.

• Eldad the Danite, traveller, 201-203.

• Eleazar of Worms, writer, 191.

• Eleazar the Levite, will of, 196-197.

• Eleazar, the son of Azariah, saying of, 25-26.

• Eleazar, the son of Isaac, will of, 194-195.

• Elias del Medigo, critic, 222.

• Elias Levita, grammarian, 229.

• Elijah Kapsali, historian, 216.

• Elisha, the son of Abuya, and Meir, 28.

• Emden, Jacob, author of "Responses," 238.

• Emek ha-Bacha, by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.

• Emunoth ve-Deoth, by Saadiah, 95.

• En Yaakob, by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.

• Enan, giant in "The Book of Delight," 157-158.

• England, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• Jews re-admitted into, 244.

• "Ennoblement of Character, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.

• Eshkol ha-Kopher, by Judah Hadassi, 80.

• Esthori Parchi, explorer of Palestine, 204-205.

• Ethical Wills, prevalence and character of, 193-194.

• examples of, and quotations from, 194-198.

• "Ethics, the," by Spinoza, 251.

• Euclid, works of, translated, 149.

• Eusebius, used in "Josippon," 214.

• "Examination of the World," by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.

• Exilarchs, the, official heads of the Persian Jews, 72.

• "Eye of Jacob, The," by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.

• Ezra, Kabbalist, 171.

• Fables. See Beast Fables; Fox Fables.

• "Faith and Philosophy," by Saadiah, 95.

• Fathers, the Christian, and Simlai, 47.

• Fayum, birthplace of Saadiah, 91.

• Ferdinand and Isabella, Abarbanel with, 226.

• Fez, the Maimon family at, 135.

• Fiesco, rebellion of, 217.

• Folk-tales, diffusion of, 153.

• Fostat, Maimonides at, 135.

• "Foundation of the World, The," by Moses Zacut, 246.

• "Fountain of Life, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.

• "Four Rows, The," code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.

• "Fox and the Fishes, The," fable, 65.

• "Fox as Singer, The," fable, 66.

• Fox Fables, by Meir, 64.

• by Berachya ha-Nakdan, 156-157.

• France, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• a Jewish centre, 116, 119, 124.

• Jewish schools of, destroyed, 124.

• Fränkel, teacher of Mendelssohn, 253.

• Frederick II, emperor, patron of Anatoli, 149.

• Frederick the Great, the Berlin of, 254.

• Galen, works of, translated, 150, 185.

• Galilee, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

• explored by Esthori Parchi, 205.

• Gaonim, the, heads of the Babylonian schools, 68.

• work of, 68-69.

• literary productions of, 69-71.

• language used by, 71.

• "Letters" of, 71-74.

• religious heads of the Jews of Persia, 72.

• as writers, 74.

• Karaite controversies with, 78.

• works of, collected, 104.

• analyze the Talmud, 121.

• Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, historian, 222-223.

• Gemara. See Talmud, the.

• Genesis, commentary on, by Saadiah, 94.

• Geographical literature among the Jews, 200.

• German Jews, stagnation among, 254.

• Germany, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• Gersonides. See Levi, the son of Gershon.

• "Glory to the Virtuous," by Luzzatto, 247.

• Graetz, H., quoted, 21, 168.

• Grammar, Hebrew, works on, 77, 79, 117.

• Granada, Jewish literary centre, 112.

• Greece, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• Greek, translation of the Scriptures, 26.

• used by Josephus, 37.

• used in the Sibylline books, 39.

• used among the Jews, 48.

• Grotius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

• Guarini, influences Luzzatto, 246.

• "Guide of the Perplexed, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136, 139-141, 142.

• Habus, Samuel Ibn Nagdela minister to, 103.

• Hagadah, the poetic element of the Talmud, 47.

• Hai, the last Gaon, 71.

• Halachah, the legal element of the Talmud, 47, 55.

• Halachoth Gedoloth, compilation of Halachic decisions, 73.

• Haman, a fable concerning, 66.

• Hassan, the son of Mashiach, Karaite author, 78, 79.

• "Heart Duties," by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.

• Hebrew, the, of the Mishnah, 29.

• used by the Gaonim, 71.

• the language of prayer, 83.

• influenced by Kalir, 88.

• translations into, 145, 146.

• a living language, 147.

• studied by Christians, 230.

• Heilprin, Yechiel, historian, 220.

• Heine, quoted, 128.

• "Hell and Eden," by Immanuel of Rome, 182, 184-185.

• "Higher Criticism," the, father of, 116.

• Hillel I, parable of, 62.

• Hillel II, arranges the Jewish Calendar, 48.

• Hippocrates, works of, translated, 150.

• Historical works, 33-34.

• Historical writing among the Jews, 211-212, 213, 217.

• "History of France and Turkey," by Joseph Cohen, 217.

• "History of the Jewish Kings," by Justus, 34.

• "History of the Ottoman Empire," by Elijah Kapsali, 216.

• Holland, a Jewish centre, 243.

• Homiletics, in the Midrash, 57.

• in Sheeltoth, 70.

• "Hope of Israel, The," by Manasseh ben Israel, 208-209, 248.

• Hosannas, the Day of, hymn for, 89.

• Huet, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

• Huna, Amora, 49-50.

• Ibn Roshd. See Averroes.

• Icabo, character in Samuel Usque’s poem, 218.

• Iggaron, dictionary by David, 79.

• Ikkarim, by Joseph Albo, 141.

• Immanuel, the son of Solomon, Italian Jewish poet, 179, 180.

• life of, 180-181.

• works of, 182-185.

• Isaac the Elder, Tossafist, 161.

• Isaac, the son of Asher, Tossafist, 161.

• Isaac Abarbanel, in Portugal, 225-226.

• writes commentaries, 226, 227.

• in Castile, 226.

• in Naples and Corfu, 226-227.

• in Venice, 227.

• as a writer, 227-228.

• as an exegete, 228, 229.

• as a philosopher, 229.

• Isaac Aboab, ethical writer, 192.

• Isaac Alfassi, Talmudist, 121-122.

• Isaac Lurya, Kabbalist, 176.

• Isaac Troki, Karaite author, 81.

• Isaiah Hurwitz, Kabbalist, 176.

• Isaiah, the Book of, Abraham Ibn Ezra on, 116.

• Islam, sects of, 75-76.

• Israel Baalshem, Kabbalist, 176-177.

• Israel Isserlein, author of "Responses," 237.

• "It was at Midnight," by Jannai, 86.

• Italian Jewish literature, 178-180, 187.

• Italy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• "Itinera Mundi," by Abraham Farissol, 206.

• "Itinerary," by Benjamin of Tudela, 203.

• Jabneh. See Jamnia.

• Jacob Ibn Chabib, writer, 192.

• Jacob Anatoli, translator, 148.

• patron and friend of, 149.

• Jacob Asheri, compiler of the Turim, 234, 239.

• Jacob Weil, author of "Responses," 237.

• Jacobs, Mr. Joseph, quoted, 65, 66, 156, 158-159.

• Jair Chayim Bacharach, author of "Responses," 238.

• Jamnia, centre of Jewish learning, 19-22.

• Jannai, originator of the Piyut, 86.

• date of, 87.

• Japhet, the son of Ali, Karaite author, 78, 79.

• Jayme I of Aragon, orders a public disputation, 164.

• Jehuda Halevi, models of, 107.

• subjects of, 109.

• prominence of, 126.

• youth of, 126-127.

• as a philosopher and physician, 127-128, 139.

• longs for Jerusalem, 128.

• on his journey, 128-129.

• quotation from, 129-130.

• works of, translated, 148.

• Jerome, under Jewish influence, 48.

• "Jerusalem," by Mendelssohn, 256.

• "Jewish War, The," by Justus, 34.

• "Jews, The," by Lessing, 256.

• Jochanan, the son of Napacha, Amora, 46, 47, 51.

• Jochanan, the son of Zakkai, characterized, 20-21, 24.

• as a Tanna, 23-24.

• Jochanan Aleman, Kabbalist, 174.

• John of Capua, translator, 155.

• Joseph Ibn Caspi, will of, 196.

• Joseph Ibn Verga, historian, 218-219.

• Joseph al-Bazir, Karaite author, 78, 79.

• Joseph Albo, philosopher, 141.

• Joseph Cohen, historian, 216-217, 219.

• Joseph Delmedigo, on Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 222.

• Joseph Karo, prohibits the Machberoth, 183.

• compiler of the Shulchan Aruch, 233.

• life of, 238-239.

• See Shulchan Aruch, the.

• Joseph Kimchi, exegete, 116.

• Joseph Zabara, poet, 157-158.

• geographical notes by, 200.

• Josephus, Flavius, historian, 34-38.

• works of, 34.

• characterized, 35-36.

• champion of Judaism, 36, 37-38.

• style of, 36-37.

• language used by, 37.

• used in "Josippon," 214.

• Joshua, the son of Levi, Amora, 47.

• "Josippon," a romance, 214.

• Judah the Prince, a Tanna, 23, 28-29.

• characterized, 28-29.

• Judah Ibn Ezra, anti-Karaite, 214.

• Judah Ibn Tibbon as a translator, 146, 147.

• as a physician, 146-147.

• Judah Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.

• Judah Chayuj, grammarian, 101.

• Judah Chassid, ethical writer, 191.

• Judah Hadassi, Karaite author, 80-81.

• Judah Minz, author of "Responses," 237.

• Judah Romano, school-man, 185.

• Judaism, after the loss of a national centre, 21.

• championed by Josephus, 36, 37-38.

• philosophy of, 77.

• Justus of Tiberias, historian, works of, 34.

• Kabbala, mysticism, 170.

• development of, 171.

• and Christian scholars, 174.

• the later, 175.

• Kalila ve-Dimna. See Bidpai, Fables of.

• Kalir, new-Hebrew poet, 85, 86, 87.

• date of, 87.

• style of, 87-88, 107.

• subject-matter of, 88-89.

• quotation from, 89-90.

• Kalirian Piyut, the, 85.

• Kalonymos, the son of Kalonymos, translator, 149, 185.

• as poet, 179, 180, 185-186.

• Kant, and Mendelssohn, 257.

• Kaphtor va-Pherach, by Esthori Parchi, 205.

• Karaism, rise of, 75-76.

• a reaction against tradition, 76.

• defect of, 76.

• literary influence of, 77.

• history of, 80.

• Rabbinite opposition to, 82.

• opposed by Saadiah, 91, 92.

• Kepler, correspondent of David Gans, 220.

• Kether Malchuth, by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.

• quotation from, 111-112.

• Kimchi. See Joseph; Moses; David.

• Kirkisani, Karaite author, 80.

• Kodashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.

• Kore ha-Doroth, by David Conforte, 220.

• "Lamp of Light, The," by Isaac Aboab, 192.

• Landau, Ezekiel, author of "Responses," 238.

• Lavater, and Mendelssohn, 258.

• "Law of Man, The," by Nachmanides, 166.

• Lecha Dodi, Sabbath hymn, 239.

• Lecky, on the scientific activity of the Jews, 150.

• Leon da Modena, historian, 220.

• Leon, Messer, physician and writer, 187.

• Leshon Limmudim, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.

• "Lesser Sanctuary, The," by Moses Rieti, 186.

• Lessing, and Mendelssohn, 255-256.

• "Letter," by Sherira, 70-71, 212.

• "Letter of Advice, The," by Solomon Alami, 197-198.

• "Letter of Aristeas," by Azariah di Rossi, 223.

• "Letters," the, of the Gaonim, scope of, 71-73.

• style of, 74.

• geographical notes in, 200.

• and the "Responses," 234.

• Levi, the son of Gershon, philosopher, 141.

• Lexicon, by Sahal, 79.

• by David, 79.

• by David Kimchi, 117.

• Lexicon, Talmudical. See Aruch, 70.

• "Light of God, The," by Chasdai Crescas, 141.

• "Light of the Eyes, The," by Azariah di Rossi, 220, 223.

• Literature, Jewish, oral, 21-22.

• principle of, 23-24.

• under the influence of Karaism, 77.

• See Mishnah, the.

• Liturgy, the, earliest additions to, 83.

• See Piyut, the.

• Lorraine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• Lost Ten Tribes, book on, 201.

• in Brazil, 208.

• Lucas, Mrs. Alice, translations by, quoted, 63.

• Lucian, used in "Josippon," 214.

• Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, Kabbalist and dramatist, 176.

• ethical work by, 193.

• as dramatist, 246-247.

• Lydda, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

• Machberoth, by Immanuel of Rome, 182-185.

• Maggid, familiar of Joseph Karo, 239.

• Maharil, collection of Customs, 238.

• Maimonides, Moses, the forerunner of, 95.

• youth of, 134-135.

• activities of, 135-136.

• disinterestedness of, 136.

• attacks on, 137, 141.

• prominence of, 137-138.

• as a philosopher, 138-141, 142, 151.

• works of, translated, 148.

• and Nachmanides, 163.

• studied by Spinoza, 250.

• Mainz, Rashi at, 122.

• Majorca, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.

• Manasseh ben Israel, and the Lost Tribes, 208-209, 243, 247-248.

• political activity of, 244, 248.

• life of, 244.

• attainments and friends of, 245.

• activities of, 247.

• as a pamphleteer, 248-249.

• and Spinoza, 250.

• Manetho, historian, and Josephus, 36.

• Massechtoth, tractates of the Mishnah, 31.

• "Maxims of the Philosophers," by Charizi, 189.

• Mebo ha-Talmud, by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 104.

• Mechilta, a Midrashic work, 57.

• Megillath Taanith. See "Scroll of Fasting, The."

• Meir, a Tanna, 23, 27-28.

• characterized, 27-28.

• fables by, 64.

• Meir of Rothenburg, poet, 131, 235-237.

• writer of "Responses," 235.

• "Memorial Books," historical sources, 216.

• Menachem, the son of Zaruk, grammarian, 100, 101, 123.

• Mendelssohn, Moses, antagonized by Ezekiel Landau, 238.

• life of, 253.

• objects to the separation of culture and religion, 254.

• service of, to Judaism, 254-255.

• and Lessing, 255-256.

• style of, 257.

• and Lavater, 258.

• translates the Pentateuch, 258-259.

• circle of, 259.

• influence of, 259-260.

• Menorath ha-Maor, by Isaac Aboab, 192.

• Meör Enayim, by Azariah di Rossi, 220.

• Meshullam of Lunel, patron of learning, 146, 147.

• Messiah, the, Joshua on, 47.

• Messilath Yesharim, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.

• Metre, in Hebrew poetry, 84.

• Michlol, by David Kimchi, 117.

• Midrash, the, characterized, 55-57.

• poetical, 56, 57.

• popular homiletics, 57.

• works called, 57-58.

• style of, 58-59.

• proverbs in, 59-60.

• parables in, 60-64.

• beast fables in, 64-67.

• and the Piyut, 86, 88-89.

• used by Rashi, 123, 124.

• Midrash Haggadol, a Midrashic work, 58.

• Midrash Rabbah, a Midrashic work, 58.

• Mikdash Meät, by Moses Rieti, 186.

• Minhag, established by the Gaonim, 69.

• Miphaloth Elohim, by Abarbanel, 229.

• Mishnah, a paragraph of the Mishnah, 31.

• Mishnah, the, origin of, 22.

• principle of, 24.

• compiled by Rabbi, 28.

• contents and style of, 29-31.

• divisions of, 31.

• development of, 43. See Talmud, the.

• date of, 52.

• Sherira on, 70.

• Maimon’s commentary on, 135.

• commentary on, 206.

• personified, 239.

• Mishneh Torah. See "Strong Hand, The."

• Moed, order of the Mishnah, 31.

• Mohammedanism assumed by the Maimon family, 135.

• Moreh Nebuchim. See "Guide of the Perplexed, The."

• Moses, teachings of, summarized, 140.

• Moses of Leon, author of the Zohar, 172, 173.

• Moses, the son of Chanoch, founds a school at Cordova, 97.

• Moses, the son of Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses.

• Moses Ibn Ezra, and the Scriptures, 107, 109.

• life of, 112-113.

• quotation from, 113-114.

• hymns of, 114.

• Charizi on, 114.

• Moses Ibn Tibbon, translator, 148.

• Moses Alshech, homiletical writer, 230.

• Moses Kimchi, grammarian, 117.

• Moses Minz, author of "Responses," 237.

• Moses Rieti, poet, 186-187.

• Mysticism, an element of religion, 169-170.

• in Judaism, 170.

• Nachmanides, Moses, Talmudist, 160-168.

• on the French Rabbis, 160, 162.

• as a poet, 162.

• gentleness of, 163.

• in a disputation, 163-164.

• in Palestine, 165.

• as an exegete, 165-168.

• teacher of, 171.

• will of, 195.

• Nahum, poet, 109.

• "Name of the Great Ones, The," by Chayim Azulai, 220.

• Naples, Abarbanel in, 226.

• Nashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.

• "Nathan the Wise," by Lessing, 256.

• Nathan, the son of Yechiel, lexicographer, 121.

• Nehardea, centre of Jewish learning, 44.

• Nehemiah Chayun, Kabbalist, 176.

• New-Hebrew, as a literary language, 83.

• New-Hebrew poetry, and the Scriptures, 107.

• characteristics of, 108-109.

• after Jehuda Halevi, 130-131, 132.

• See also Piyut.

• Nezikin, order of the Mishnah, 31.

• Nicholas, monk, translator, 150.

• "Novelties," Notes on the Talmud, 234.

• Numeo, character in Samuel Usque’s poem, 218.

• Obadiah of Bertinoro, Rabbi of Jerusalem, 206.

• Omar, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.

• Onkelos. See Aquila.

• Orach Chayim, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240.

• "Order of Generations, The," by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.

• "Order of the Tannaim and Amoraim," 212.

• Orders of the Mishnah, 31.

• Origen, under Jewish influence, 48.

• Pablo Christiani, convert, and Nachmanides, 164.

• Palestine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• the Maimon family in, 135.

• explored, 204-205.

• open to Jews, 205-206.

• Parables, in the Midrash, 60-64.

• examples of, 62, 63.

• Parallelism of line, in the Scriptures, 108.

• Passover, hymn for, 86.

• "Path of Life, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240.

• "Path of the Upright, The," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.

• Penso, Joseph Felix, dramatist, 246.

• Pentateuch, the, translated, 27, 247, 258.

• as viewed by Meir, 27.

• commentary on, 166-168, 230.

• See also Scriptures, the.

• Perakim, chapters of the Mishnah, 31.

• Perez of Corbeil, Tossafist, 161.

• "Perfection," by David Kimchi, 117.

• Persia, the Jews of, independent, 72.

• See also Babylonia.

• Pesikta, a Midrashic work, 58.

• Petachiah of Ratisbon, traveller, 204.

• "Phædo, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, 257.

• Philo, on Judaism, 38.

• Philosophy, Jewish, created by Saadiah, 91, 95.

• Pico di Mirandola, and the Kabbala, 174.

• Piyut, the, characteristics of, 83-84.

• two types of, 84-85.

• Kalirian, 85.

• Spanish, 85.

• creator of, 85-86.

• by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 105.

• in Italy, 186.

• Poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry; Piyut.

• Poland, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

• Porphyry, on the Book of Daniel, 48.

• Prayer-Book, the, compiled by Amram, 70.

• arranged by Saadiah, 95.

• Prester John, Eldad on, 203.

• "Prince and Nazirite," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.

• Provence, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.

• Jewish learning in, 146.

• Proverbs, in the Midrash, 59-60.

• quoted, 59.

• Psalms, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 104-105, 108.

• mysticism in, 169, 170.

• Ptolemy, works of, translated, 149, 185.

• Pumbeditha, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.

• "Purim Tractate, The," by Kalonymos, 185-186.

• Pygmies, the, discovered by Tobiah Cohen, 209.

• "Questions and Answers," decisions, 73.

• Rab. See Abba Areka.

• Rabba, the son of Nachmani, Amora, 51.

• Rabbi. See Judah the Prince.

• Rabbinical schools, in Babylonia, 44.

• Rabina, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, 51, 52.

• Ralbag. See Levi, the son of Gershon.

• Ramban. See Nachmanides, Moses.

• Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meir.

• Rashi (R. Shelomo Izchaki), importance of, 119.

• style of, 119-120.

• characteristics of, 120-121.

• life of, 122.

• as an exegete, 123-124.

• descendants of, 124, 161.

• Rava, Amora, 51.

• Rembrandt, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

• Renaissance, the, and Italian Jewish literature, 178, 182, 184, 187.

• Renan, on the students of Averroes, 148.

• "Responses," on religious subjects, 234-235, 237-238.

• Reuchlin, Johann, and the Kabbala, 174.

• Rhyme, in Hebrew poetry, 84.

• "Rod of Judah, The," by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.

• Rokeach, by Eleazar of Worms, 191.

• "Royal Crown, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.

• quotation from, 111-112.

• Saadiah, Gaon, 70, 91-97.

• activities of, 91, 95.

• opposes Karaism, 92, 94.

• translates the Scriptures, 93, 94.

• style of, 93.

• conflict of, with the Exilarch, 95.

• arranges a prayer-book, 95.

• as a philosopher, 95-96, 139.

• works of, translated, 148.

• Sabbatai Zevi, and the Kabbala, 175.

• opponents of, 238.

• "Sacred Letter, The," by Nachmanides, 165.

• Safed, Kabbalist centre, 175.

• Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 77-78.

• Salman, the son of Yerucham, Karaite author, 78.

• Salonica, Kabbalist centre, 175.

• "Salvation of his Anointed," by Abarbanel, 229.

• "Samson," by Luzzatto, 246.

• Samuel, Amora, 47-48, 51.

• astronomer, 48.

• Samuel, the son of Chofni, Gaon and author, 71.

• Samuel ben Meir, exegete, 124.

• Samuel Ibn Nagdela, Nagid and minister, 103.

• as a scholar, 104.

• as a poet, 104-105.

• Samuel Ibn Tibbon, translator, 147, 148.

• son-in-law of, 148.

• Samuel Usque, poet, 217-218.

• Scientific activity of the Jews, 151.

• Scot, Michael, friend of Anatoli, 149, 151.

• Scriptures, the, translated into Greek, 26.

• commentaries on, 77, 79, 123, 229.

• translated into Arabic, 91, 93, 94.

• translations of, in the synagogues, 94.

• and new-Hebrew poetry, 107-108.

• characteristics of the poetry of, 108.

• addresses of parents to children in, 194.

• See also Pentateuch, the.

• "Scroll of Fasting, The," contents, character, and purpose of, 40-41.

• Sedarim, order of the Mishnah, 31.

• Seder ha-Doroth, by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.

• Sefer Dikduk, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.

• Sefer ha-Chassidim, ethical work, 191.

• Sefer ha-Galui, by Saadiah, 93.

• Sefer ha-Kabbalah, by Abraham Ibn Daud, 213-214.

• Sefer Yetsirah, by Saadiah, 95.

• Kabbalistic, 175.

• Seleucid era, the, abolished, 238.

• Selichoth, elegies, Zunz on, 215-216.

• Sepphoris, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

• Septuagint, the, style of, 26.

• Seville, Jewish literary centre, 112.

• Shaaloth u-Teshuboth, decisions, 73.

• Shalsheleth ha-Kabbalah, by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220.

• Shebet Jehudah, by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.

• Sheeltoth, by Achai, 69-70.

• Sheloh, by Isaiah Hurwitz, 176.

• Shelomo Izchaki. See Rashi.

• Sherira, Gaon and historian, 70-71.

• Sheshet family, writers of "Responses," 237.

• "Shields of the Mighty, The," by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.

• Shiites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.

• Shilte ha-Gibborim, by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.

• Shulchan Aruch, the, publication of, 232.

• scope of, 232-233.

• sources of, 233-234.

• parts of, 239-240.

• value of, 241.

• Sibylline books, the Jewish, 38-40.

• on the Jewish religion, 38-39.

• language of, 39.

• quotations from, 39, 40.

• Siddur, the, compiled by Amram, 70.

• Sifra, a Midrashic work, 57.

• Sifre, a Midrashic work, 57.

• Simlai, Amora, 47, 48.

• Simon, the son of Lakish, Amora, 46.

• Simon, the son of Yochai, alleged author of the Zohar, 172.

• Solomon, the son of Adereth, writer of "Responses," 235.

• Solomon Ibn Gebirol, and the Scriptures, 107.

• subjects of, 109.

• life of, 109-110.

• works of, 110.

• quotations from, 111-112.

• works of, translated, 148.

• Solomon Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.

• Solomon Alami, ethical writer, 197-198.

• Solomon Alkabets, poet, 239.

• Solomon Molcho, and the Kabbala, 175, 207.

• Song of Songs, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 107.

• Spain, Moorish, the centre of Jewish learning, 96-97.

• Spanish-Jewish poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry.

• Spanish Piyut, the, 85.

• Speyer, Rashi at, 122.

• Spinoza, Baruch, influenced by Chasdai Crescas, 141.

• philosopher, 243, 244, 249-251.

• life of, 250-251.

• works of, 251.

• Steinschneider, Dr., on Jewish translators, 144.

• "Stone of Help, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.

• Strabo, used in "Josippon," 214.

• "Strengthening of Faith, The," by Isaac Troki, 81.

• "Strong Hand, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136-137, 139, 232.

• "Strong Tower, The," by Luzzatto, 246.

• Sunnites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.

• Sura, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.

• Saadiah at, 91, 96.

• Synhedrion, the, at Jamnia, 19-20.

• "Table Prepared." See Shulchan Aruch, the.

• Tables of Alfonso, in Hebrew, 221.

• Tachkemoni, by Charizi, 131-132, 183.

• Talmud, the, commentary on the Mishnah, 43.

• language of, 44.

• two works, 44.

• the teachers of, 44.

• character of, 45, 50, 53.

• the two aspects of, 47.

• and Rab and Samuel, 47-48, 51.

• influences traceable in, 50-51.

• compilation of, 51-52.

• beast fables in, 64-67.

• lexicon of, 70.

• and the Piyut, 86.

• commentary on, by Rashi, 120.

• geographical notes in, 200.

• Notes on, 234.

• Talmud, the Babylonian, 44.

• the larger work, 44.

• Talmud, the Jerusalem, 44.

• Tam of Rameru, Tossafist, 161.

• Tanchuma, a Midrashic work, 58.

• Tannaim, the, teachers of the Mishnah, 22.

• four generations of, 23.

• Targum Onkelos, Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, 27.

• Tarshish, by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.

• "Teacher of Knowledge, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239-240.

• Teharoth, order of the Mishnah, 31.

• Teshuboth. See "Letters," the; "Responses," the.

• "Theologico-Political Tractate," by Spinoza, 244, 251.

• Tiberias, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

• Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.

• Toledo, Jewish literary centre, 112.

• cosmopolitanism of, 126.

• "Topaz, The," by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.

• Torah, the. See Pentateuch, the.

• Tossafists, the, French Talmudists, 160-161.

• Tossafoth, Additions, 161.

• "Touchstone, The," by Kalonymos, 185.

• Tractates of the Mishnah, 31.

• Tradition, the Jewish, investigated at Jamnia, 21.

• Sherira on, 70.

• reaction against, 76.

• See Mishnah, the.

• Translations, value of, 144.

• made by Jews, 144-145, 146, 149-151, 153-154, 155-156.

• "Travels," by Petachiah of Ratisbon, 204.

• Troyes, Rashi at, 122.

• "Two Tables of the Covenant, The," by Isaiah Hurwitz, 176.

• Tyre, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.

• Usha, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

• "Valley of Tears, The," by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.

• Venice, Abarbanel in, 227.

• Vindiciæ Judeorum, by Manasseh ben Israel, 244, 249, 258.

• "Vineyard," the. See Jamnia.

• Vossius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

• "Wars of the Jews, The," by Josephus, 34.

• the language of, 37.

• "Wars of the Lord, The," by Gersonides, 141.

• "Wars of the Lord, The," by Salman, the son of Yerucham, 78.

• Wessely, N.H., pedagogue, 210.

• "Wolf and the two Hounds, The," fable, 65.

• "Wolf at the Well, The," fable, 65.

• "Work of Tobiah, The," by Tobiah Cohen, 209.

• Worms, Rashi at, 122.

• Yad Hachazaka. See "Strong Hand, The."

• Yalkut, collected Midrashim, 58.

• Yedaiah Bedaressi, writer, 191-192.

• Yeshuoth Meshicho, by Abarbanel, 229.

• Yoreh Deah, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.

• Yuchasin, by Abraham Zacuto, 216.

• Zabara, satirist, 127.

• Zacut, Moses, dramatist, 246.

• Zeëna u-Reëna, homiletical work, 230.

• Zeira, Amora, 46.

• Zemach, the son of Paltoi, Gaon and lexicographer, 70.

• Zemach David, by David Gans, 220-221.

• Zeraim, order of the Mishnah, 31.

• Zevaoth. See Ethical Wills.

• Zicareo, character in Samuel Usque’s poem, 218.

• Zion, odes to, by Jehuda Halevi, 109, 129-130.

• Zohar, the, Kabbalistic work, 172-174.

• style and language of, 172-173.

• contents of, 173-174.

• Christi